支气管哮喘患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α及高敏C反应蛋白水平变化及临床意义

目的 探讨支气管哮喘患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及高敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）水平变化及临床意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验法、胶乳免疫比浊法检测62例支气管哮喘患者（哮喘组）和40健康体检正常者（对照组）血浆TNF-α及hsCRP水平,观察比较两组TNF-α及hsCRP水平差异;同时观察哮喘组急性发作期与缓解期各项观察指标的变化.结果 哮喘组TNF-α、hsCRP水平分别为（0.51±0.14）μg/L、（8.89±1.96）mg/L,明显高于对照组的（0.27±0.06）μg/L、（1.92±0.89）mg/L（t=5.63、8.97,均P＜0.05）;哮喘组急性发作期TNF-α、hsCRP水平分别为（0.59±0.12）μg/L、（10.73±1.62）mg/L,明显高于缓解期的（0.27±0.06）μg//L、（5.28±1.45）mg/L（t=3.42、6.71,均P＜0.05）.结论 支气管哮喘患者血浆TNF-α、hsCRP水平明显增高,且与哮喘发作有关.     

妊娠期高血压疾病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6和基质金属蛋白酶9的表达及其意义

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)在妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)发病机制中的作用.方法 选择妊娠期高血压疾病患者(观察组)50例,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测血清TNF-α、IL-6和MMP-9水平,并以20例正常妊娠孕妇(对照组)作为对照.结果 观察组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平分别为(29.9±4.6)ng/L、(32.6±5.4)ng/L,均明显高于对照组的(8.3±1.5)ng/L、(9.8±1.8)ng/L(t=4.16、4.38,均P＜0.05);观察组患者血清MMP-9水平为(31.1±4.9)mg/L,显著低于对照组的(117.9±14.1)mg/L(t=3.89,P＜0.05).MMP-9与TNF-α、IL-6呈负相关(r=-0.372、-0.328,均P＜0.05).结论 HDCP患者TNF-α和IL-6水平升高,MMP-9表达水平下降,TNF-α、IL-6和MMP-9在HDCP的发病机制中可能起着重要作用.     

肥胖患儿血糖、血脂与血浆生长激素释放多肽水平的关系

目的 探讨肥胖患儿血脂和血糖与血浆生长激素释放多肽（ghrelin）水平的关系.方法 选择年龄、性别相匹配的肥胖患儿（肥胖组）和正常体质量儿童（对照组）各30例,采用酶联免疫吸附方法检测血浆ghrelin水平;同步取血采用化学发光法测定血清胰岛素（INS）、C肽（CPE）水平;采用生化仪检测血清空腹血糖（FBG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）.结果 肥胖组血浆ghrelin水平较对照组明显降低[（15.49±1.98）与（19.47±1.50）ng/ml],BMI、腰围、FBG、INS值较对照组明显增高,分别为（28.19 ±3.83）与（21.07±1.53）kg/m2、（88.60±6.13）与（78.52±4.40）cm、（5.23±0.49）与（4.59±0.63）mmol/L、（22.32±3.50）与（16.98±2.50）μIU/L,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）;TC值较对照组亦明显增高[（5.87±0.88）与（4.05±0.76）nmol/L].肥胖组的血浆ghrelin水平与体质量、BMI、腰围、INS、TC呈显著的负相关,（r=-0.385、-0.466、-0.336、-0.387、-0.373,均P＜0.01）,与FBG呈负相关,（r=-0.324,P＜0.05）,与年龄、身高、CPE、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C等因素无显著相关性.结论 肥胖患儿血浆ghrelin水平明显降低,并与血脂和血糖明显相关.     

肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6和超敏C反应蛋白与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 研究2型糖尿病患者肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 选择60例2型糖尿病患者(T2DM组)和30例健康体检者(对照组),测定两组空腹血清TNF-α,IL-6和hs-CRP水平,同时分别测定两组患者的体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖、血清胰岛素水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 T2DM组TNF-α,IL-6和hs-CRP水平分别为(22.82±5.65) ng/L、( 18.92±5.35) mg/L、(13.14±4.27) mg/L,均明显高于对照组(t=5.18,5.71,4.99,均P ＜0.01).在T2DM组中TNF-α,IL-6和hs-CRP均与HOMA-IR呈正相关(t=0.55,0.62,0.69,均P＜0.05).结论 TNF-α,IL-6和hs-CRP参与了2型糖尿病的发病过程,与胰岛素抵抗密切相关.     

2型糖尿病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子和可溶性细胞间黏附因子与内生肌酐清除率的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子(sICAM)-1水平的变化及与内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)的相关性.方法 分别应用放射免疫分析方法、酶联免疫吸附法检测我院住院的122例2型糖尿病患者血清sICAM-1、TNF-α水平,设正常对照组(30例),比较2组之间血清sICAM-1、TNF-α水平,分析2型糖尿病患者Ccr与血清sICAM-1、TNF-α水平的相关性.结果 2型糖尿病患者血清sICAM-1、TNF-α水平显著高于正常对照组[(178.25±33.34)μg/L比(212.68±63.91)μg/L,P＜0.01;(10.13±4.00)μg/L比(12.01±4.34)μg/L,P＜0.05].调整了年龄、性别、糖尿病病程后,2型糖尿病患者血清TNF-α、sICAM-1之间呈显著正相关(r=0.222,P=0.015).2型糖尿病肾病患者血清sICAM-1、TNF-α水平显著高于不合并糖尿病肾病患者[(200.34±56.05)μg/L比(228.74±70.22)μg/L,P＜0.05;(11.15±2.69)μg/L比(13.13±5.68)μg/L,P＜0.05].2型糖尿病患者Ccr与血清TNF-α、sICAM-1呈显著负相关(r=-0.233、-0.185;P=0.010、0.041),调整了性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、BMI、血压、血脂、血糖控制情况后,Ccr仍与TNF-α、sICAM-1呈显著负相关(P=0.0190.010).结论 2型糖尿病患者血清TNF-α、sICAM水平显著增高,其可能是2型糖尿病患者Ccr下降的独立危险因素.     

急性脑出血患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6水平变化

目的 探讨急性脑出血患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平变化及临床意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测45例观察组和45例对照组血清TNF-α、IL-6术平;同时检测观察组治疗前后血清TNF-α、IL-6水平.结果 观察组血清TNF-α[ (13.11±1.93) ng/L]、IL-6[(0.34±0.32) ng/L]水平与对照组[分别为(2.23±1.22) ng/L、(0.04±0.01) ng/L]差异均有统计学意义(t=4.367、3.582,均P＜0.05);观察组患者治疗前后血清TNF-α、IL-6水平变化差异均有统计学意义(t=4.351、3.826,均P＜0.05).结论 TNF-α、IL-6与脑出血患者发生、发展及预后密切相关,外周血TNF-α、IL-6可作为病情变化的重要指标之一.     

免疫球蛋白静脉滴注对重症手足口病患儿血清炎性因子水平的影响

目的 研究静脉滴注免疫球蛋白对重症手足口病患儿血清炎性因子水平的影响.方法 将2009年4至6月收治的手足口病患儿40例,根据病情分为普通病例组(20例)和重症病例组(20例),单纯隐睾或斜疝儿童20例为对照组.20例手足口病重症病例组出现神经系统受累,但无心肺功能损害.重症病例组入院第1天及第2天分别予静脉滴注免疫球蛋白1g/(kg·d),用酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-10含量.结果 普通病例组、重症病例组治疗前,重症病例组治疗后及对照组TNF-α含量分别为(71.70±12.35)、(152.20±59.99)、(150.95±61.77)、(36.65±10.46)ng/L,IL-6含量分别为(14.50±3.83)、(59.35±13.27)、(25.30±7.58)、(16.40±6.63) ng/L,IL-10 含量分别为(9.82±2.20)、(38.19±8.54)、(23.30±5.21)、(9.32±2.08)ng/L.重症病例组血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10含量均高于普通病例组和对照组(P＜0.01),静脉滴注免疫球蛋白治疗后重症病例组血清IL-6和IL-10明显降低(P＜0.01),但血清TNF-α水平治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).普通病例组血清TNF-α含量高于对照组(P＜0.01),普通病例组血清IL-6和IL-10含量与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 静脉滴注免疫球蛋白可明显降低重症手足口病患儿血清IL-6和IL-10水平.     

Ghrelin与儿童肥胖关系

目的 探讨新发现的促生长激素释放多肽ghrelin与儿童肥胖的关系.方法 采用ELISA方法测定肥胖组8例儿童和正常对照组12例儿童的血清ghrelin水平,同时测定各组儿童的血清胆固醇、甘油三酯,研究其相关性.结果 肥胖组儿童ghrelin(39.55±21.42) ng/ml,正常对照组儿童为(10.80±5.98) ng/ml( P＜0.01);肥胖组ghrelin水平与甘油三酯呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论 肥胖儿童空腹血清ghrelin水平显著升高,ghrelin可能与儿童肥胖的发生有关.     

急性白血病治疗前后肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6含量的变化

目的 探讨急性白血病患儿治疗前后血清和脑脊液(CSF)中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的变化及其临床意义.方法 采用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)15例、急性髓细胞白血病(AML)15例和ALL并中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL)6例治疗前后血液和CSF中TNF-α、IL-6含量变化.结果 ALL、AML和ALL并CNSL患儿治疗前血清TNF-α和IL-6含量[TNF-α:(328.16±71.68)ng/L、(347.08±82.85)ng/L、(398.56±89.11)ng/L;IL-6:(209.65±56.89)ng/L、(164.34±45.98)ng/L、(312.33±70.45)ng/L]明显高于对照组[TNF-α:(12.21±8.08)ng/L,IL-6:(58.96±17.23)ng/Lj(t=2.27,2.34,2.54,2.49,2.57,2.39,均P＜0.01),治疗后TNF-α和IL-6含量均低于治疗前;ALL、AML和ALL并CNSL患儿治疗前脑脊液TNF-α和IL-α含量[TNF-α:(12.35±2.68)ng/L、(13.56±2.59)ng/L、(30.11±8.56)ng/L;IL-6:(12.56±6.89)ng/L、(12.45±7.98)ng/L、(79.45±15.1)ng/L]明显高于对照组[TNF-α:(7.44±1.08)ng/L,IL-6:(5.98±2.23)ng/L](t=2.37,2.64,2.54,2.44,2.61,2.33,均P＜0.01),治疗后TNF-α和IL-6含量均低于治疗前;CSF中白细胞数[(451.7±213.5)×106个/L]与TNF-α水平[(30.11±8.56)ng/L]呈明显正相关(r=0.742,P＜0.05).结论 TNF-α、IL-6水平可反映白血病患儿的肿瘤负荷及中枢神经系统受累程度,是指导治疗的有益指标.     

血脂康对不稳定型心绞痛患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶9和肿瘤坏死因子α水平的影响

目的 研究血脂康对不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-9)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的影响,探讨其抗炎抗氧化治疗效果.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定65例UAP患者(UAP组)服药持续时间前后(血脂康胶囊0.6 g/d,治疗1个月)及冠状动脉造影正常者(对照组,40例)血浆MMP-9及TNF-α浓度.结果 UAP组治疗前MMP-9、TNF-α血浆水平为(24±6) mg/L、(22±4) μg/L,与对照组[(20±6)mg/L和(16±4) μg/L]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),服用血脂康4周后UAP组血浆MMP-9及TNF-α水平[分别为(21±6)mg/L和(19±4)μg/L]较治疗前明显下降(均P＜0.01).结论 血脂康在抑制UAP患者炎症反应、稳定动脉粥样斑块,减少急性心血管事件方面可能有一定的作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.