2013年荆门市重性精神疾病患者流行病学现状分析

目的 了解荆门市重性精神疾病患者的流行病学分布、生活状态、就医情况及影响因素,为开展公共卫生服务、社区防治工作提供依据.方法 以ICD-10和CCMD-3为诊断标准,向各乡镇卫生院、社区卫生服务中心下发统一的线索调查表,由精神科专业医生对可疑患者进行复核确诊,对2010~2013年纳入国家管理系统的重性精神疾病患者信息进行核对和整理,导出信息并与调查数据进行比较分析.结果 2010~2013年全市共管理重性精神疾病患者9612例,检出率为3.34‰;以精神分裂症(76.77%)为主,检出率为1.99‰;男女比例为1:1.125;患者以18~44岁的青壮年(54.23%)为主;婚姻状况以已婚(55.33%)为主;经济状况以贫困(63.31%)为主;文化程度以文盲(24.15%),小学(31.42%),初中(34.16%)为主;职业以农民(76.51%)及无业(20.89%)为主;病程多在10年以上;精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍患者住院及治疗比例最低(28.78%);躯体疾病及并发症(66.15%)和意外事故(28.46%)为患者的主要死亡因素.结论 精神分裂症、精神发育迟滞伴精神障碍、双相(情感)障碍患者居荆门市重性精神疾病前3位,女性多于男性,年龄集中在18~45岁,已婚比例低,离婚及丧偶比例高,文化程度低,患者经济负担重,病情迁延,治疗负担重,建议加强和完善各级防治网络建设及社区精神卫生服务,加强重性精神疾病患者的管理,加大政府及公益资金投入.     

精神疾病共病高血压病的调查

目的 调查精神疾病患者共病高血压病的现状,探讨相关的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析河北医科大学第一医院精神卫生科住院的精神疾病患者,采用自制量表调查所有患者共病高血压病的情况,分析精神疾病共病高血压病的危险因素.结果 (1)2770例患者中,男性1234例(44.5%),女性1536例(55.5%);其中共病高血压病者528例(19.1%).(2)不同精神疾病患者共病高血压病的比例:精神分裂症10.6%,双相障碍10.7%,抑郁症24.7%,焦虑障碍29.0%,应激障碍20.0%,器质性精神疾病41.8%,其他19.8%;各组间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=124.90,P<0.01).(3)年龄大、精神疾病的病程长、患器质性精神疾病是精神疾病共病高血压病的危险因素.结论 综合医院精神科住院患者共病高血压病的比例为19.1%,其中器质性疾病共病高血压病的比例最高,精神分裂症和双相障碍患者共病高血压病的比例最低.     

新疆某市居民精神卫生服务利用情况的调查分析

目的了解新疆某市居民精神疾病住院服务变化情况以及卫生服务利用率,掌握新疆精神卫生服务利用和需求情况。方法收集2003～2014年新疆某市精神疾病专科机构53174份符合收治入院条件的资料,分析相关指标,比较其工作的投入与需求。结果男性患者占54.2%;已婚患者占60.3%;随年份增长住院人数和次数、医药费用呈上升趋势,住院天数呈降低趋势;政府总卫生投入年均增长速度21.30%,精神公共卫生总投入年均增长速度11.97%,专项拨款年均增长速度-12.71%。结论精神疾病造成的疾病负担不断加大。政府应加大对精神卫生工作投入,增强精神卫生公共服务的可及性、公平性。     

深圳社区精神分裂症患者就诊延误及其影响因素研究

目的了解深圳社区精神分裂症患者就诊延误的现状及其影响因素。方法从深圳市精神卫生工作信息管理系统登记的社区精神分裂症患者中随机抽取290例进行调查,实际完成调查280例。采用"精神分裂症患者精神卫生服务利用调查问卷"了解就诊延误情况。结果患者从发现精神症状到首次去医疗机构就诊,就诊延误时间2个月内者168例(60.0%),就诊延误2~12个月者59例(21.1%),就诊延误12个月以上者53例(18.9%)。不同就诊延误时间的患者自我报告的家庭收入水平和首选求助措施的分布有统计学差异(P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,就诊延误与求助首选措施有关联(P0.05),相较于其他措施,首选医疗措施者就诊延误的时间较短(OR=0.206,P0.001),而首选求神或巫医者就诊延误时间较长(OR=2.959,P=0.025)。结论精神卫生服务机构不仅要提供便利和可及的精神卫生服务,而且需要重点加强对社区精神分裂症患者及家属有关精神疾病就诊方式和途径的健康教育。     

本地与外来人口精神分裂症患者就医行为调查

目的调查上海市嘉定区本地人口与外来人口精神分裂症患者的就医行为。方法应用"精神分裂症患者精神卫生服务利用调查问卷",对上海市嘉定区精神卫生中心门诊精神分裂症患者进行调查。结果①、两组患者在性别、年龄、宗教信仰、工作、年收入、家庭人均收入、病程及家族史上,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);本地人口精神分裂症患者受教育年限较外来人口患者长(P0.01),已婚比例明显低于外来患者(P0.05),且具有医保的比例明显高于外来患者(P0.05)。②、两组患者在最先求助措施上,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);本地人口精神分裂症患者距首诊专科时间明显长于外来人口患者(P0.05)。结论本地人口精神分裂症患者婚姻状况差、距首诊专科时间较长,对这类患者应加以关注,在精神病防治工作方面需要加强。     

综合医院精神科设置状况及其作用的对照研究

目的调查上海综合医院精神卫生服务资源及临床医师培训等现状,为制定综合医院精神卫生服务政策提供相关依据.方法(1)对上海市15家三级综合医院和14家二级综合医院的精神卫生服务现状进行问卷调查.包括医院规模及医疗服务资源,精神卫生服务机构设置及人员配置状况,会诊联络精神医学开展情况等.(2)选择两家已开设和未开设精神卫生服务科室的三级综合医院,对临床医师参加精神卫生培训情况、对精神卫生知识、对开展精神卫生服务工作意向的认识等进行对比分析.结果(1)开设精神卫生服务科室的医院为17家,占58.6%,提供精神卫生服务的专科医师人数为65人,平均3.2名/千张床位.(2)已开设精神卫生科室的医院中精神科会诊率平均为0.63%,未开设精神卫生科室的医院中精神科会诊率平均为0.10%,二者具有显著性差异.(3)所有调查医院均未成立由精神科医师和临床医师共同参加的会诊联络小组;缺乏专职的会诊联络医师常规地参与临床和宣教工作;(4)已开设精神卫生科室医院的临床医师在接受精神卫生培训、掌握精神卫生知识程度以及对开展精神卫生服务的工作意向等方面均显著优于未开设精神卫生科室的医院.结论设立精神卫生机构,提高各级综合医院的精神卫生服务的能力势在必行.     

河北省精神障碍伴其他慢性疾病人群就诊情况及影响因素

目的 了解河北省精神障碍伴其他慢性疾病人群精神疾病的就诊情况及分布情况,探讨 影响患有慢性疾病的精神障碍患者就诊的相关因素。方法 数据来源自2016 年河北省第二次精神卫 生流行病学调查。此次调查采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,使用河北省精神卫生中心自制调查问卷对 省内10 个地市常住居民进行精神卫生服务利用调查。本研究选取患有慢性疾病的精神障碍患者,对其 精神疾病就诊情况进行进一步分析。结果 在961 例研究对象中,有101 例患者出现精神症状后进行就 诊,就诊率为10.5%。女性就诊率（11.9%）高于男性就诊率（8.7%）,农业户口就诊率（12.0%）显著高于城 镇户口（6.5%）。此外,不同年龄、距离、婚姻状况、就业情况以及家庭年收入等情况的患者就诊率差异 有统计学意义。Logistic 回归分析结果显示,距离、婚姻状况、是否是贫困户和低保户是影响精神障碍伴 其他慢性疾患者群精神障碍就诊的因素。101 例曾经就诊的患者中,有29 例（28.7%）患者曾就诊于精神 专科医院。结论 河北省精神障碍伴其他慢性疾病人群精神卫生服务利用率偏低,大多数有精神卫生 服务需求的慢性疾病人群未能享有精神卫生专业服务。     

临床医生精神疾病态度量表中文版在社区精神卫生工作者中的信度、效度研究

目的:探讨临床医生精神疾病态度量表(MICA)中文版在社区精神卫生工作者中的信度、效度与可接受性。方法:应用MICA中文版对广州市8个区(市)80名社区精神卫生工作者进行间隔1周的两次调查、报告和意向行为量表(RIBS)调查,并附加关于生活中对精神疾病患者态度及对MICA理解度的调查。结果:MICA中文版内部一致性信度(Cronbach’α)为0.720,分半信度为0.685,重测信度为0.764(P0.05);表面效度良好;与RIBS总分及附加条目评分呈负相关(r=-0.516,r=-0.310;P均0.01)。主成份分析产生6个因子,共解释方差65.1%。该量表3 min内可完成。结论:MICA中文版是社区精神卫生工作者对精神疾病态度的有效评估工具。     

林芝地区精神卫生工作者精神卫生知识知晓率及其对精神疾病的态度

目的了解西藏自治区林芝地区精神卫生工作者的精神卫生知识知晓率现状及其对精神疾病的态度,为提高后续有针对性的援藏工作提供参考。方法采用方便抽样方法抽取了林芝108名精神卫生工作人员,进行精神卫生知识问卷和精神疾病相关态度问卷调查。结果调查对象精神卫生知识总体知晓率为74.03%,年龄越大、有参加过精神/心理方面讲座的人员精神卫生知识问卷得分越高(β=0.261、0.220,P均0.05);精神疾病相关态度问卷总体得分为(45.11±5.21)分,其中有10个条目持正向态度的人员比例接近或高于50%。结论林芝地区精神卫生工作者对精神疾病的包容度较好,但精神卫生知识知晓率仍有待提高。     

3874例女性精神疾病患者的心电图分析

目的探讨3874例女性精神疾病患者的心电图异常情况,为防治其心血管疾病提供参考。方法收集2015年8月-2017年6月在四川省精神卫生中心住院的3 874例女性精神疾病患者的心电图、年龄、病种等资料,将16岁≤年龄40岁的患者分为A组,40岁≤年龄70岁为B组,比较不同人口学资料及临床特征患者的心电图差异。结果 3 874例女性精神疾病患者正常心电图2 510例(64.79%),异常心电图1 364例(35.21%)。异常心电图的表现分别为窦性心律失常、ST-T改变、各类早搏、束支传导阻滞。A、B两组异常心电图例数分别为383例(22.01%)、981例(45.97%),异常心电图检出例数差异有统计学意义(χ~2=241.18,P0.01)。A组以窦性心律不齐最为多见,共285例(51.96%);B组以ST-T改变最为多见,共342例(34.87%)。不同精神障碍患者异常心电图检出例数差异无统计学意义(χ~2=29.21,P0.01)。结论女性精神疾病患者异常心电图比例较高,40岁以上患者异常心电图比例更高,但不同精神疾病患者异常心电图比例并无差异。     

Attitudes Toward Help-Seeking and Duration of Untreated Mental Disorders in a Sectorized Athens Area of Greece

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of opinions towards seeking psychiatric help with the duration of untreated mental disorders in a sectorized Athens area, served by a Community Mental Health Centre. The sample consisted of 134 individuals who had sought help from health or mental health non sectorized services prior to their visit to the Centre (group A) and 156 individuals whose visit to the Center was their first ever contact with a mental health service (group B). Opinions were assessed by the “Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help scale. Both groups were selected from a total of 1,008 individuals who had visited the Centre in four consecutive years. The duration of untreated mental disorders was found to be shorter in group A compared to group B. Males and females of both groups, who had visited the Centre in a time period shorter than 12 months since the onset of their psychopathology, expressed more positive views towards help-seeking, compared to their counterparts with longer duration of untreated mental disorder. The variables of gender (females), age at symptom onset (younger) and education (higher) predicted a shorter duration without psychiatric treatment and more positive views about the necessity of help-seeking. More severe type of diagnoses was associated with shorter durations before accessing care. Our findings underline that mental health awareness programs are clearly required in order to strengthen the early recognition of the need for help- seeking. The development of liaison and outreach activities could also prevent prolonged delays in psychiatric treatment.     

Twelve-month and lifetime health service use in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the 12 month and lifetime use of health services for mental health problems. METHOD: A nationwide face-to-face household survey carried out in 2003-2004. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) was used. There were 12 992 completed interviews from participants aged 16 years and over. The overall response rate was 73.3%. In this paper, the outcomes reported are 12 month and lifetime health service use for mental health and substance use problems. RESULTS: Of the population, 13.4% had a visit for a mental health reason in the 12 months before interview. Of all 12 month cases of mental disorder, 38.9% had a mental health visit to a health or non-health-care provider in the past 12 months. Of these 12 month cases, 16.4% had contact with a mental health specialist, 28.3% with a general medical provider, 4.8% within the human services sector and 6.9% with a complementary or alternative medicine practitioner. Most people with lifetime disorders eventually made contact if their disorder continued. However, the percentages seeking help at the age of onset were small for most disorders and several disorders had large percentages who never sought help. The median duration of delay until contact varies from 1 year for major depressive disorder to 38 years for specific phobias. CONCLUSIONS: A significant unmet need for treatment for people with mental disorder exists in the New Zealand community, as in other comparable countries.     

Influence of comorbid alcohol and psychiatric disorders on utilization of mental health services in the National Comorbidity Survey.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine how comorbidity of psychiatric and substance abuse disorders affects the likelihood of using mental health services. METHOD: The analysis was based on data on adults aged 18-54 years in the National Comorbidity Survey (N = 5,393). Users and nonusers of mental health and substance abuse services were compared in terms of their demographic characteristics, recent stressful life events, social support, parental history of psychopathology, self-medication, and symptoms of alcohol abuse/dependence. RESULTS: The prevalence of service utilization varied by diagnostic configurations. Comorbid psychiatric or alcohol disorders were stronger predictors of service utilization than a pure psychiatric or alcohol disorder. Factors predicting utilization of services differed for each disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Since comorbidity increases the use of mental health and substance abuse services, research on the relationship of psychiatric and alcohol-related disorders to service utilization needs to consider the coexistence of mental disorders. Attempts to reduce barriers to help seeking for those in need of treatment should be increased.     

Use of health services for major depressive and anxiety disorders in Finland

Factors associated with people suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) or anxiety disorders seeking or receiving treatment are not well known. In the Health 2000 Study, a representative sample (n=6005) of Finland's general adult (> or =30 years) population was interviewed with the M-CIDI for mental disorders and health service use for mental problems during the last 12 months. Predictors for service use among those with DSM-IV MDD (n=298) or anxiety disorders (n=242) were assessed. Of subjects with MDD, anxiety disorders, or both, 34%, 36%, and 59% used health services, respectively. Greater severity and perceived disability, psychiatric comorbidity, and living alone predicted health care use for MDD subjects, and greater perceived disability, psychiatric comorbidity, younger age, and parent's psychiatric problems for anxiety disorder subjects. The use of specialist-level mental health services was predicted by psychiatric comorbidity, but not characteristics of the disorders per se. Perceived disability and comorbidity are factors influencing the use of mental health services by both anxiety disorder and MDD subjects. However, still only approximately one-half of those suffering from even severe and comorbid disorders use health services for them.     

Predictors of mental health service utilization by people using resources for homeless people in Canada

OBJECTIVE: This study used Pescosolido's network episode model to examine mental health service utilization among impoverished people accessing resources for the homeless in Canada's universal health care setting. METHODS: The sample consisted of 439 people who met DSM-IV criteria for affective or psychotic disorders who were assessed as part of a larger study of resources for homeless or impoverished people in Montreal and Quebec City. Interviews were organized into the framework of four network episode model concepts: sociodemographic characteristics, illness characteristics, illness history, and social network. These blocks of variables were then analyzed in terms of their accuracy in predicting mental health service utilization. RESULTS: Eighty-four percent of the sample were male, the mean+/-SD age was 41+/-12 years, and 36% were homeless at the time of the interview, but nearly half (48%) of the population had been homeless previously. The research shows that each network episode model concept except illness history significantly predicted utilization of mental health services. Female gender, youth, never being homeless (sociodemographic characteristics), presence of antisocial personality disorders within the preceding year, past or current alcohol-related disorders (illness characteristics), hospitalization before the preceding year (illness history), and a larger social support network were related to utilization of mental health services. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of economic barriers to health care, there are other significant barriers to the use of mental health services for people who live in poverty. A better understanding of these factors will help in meeting the service needs of impoverished mentally ill people.     

Prevalence and predictors of health service use among Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands

Background A long asylum procedure is associated with higher prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, lower quality of life, higher disability and more physical health problems. Additional knowledge about health seeking behavior is necessary to guide governments and health professionals in their policies. Objective To measure service use among one of the biggest asylum seekers population in the Netherlands and to assess its relationships with predisposing and need variables (including post-migration living problems). Method Two groups were randomly selected: Group 1 (n = 143), less than 6 months and Group 2 (n = 151), more than 2 years in the Netherlands. Respondents were interviewed with fully structured, culturally validated, translated questionnaires, which contained instruments to measure psychiatric disorders, quality of life, disability, physical health and post-migration living problems. Use of preventive and curative (physical and mental) health services was measured and the relationship with predisposing and need risk factors was estimated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A long asylum procedure is not associated with higher service use, except for mental health service use and drug use. Use of mental health services is, however, low compared to the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Low quality of perceived general health and functional disability are the most important predictors of services use. Psychopathology predicts use of a medical specialist (non-psychiatrist), but does not predict mental health service use. Conclusion A high percentage of asylum seekers with a psychiatric disorder is not getting adequate treatment. There is a mismatch between the type of health problem and the type of health service use. The various health services should work together in education, detection, referral and care in order to provide help to this group of patients.     

Use of mental health care services by Canadians with co-occurring substance dependence and mental disorders

OBJECTIVES: This study contributes to knowledge of the processes underlying help seeking by those with mental and substance use disorders by examining relationships among need, service use, and satisfaction with mental health care in a population-based sample. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were performed on responses to the 2002 Canadian Community Health Survey (N=36,984). Diagnostic algorithms classified respondents by past-year diagnostic status, including substance dependence and selected mood and anxiety disorders. Logistic regressions examined associations between diagnostic status and service use, satisfaction, and unmet need for care. RESULTS: Ten percent of Canadians and 39% of Canadians with a mental disorder or substance dependence sought services in the year preceding data collection. Although those with co-occurring substance dependence and mental disorders reported the poorest mental health and were most likely to seek care, the presence of a mental disorder, regardless of co-occurring substance dependence, contributed primarily to help seeking. Among those who sought services, the use of informal sources of care, including self-help groups, was more common among those with substance dependence. Those with co-occurring disorders reported the lowest satisfaction with care and the greatest prevalence of unmet need. CONCLUSIONS: The differential use of services, satisfaction, and unmet need across diagnostic status allowed for speculation on differing levels of disability and stigma in the help-seeking process for different types of disorders. The strong association between co-occurring disorders and unmet need for care, including a large proportion of respondents who stated they preferred to self-manage their symptoms, is particularly troubling and deserves future research attention.     

Perceived helpfulness of websites for mental health information

BACKGROUND: Despite the high risk of developing a mental disorder during adolescence, many young people fail to receive appropriate treatment from mental health professionals. Recent studies have found certain mental health information websites have improved mental health literacy and reduced symptoms of depression. However, studies exploring young people's perceptions of such resources still remain scarce. The current paper compared young people's preference for a website with self-help books and two face-to-face services-counselling and mental health services. The factors associated with believing in the perceived helpfulness of each intervention were also explored. METHOD: A national telephone survey was carried out with 3,746 people aged 12-25 years and 2005 co-resident parents. Perceived helpfulness of each intervention was assessed in relation to four vignettes (depression, social phobia, psychosis and depression with alcohol misuse). RESULTS: Approximately 71% of respondents rated websites and books as likely to be helpful, which was less than for counselling, but more than for mental health services. Predictors of rating a website as likely to be helpful were older age (18-25 years), belief in seeking help, less social distance from peers like the one in the vignette, and being presented with the vignettes depicting either social phobia or depression with alcohol misuse. Predictors of rating a book as helpful included belief in seeking help, awareness of the national depression initiative beyondblue, less social distance, being presented with the social phobia vignette, and the belief that the person in the vignette is 'weak not sick'. CONCLUSION: Most young people are open to the idea of accessing mental health information online, especially for disorders that are often perceived as behavioural problems. These young people also believe in help-seeking in general and are more willing to associate with peers who have mental health problems.     

Mental health service delivery to older people in New South Wales: perceptions of aged care, adult mental health and mental health services for older people

OBJECTIVE: To compare the perceptions of aged care services, adult mental health services and mental health services for older people regarding aspects of mental health service delivery for older people in New South Wales, Australia. METHOD: The NSW Branch of the Faculty of Psychiatry of Old Age in association with the NSW Centre for Mental Health, sent a postal survey to all aged care services, adult mental health services and mental health services for older people in NSW. The survey canvassed issues ranging across service profiles, regional variations, availability of resources, processes of care, views on working relationships between services, difficulties and gaps experienced, and ways to improve co-ordination and service delivery. Clinical issues such as the management and practice of psychiatric disorders of old age, educational/training requirements and skill and experience in working with older people were explored. RESULTS: An overall response rate of 86% was achieved, including 95% from aged care services (n = 58), 74% from adult mental health services (n = 62) and 90% from mental health services for older people (n = 20). Only 59% of aged care services and adult mental health services considered that their local mental health services for older people provided an adequate service; resource and budget limitations were portrayed as the main constraint. Mental health services for older people varied widely in structure, settings and activities undertaken. Access to mental health beds for older people was also variable, and alongside staffing levels was considered problematic. Lack of staff training and/or inexperience in psychogeriatrics posed a challenge for aged care services and adult mental health services. CONCLUSION: Relationships between aged care services, adult mental health services and mental health services for older people are affected by lack of access to psychogeriatric staff, resource limitations of mental health services for older people, and inadequate liaison and support between the service types. Joint case conferences, education, increased funding of mental health services for older people, and cross referrals were considered ways to address these issues.     

Impact of co-occurring substance use on 6 month outcomes for young people seeking mental health treatment

OBJECTIVE: Co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders are highly prevalent among young people attending services, yet few studies have examined the effect of such comorbidity among those referred for treatment. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) on 6 month outcomes for young people seeking mental health treatment. METHOD: One hundred and six young people (aged 15-24 years) with a non-psychotic DSM-IV Axis I disorder were assessed following referral to a specialist youth public mental health service. Participants were given a structured interview, as well as questionnaires assessing drug use, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning and self-esteem at baseline and 6 month follow up. RESULTS: At baseline, 23 participants met criteria for a co-occurring SUD and 83 had a non-psychotic Axis I disorder. Both the non-SUD and the co-occurring SUD groups had high levels of psychopathology, serious impairments in functioning and moderate levels of suicidal ideation, although those with co-occurring SUD had significantly poorer levels of functioning. At 6 month follow up the co-occurring SUD group continued to experience substantial problems with symptoms and functioning whereas the non-SUD group had significant improvement in both of these domains. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings are consistent with studies examining the impact of co-occurring substance use and mental health issues across different treatment settings, and reinforce recommendations that young people with co-occurring disorders require more intensive and integrated interventions. The present findings also highlight the need for routine assessment and management of substance use issues within youth mental health settings.