超声造影对急性胰腺炎分级诊断的临床意义

目的：探讨超声造影（Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic,CEUS）对急性胰腺炎（Acute pancreatitis,AP）分级诊断的临床价值。方法：以增强螺旋CT结果为对照,对56例72 h内已行增强螺旋CT检查的AP患者,再行实时CEUS检查,根据Balthazr评分系统,对上述检查的两种结果分别进行分级诊断和坏死程度判断,对比CT严重指数（CT severity index,CTSI）和超声严重指数（Ultrasound severity index,USSI）,进行等级资料的平均效度评价。结果：以增强螺旋CT为金标准,CEUS对AP分级诊断的一致率（P0）为0.875,P＜0.005。CEUS坏死程度判断的P0为0.893,P＜0.005。USSI的P0为0.946,P＜0.005。增强螺旋CT与超声造影具有较好一致性,无明显统计学差异。结论：CEUS对AP能进行较好的分级诊断,并能准确判断胰腺坏死灶范围,从而评价胰腺炎严重程度,为临床治疗提供依据。所以当CT检查出现禁忌症时,超声是有效的替代方法。     

A revised classification scheme for acute transfusion reactions

BACKGROUND: Although the standard classification system for acute transfusion reactions adequately describes the general features associated with the various types of reactions, it was not designed to provide strict criteria for diagnosis and classification. Consequently, its use to classify individual reactions can result in significant inter- and intraobserver variability, which can complicate patient management and clinical research. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 595 transfusion reactions that occurred at a single institution between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2003, were reviewed and were initially classified according to the established conventions of the AABB. Each reaction was then reclassified with a revised system that refines and clarifies reaction categories, adds severity grades in the format of the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), and includes terminology to indicate the attribution or likelihood that the adverse event is related to the transfusion. RESULTS: Comparison of the two approaches as applied to these 595 transfusion reactions showed clear advantages for the revised system. Of 128 reactions classified by AABB criteria as inconclusive, a mixture of reaction types, or otherwise qualified, all but 5 were accommodated by discrete categories within our revised scheme. In each case with a classifiable reaction, the severity of the reaction could be readily graded. CONCLUSION: The advantages of this revised classification scheme for acute transfusion reactions warrant prospective evaluation and ultimately consideration of its incorporation into clinical practice.     

医学超声专业术语的研讨:错误术语的类型与分析

<正>引言为进一步识别、区分医学超声中错误术语的种类,本文试对其不同类型进行分析。常见错误术语为:争来术语;误译术语;偏离专业基础的术语;异化术语;拼凑移植术语;过度夸大式术语;权威错定术语;偏视性术语;杜撰术语。     

Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version

The first edition of the Italian diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for primary headaches in adults was published in J Headache Pain 2(Suppl. 1):105–190 (2001). Ten years later, the guideline committee of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC) decided it was time to update therapeutic guidelines. A literature search was carried out on Medline database, and all articles on primary headache treatments in English, German, French and Italian published from February 2001 to December 2011 were taken into account. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses were analysed for each drug. If RCT were lacking, open studies and case series were also examined. According to the previous edition, four levels of recommendation were defined on the basis of levels of evidence, scientific strength of evidence and clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headache were therefore revised with respect to previous 2001 guidelines and a section was dedicated to non-pharmacological treatment. This article reports a summary of the revised version published in extenso in an Italian version.     

Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version

The first edition of the Italian diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for primary headaches in adults was published in J Headache Pain 2(Suppl. 1):105-190 (2001). Ten years later, the guideline committee of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC) decided it was time to update therapeutic guidelines. A literature search was carried out on Medline database, and all articles on primary headache treatments in English, German, French and Italian published from February 2001 to December 2011 were taken into account. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses were analysed for each drug. If RCT were lacking, open studies and case series were also examined. According to the previous edition, four levels of recommendation were defined on the basis of levels of evidence, scientific strength of evidence and clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headache were therefore revised with respect to previous 2001 guidelines and a section was dedicated to non-pharmacological treatment. This article reports a summary of the revised version published in extenso in an Italian version.     

磁共振扩散加权成像对急性胰腺炎的早期诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）及表观扩散系数（Apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）对于急性胰腺炎的早期诊断价值。方法：对25例急性胰腺炎患者、23例健康志愿者进行常规MR和DWI扫描,采用单次激发自旋回波-回波平面成像（SE-EPI）序列,b值为0、500和0、800s/mm2,所有急性胰腺炎患者均于发病后48h内完成检查。测量胰腺ADC值,比较不同b值下,急性胰腺炎组、志愿者组的ADC值差异。结果：①健康志愿者胰腺DWI呈中等信号,急性胰腺炎患者中17例呈弥漫均匀性高信号,5例呈不均匀高信号,3例呈中等信号。②急性胰腺炎组、志愿者组在b值为0、500s/mm2时,二组的ADC值分别为（1.52±0.287）×10-3、（1.84±0.233）×10-3mm2/s;b值为0、800s/mm2时,二组的ADC值分别为（1.23±0.128）×10-3、（1.64±0.273）×10-3mm2/s。二组的ADC值差异在b值为0、500及0、800s/mm2时,均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：DWI可以显示急性胰腺炎的病灶及范围,结合ADC值测量,对于急性胰腺炎早期诊断有一定意义。     

JSUM ultrasound elastography practice guidelines: basics and terminology

Ten years have passed since the first commercial equipment for elastography was released; since then clinical utility has been demonstrated. Nowadays, most manufacturers offer an elastography option. The most widely available commercial elastography methods are based on strain imaging, which uses external tissue compression and generates images of the resulting tissue strain. However, imaging methods differ slightly among manufacturers, which results in different image characteristics, for example, spatial and temporal resolution, and different recommended measurement conditions. In addition, many manufacturers have recently provided a shear wave-based method, providing stiffness images based on shear wave propagation speed. Each method of elastography is designed on the basis of assumptions of measurement conditions and tissue properties. Thus, we need to know the basic principles of elastography methods and the physics of tissue elastic properties to enable appropriate use of each piece of equipment and to obtain more precise diagnostic information from elastography. From this perspective, the basic section of this guideline aims to support practice of ultrasound elastography.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在急性胆源性胰腺炎的应用

目的：探讨DWI表观扩散系数（ADC）值在诊断急性胆源性胰腺炎（ABP）的价值。方法：两病例组分别为13例ABP患者和17例梗阻性黄疸患者,对照组为15例健康志愿者。行胰腺DWI检查,计算不同病例组、对照组之间的ADC值并统计分析其差异。结果：ABP患者的ADC值低于对照组（P＜0.05）,在b值为500、700s/mm2时,梗阻性黄疸组患者ADC值低于对照组、高于ABP患者（P＜0.05）。结论：应用DWI检查可以辅助临床早期诊断ABP,推荐胰腺DWI检查b值使用500s/mm2。     

The World Health Organisation's terminology and classification: application to severe disability

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe the international classification system proposed by the World Health Organisation for describing individuals with disability. Initially the 'International classification of impairment, disability and handicap' (ICIDH) was used. This has been replaced by the 'International classification of functioning, disability and health' (ICF). Both of these systems will be described and followed by a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of using the WHOs classification framework. An application to the field of severe disability will be made throughout. METHOD: Providing a theoretical framework for classification of disability in accordance with the system proposed by the WHO. RESULTS: The ICF is a useful tool that contributes to uniformity of international terminology and standardization in the disability field. It is not a minority model, and focuses on strengths and skills. CONCLUSIONS: An international classification system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework for information that is relevant to the long-term consequences of disability. Although any type of classification system has certain limitations, the advantages present within the ICF outweigh the limitations.     

The World Health Organisation's terminology and classification: application to severe disability

Purpose:?The purpose of this article is to describe the international classification system proposed by the World Health Organisation for describing individuals with disability. Initially the ‘International classification of impairment, disability and handicap’ (ICIDH) was used. This has been replaced by the ‘International classification of functioning, disability and health’ (ICF). Both of these systems will be described and followed by a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of using the WHOs classification framework. An application to the field of severe disability will be made throughout.

Method:?Providing a theoretical framework for classification of disability in accordance with the system proposed by the WHO.

Results:?The ICF is a useful tool that contributes to uniformity of international terminology and standardization in the disability field. It is not a minority model, and focuses on strengths and skills.

Conclusions:?An international classification system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework for information that is relevant to the long-term consequences of disability. Although any type of classification system has certain limitations, the advantages present within the ICF outweigh the limitations.     

急性胰腺炎的类型和预后的判断

探讨判断急性胰腺炎预后的指标。结果显示患者阳性指标少于4项者主要为水肿型 ,预后较好 ;患者有5～8项阳性指标。主要为出血坏死型 ,预后欠佳 ,病死率增加 ,宜早期手术治疗 ;阳性指标超过8项者预后极差。     

Syncope in adults: terminology, classification, and diagnostic strategy

Syncope is a relatively common clinical syndrome that is a subset of a broader range of conditions that cause transient loss of consciousness (TLOC). Other TLOC conditions include seizures, concussions, and intoxications. However, despite frequent confusion in the medical literature, syncope is and should be clearly distinguished from those other causes of TLOC by virtue of its pathophysiology; specifically, syncope is the result of self-terminating inadequacy of global cerebral nutrient perfusion, while the other forms of TLOC have different etiologies. Unfortunately, the diagnostic evaluation of syncope remains for the most part poorly managed and inefficient. Careful history-taking, physical examination, and judicious use of tests can not only increase the diagnostic yield of the evaluation, but also increase patient safety and reduced overall healthcare costs.     

The topical issues of the terminology, classification, and statistics of acute forms of ischemic heart disease

The paper discusses the problems in the formation of statistical information on acute forms of coronary heart disease (IHD) in Russia and possible ways of their solution. Among other problems, there is the detection and notification of cases of sudden coronary death as an independent nosological entity that belongs to the acute forms of IHD. The terminology and classification of the acute forms of IHD, which affect the formation of statistical data, are considered. The consequences of underestimates of the role of a postmortem study, as the most important postmortem diagnostic method, in modern practical health care are discussed. The paper is largely debatable and intended for a wide circle of readers in order to attract their attention to the detection and notification of the acute forms of IHD in clinical practice, especially in cases of death from acute IHD in the prehospital stage.     

CT影像对急性胰腺炎患者的诊断价值

目的探讨CT影像对急性胰腺炎患者的诊断价值。方法70例疑似急性胰腺炎患者均采用CT进行检查。分析CT在疾病诱因中的诊断正确率、不同发病时间患者Balthazar CT分级诊断结果、CT的诊断效能。结果CT检查在判断疾病诱因中的诊断正确率为94.83%。发病≤72 h和>72 h患者的Balthazar CT分级无显著差异(P>0.05),但发病≤72 h患者的胰腺坏死率低于发病时间>72 h患者(P<0.05)。CT的诊断准确度为92.86%,灵敏度为93.10%,特异度为91.67%,漏诊率为6.90%,误诊率为8.33%。结论CT诊断在急性胰腺炎患者中具有显著的作用。