强迫症患者一级亲属的三维人格特征的研究

目的 探讨强迫症患者一级亲属的三维人格特征.方法 运用三维人格问卷(TPQ)对48例强迫症患者一级亲属和95例正常对照进行测定.结果 强迫症患者一级亲属与正常对照组相比猎奇性分量表总分及各因子分无统计学差异;躲避伤害分量表HA1及HA2因子及总分均较高(P＜0.05);奖赏依赖分量表因子得分及总分无统计学差异.两组TPQ各因子评分无性别差异(P＞0.05).结论 强迫症患者一级亲属的三维人格特征表现为躲避伤害,看事情悲观,害怕不确定性.     

精神分裂症一级亲属情感表达与人格特征的相关性

目的:探讨精神分裂症一级亲属情感表达与人格特征的相关性。方法:对130例精神分裂症一级亲属与117例对照组采用坎伯威尔家庭问卷中文版(CFI-CV)和分裂型人格问卷(SPQ)进行评估,根据CFI-CV评分,将样本分为高情感表达组和低情感表达组,对样本的人格特征进行比较。结果:在精神分裂症一级亲属中高情感表达组SPQ阴性分裂型评分显著高于低情感表达组(t=2.634,P<0.01),其余各维度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);精神分裂症一级亲属中高情感表达组SPQ阴性分裂型评分显著高于对照组中高情感表达组(t=2.687,P<0.01),其余各维度差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:精神分裂症健康一级亲属的情感表达与人格特征有极高的相关性。     

精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属性格特征的对照研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的性格特征。方法选取住我院治疗处于缓解期的精神分裂症患者48例和一级亲属与正常组各79人，进行MMPI测查分析。结果精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属Hs、D、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc量表分高于正常人，而患者和一级亲属间各量表分接近。结论精神分裂症患者及一级亲属具有明显的分裂性人格，两者的性格特征可能有着共同的遗传学基础。     

精神分裂症一级亲属糖代谢研究

目的研究精神分裂症患者一级亲属的糖代谢情况。方法检测精神分裂症患者一级亲属85例(患者亲属组)和普通人群对照99人(对照组)的空腹血糖、胰岛素、C肽、身高、体重,并计算体质量指数(BMI)及胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)。结果①一级亲属组糖尿病/糖耐量减低发生率(5.9%/15.3%)均稍高于对照组(4.0%/13.1%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②亲属组的空腹血糖、胰岛素及IRI均稍高于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论未发现精神分裂症患者一级亲属存在显著的糖代谢异常。     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属MMPI心理状况调查

目的 调查了解精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理状况.方法 116名精神分裂症患者一级亲属接受明尼苏达多相个性测查表（MMPI）测查.结果 男性一级亲属MMPI量表中诈病（F）、校正（K）、社会内向（Si）因子低于常模水平,疑病（Hs）、抑郁（D）、癔症（Hy）、精神病态（Pd）、精神分裂（Sc）因子高于常模水平（P＜0.05）;女性一级亲属MMPI量表中诈病（F）、校正（K）因子低于常模水平,说谎（L）、疑病（Hs）、癔症（Hy）、精神病态（Pd）、精神衰弱（Pt）、轻躁狂（Ma）因子高于常模水平（P＜0.05）.结论 精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理健康程度较差.     

心境障碍患者一级亲属的心理健康状况调查结果

本文对78例心境障碍患者一级亲属的心理健康状况进行了调查，旨在有助于对他们进行心理干预，现将结果报道于后。     

双相障碍患者及其一级亲属认知功能损害的研究

目的:探讨双相障碍(BD)患者及其健康一级亲属认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用持续操作测验(CPT)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对51例BD-I型患者(BD-I组)、51例BD-II型患者(BD-II组)、50名健康一级亲属(亲属组)及51名正常对照者(对照组)进行认知功能评估。结果:BD-I组、BD-II组及亲属组CPT中正确数评分明显低于对照组,且BD-I组明显低于BD-II组及亲属组(P均0.05)。BD-I组、BD-II组及亲属组WCST中的错误应答数、正确率和非持续性错误数与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,且BD-I组及亲属组与BD-II组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。BD-I组及亲属组WCST完成分类数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、不能维持完整分类数评分与对照组及BD-II组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:BD患者及其健康一级亲属存在多维度认知功能损害,BDI患者任务管理能力损害较明显,BD-II患者注意力损害较明显。     

首发精神分裂症患者及其正常一级亲属血脂和肥胖的研究

目的 研究在排除抗精神病药物影响下精神分裂症患者和其正常一级亲属的脂代谢以及肥胖情况.方法 选择58例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版（CCMD-3）和精神障碍诊断统计手册第四版（DSM-IV）中分裂症诊断标准的首发且未服药的精神分裂症患者（患者组）以及其22例正常一级亲属（亲属组）、24例普通人群（正常对照组）为研究对象,检测腰围、腰臀比、体重指数以及血脂水平（甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇）.结果 患者组的血脂异常发病率为20.7%,高于对照组的,且差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）;而且患者组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平（1.31±0.28）mmol/L明显低于对照组的（1.46±0.28）mmol/L,差异亦具有显著性（P＜0.05）,而其他血脂代谢各项指标与对照组相比,都没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）.另外,亲属组的各个指标与对照组相比,均无显著性差异.结论 与普通人群相比,精神分裂症患者具有较高的血脂异常发病率,精神分裂症与脂代谢异常之间存在一定的相关性.     

Psychopathology and personality traits in psychotic patients and their first-degree relatives

Personality dimensions have been associated with symptoms dimensions in schizophrenic patients (SP). In this paper we study the relationships between symptoms of functional psychoses and personality dimensions in SP and their first-degree relatives (SR), in other psychotic patients (PP) and their first-degree relatives (PR), and in healthy controls in order to evaluate the possible clinical dimensionality of these disorders. Twenty-nine SP, 29 SR, 18 PP, 18 PR and 188 controls were assessed using the temperament and character inventory (TCI-R). Current symptoms were evaluated with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) using the five-factor model described previously (positive [PF], negative [NF], disorganized [DF], excitement [EF] and anxiety/depression [ADF]). Our TCI-R results showed that patients had different personality dimensions from the control group, but in relatives, these scores were not different from controls. With regard to symptomatology, we highlight the relations observed between harm avoidance (HA) and PANSS NF, and between self-transcendence (ST) and PANSS PF. From a personality traits-genetic factors point of view, schizophrenia and other psychosis may be initially differentiated by temperamental traits such as HA. The so-called characterial traits like ST would be associated with the appearance of psychotic symptoms.     

Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: the UCLA family study

BACKGROUND: This study tested the hypothesis that childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a variant of adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS) by determining if first-degree relatives of COS probands have an increased risk for schizophrenia and schizotypal and paranoid personality disorders. METHODS: Relatives of COS probands (n = 148) were compared with relatives of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 368) and community control (n = 206) probands. Age-appropriate structured diagnostic interviews were used to assign DSM-III-R diagnoses to probands and their relatives. Family psychiatric history was elicited from multiple informants. Diagnoses of relatives were made blind to information about probands' diagnoses. Final consensus diagnoses, which integrated family history, direct interview information, and medical records, are reported in this article. RESULTS: There was an increased lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia (4.95% +/- 2.16%) and schizotypal personality disorder (4.20% +/- 2.06%) in the parents of COS probands compared with parents of ADHD (0.45% +/- 0.45%, 0.91% +/- 0.63%) and community control (0%) probands. The parents of COS probands diagnosed as having schizophrenia had an early age of first onset of schizophrenia. Risk for avoidant personality disorder (9.41% +/- 3.17%) was increased in the parents of COS probands compared with parents of community controls (1.67% +/- 1.17%). CONCLUSIONS: The psychiatric disorders that do and do not aggregate in the parents of COS probands are remarkably similar to the disorders that do and do not aggregate in the parents of adults with schizophrenia in modern family studies. These findings provide compelling support for the hypothesis of etiological continuity between COS and AOS.     

The influences of family environment on personality traits

In order to clarify the influences of family environment on the development of personality traits, 150 children (104 males and 46 females, mean age 13.2 +/- 2.4 years) who had been interviewed at the Child Guidance Clinic in Osaka were investigated. From 13 behavioral characteristics (activity, talkativeness, sociability, social skills, rule-keeping, will, aggression, emotional control, imagination, anxiety, maturity, intelligence, and neuroticism), factor analysis identified three personality traits: extraversion, maturity, and intellect. The effects of family environment (maternal and paternal participation in child rearing before and after 4years of age, child-rearing style, parental relationship, sibling relationship, number of siblings, birth order, and socioeconomic status) on these personality traits were examined based on a structural equation model. The results found, first, that extraversion was negatively associated with overprotection/interference and with maternal participation in child rearing. Maturity correlated with high socioeconomic status, appropriate child-rearing style, and paternal participation in child rearing. Intellect was related to high socioeconomic status and maternal participation in child rearing. Second, path analysis with selected variables revealed that 8% of variance in extraversion, 14% in maturity, and 10% in intellect was due to family environment. Third, children with high introversion or high intellect had stronger influences from family environment than did those with high extraversion or low intellect.     

Premorbid IQ in patients with functional psychosis and their first-degree relatives

Numerous studies have found deficits in premorbid IQ in schizophrenic patients, but it is not clear whether this deficit is shared by (a) patients with other functional psychoses, and (b) relatives of these patients. Ninety-one schizophrenic patients, 66 affective psychotic patients (29 schizoaffective and 37 manic or depressed), and 50 normal control subjects were administered the National Adult Reading Test (NART) which provides an estimate of premorbid IQ. The NART was also completed by 85 first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients and by 65 first-degree relatives of affective psychotic patients. After adjustments were made for sex, social class, ethnicity and years of education, schizophrenic patients had significantly lower premorbid IQ than their relatives, the affective psychotic patients and controls. Manic and depressed patients had significantly lower NART scores than their first-degree relatives, but schizoaffective patients did not, and neither group differed significantly from controls. There was no significant difference in premorbid IQ between patients who had experienced obstetric complications (OC+) and those who had not (OC-). Both OC+ and OC- schizophrenic patients differed significantly from their relatives, but the disparity was greatest between OC+ patients and their relatives. Relatives of OC+ schizophrenic patients had significantly higher IQ than relatives of OC- schizophrenic patients.     

酒依赖患者及其一级亲属听觉ERP研究

目的:对酒依赖患者及其一级亲属(父母、同胞或子女)组与正常对照组的听觉事件相关电位(ERP)进行对照研究,以了解酒依赖患者认知功能状况及酒依赖的遗传易感性.方法:收集40例男性酒依赖患者以及40例一级亲属和40例健康对照者进行听觉ERP检测.结果:酒依赖组和亲属组ERP的P3波(P300成分)波幅均明显低于对照组(均为P＜0.05);而P3波幅在患者组和亲属组之间比较差异无显著意义(P＞0.05);酒依赖组N2、P3潜伏期延长(P＜0.01),而N2、P3潜伏期在亲属组和对照组之间的比较差异则无显著意义(P＞0.05).结论:ERP-反映酒依赖认知功能损害,可以作为酒依赖认知功能损害评估的重要检测手段之一;P3波幅可能是酒依赖的遗传易感性标志,可以作为预测酗酒的指标;对酒依赖一级亲属进行听觉ERP检测可早期发现高危人群,及时提供干预措施.     

Peripheral markers in neurodegenerative patients and their first-degree relatives

We have determined various biomarkers in the peripheral blood of Alzheimer, Parkinson and vascular dementia patients by comparing the samples with those of first-degree relatives and control subjects. Our results, together with correlation studies using data from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), suggest that the clinical evaluation of the nitrite (NOx) concentration in Alzheimer patients should be complemented by assays of protein carbonyls (PCs) levels, the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in plasma, PCs in erythrocytes and PCs and calcium content in leukocytes. For Parkinson patients it would be useful to determine NOx, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS) and PCs in erythrocytes, and NOx and TBARS en leukocytes. For vascular-demented (VD) patients, determination of NOx, Cu, and GSH/GSSG in plasma and TBARS, and PCs in erythrocytes together with PCs in leukocytes should be assayed. Relatives of Alzheimer patients showed alterations in plasma Se and Zn concentrations, catalase (CAT) activity in erythrocytes and calcium content in leukocytes as possible predictive markers of the disease. Relatives of Parkinson patients showed elevated levels of NOx in leukocytes. In the case of vascular-demented patients we suggest NOx, GSH/GSSG and α-tocopherol in plasma, the CAT/superoxide dismutase ratio in erythrocytes and TBARS, GSSG and glutathione reductase in leukocytes as predictive markers. Large-scale longitudinal population-based studies using these suggested biomarkers are necessary in order to assess their level of reliability and specificity in clinical practice.     

Morbidity risk for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of patients with eating disorders

OBJECTIVE: A hypothesis that eating disorders are a phenomenological variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been proposed. This study was conducted to determine whether anorexia nervosa and bulimia, the two main eating disorders, are familial and whether the risk for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCD and tic disorders) is higher in families of patients with eating disorders. METHOD: The morbidity risk for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of 136 female probands with eating disorders (84 with anorexia nervosa, 52 with bulimia) was compared to that for first-degree relatives of 72 female comparison subjects. RESULTS: The morbidity risk for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders was significantly higher among the 436 relatives of the eating disorder probands than among the 358 relatives of the comparison subjects (9.69% versus 0%). This finding was independent of any comorbid diagnosis of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder in the eating disorder probands. The eating disorder group and the comparison group did not differ in familial risk for eating disorders and tic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: To better understand the genetic components of eating disorders, these disorders should be considered as part of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders.     

Affective and impulsive personality disorder traits in the relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that the risk for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits commonly found in patients with borderline personality disorder would be greater in the first-degree relatives of probands with borderline personality disorder than in two comparison groups. METHOD: Blind family history interviews were conducted with family informants to assess the extent to which first-degree relatives of 29 probands with borderline personality disorder, 22 probands with other personality disorders who met three or fewer of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, and 43 probands with schizophrenia fulfilled operationalized criteria for the two kinds of personality disorder traits and for other diagnostic categories. The crude proportions of adult relatives with each diagnosis, as well as the age-adjusted morbid risks, were assessed in the three groups of relatives. RESULTS: The risks for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits were independently greater in the 129 relatives of the borderline probands than in the 105 relatives of the probands with other personality disorders and the 218 relatives of the schizophrenic probands. There was no similarly greater risk for any other psychiatric disorder assessed, including major affective disorder. In addition, the relatives of borderline probands with current or past major depressive disorder showed a greater risk for major affective disorders than the relatives of never-depressed probands with other personality disorders but not the relatives of never-depressed borderline probands. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest familial transmission of the hallmark borderline-related personality characteristics and raise the possibility that these familial traits may be partially independent.