浅谈解剖组胚双语教学中的互动作用

解剖学（Anatomy）和组织胚胎学（Histo-embryology）源于西方医学,是重要医学基础教育课程,目前在医学院校中已经开展双语教学,我室从2001年起,在临床五年制学员中试行解剖＆组胚课程英教学的双语教学,收到较好的效果,为新一轮教学改革提供了可用资源。     

基于云班课的组织学与胚胎学教学评价体系的构建与应用

目的 建立基于云班课的组织学与胚胎学（简称“组胚”）教学评价体系，并研究其应用效果。方法 利用云班课建立组胚教学评价体系，选择2018级至2020级各级同时开设组胚课的针灸推拿学专业的两个教学班分别作为对照班和实验班，对照班采用传统教学评价方式，实验班采用基于云班课的组胚教学评价体系，结课时比较各年级两班的理论考试成绩，并通过问卷调查该评价体系对实验班组胚教学效果的影响。结果 各级实验班组胚理论考试成绩均高于对照班（P<0.05），问卷结果显示该评价体系提高了学生对组胚知识的掌握情况和多方面的学习能力。结论 基于云班课的组胚教学评价体系与各阶段教学需求相适应，有利于人才培养和组胚教学水平提升，为数据驱动的精准化组胚教学提供有力保障。     

药学专业双语教学的探讨

为了对高等医学院校开展专业课的双语教学的可行性进行探讨,在药学专业的班级中进行了双语教学实践,并就学生对专业课双语教学的态度、授课形式与教学效果等方面的问题作了问卷调查。调查结果表明双语教学这种新型教学方式已被多数学生接受并支持。     

双语教学的尝试与思考

目的:探讨开展双语教学的可行性.方法:对昆明医学院2006级临床专业的学生开展<医学物理学>双语教学试点.结果:获得了大量有价值的反馈信息,其对教学质量的提高、办学水平的提升、高素质医用人才的培养等具有积极意义.结论:结合办学条件、师资、学生素质等,探讨了开展双语教学的可行性,为学校全面开展双语教学提供了一定的理论和实践依据,对学校开展双语教学起到了积级的推动作用.同时让我们清楚地认识到双语教学的开展,必须有选择、实事求是地进行,不能流于形式、盲目进行.     

在医用物理学教学中采用有效双语教学的调查与分析

目的:作者结合多年的双语教学实践,分析了影像系和药学系学生和双语教师对双语教学的认同情况,并提出了双语教学的教学模式、教材的需求,旨在进一步深化双语教学的改革,提高双语教学理论授课的教学质量.方法:文中阐述了在有效双语教学活动中所采用的技巧、方法以及课堂的教学组织等,并通过调查问卷的方式对这一教学模式在医学专业基础课教学的实际运用进行了分析.结果:探讨了医学院校在物理教学中实行有效双语教学的必要性和可行性,在分析的基础上提出了有效双语教学的模式.结论:总结了一些医学院校在物理课双语教学过程中所存在的诸多急待需要解决的问题,提出了在医学院校实施有效双语教学的基本原则和方法,对其他学科的双语教学将会起到积极的借鉴与推动作用.     

双休日开放实验室是提高双语教学质量的好办法

加强双语教学研究、提高双语教学质量是我国推行双语教学改革所面临的迫切任务。人体解剖学是医学的奠基石,是实践性极强的形态学课程,对学生的观察能力、动手能力有较高的要求。我们针对系统解剖学内容多,学时少,学生对双语教学效果的评价不一致,学生英语水平参差不齐等的问题。实行了双休日开放实验室。收到了满意的效果。为更好地在郧阳医学院5年制本科学生中组织实施了人体解剖学双语教学及深化和完善双休日开放实验室提供了依据。     

临床医学专业解剖学双语教学模式探讨

对临床医学本科人体解剖学试行双语教学,探讨解剖学双语教学模式。方法：以临床医学本科学生为研究对象,实验组采用双语教学,对照组沿用传统教学。结果：解剖学双语教学的重要性得到了84．62％同学的认可;89．42％同学对双语教学质量感到很满意或满意;62．5％同学认为双语教学对理解重要解剖学概念元影响或一般无影响;双语教学内容占整个教学内容的比例以20％～40％最为适宜;71.15％同学能完全听懂或基本听懂双语教学内容;最合适双语教学方式为中文教学,融合英文课件;可使用现有中文教材,通过编撰英文提纲来开展双语教学;试卷中英文试题比例以20％为宜;期末考试,实验组英文试题得分高于对照组（P〈0．05）,两组总分间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：解剖学双语教学不影响专业知识的学习,而且能提高英语应用能力。     

双语教学在系统解剖学教学中的应用效果评价

目的 对临床医学本科统解剖学试行双语教学,为后续医学课程的双语教学奠定基础.方法 以临床医学本科学生为研究对象,实验组采用双语教学,对照组沿用传统教学.采用系统解剖学专业英语水平测评、系统解剖学专业知识水平测评和同卷调查评价双语教学的效果,结果 实验组和对照组系统解剖学专业英语水平测评:实验组期中测试成绩为32.6士3.5分,对照组期中测试成绩为30.4士3.1分,两组专业英语期中成绩经统计学分析无显著性差异(P＞0.05);期末实验组测试成绩为(73.5士3.2)分,期末对照组测试成绩为(33.6士5.3)分,两组专业英语期末测试成绩经统计学分析有显著性差异(P＜0.05);实验组专业英语期中和期末测试成绩经统计学有显著性差别(P＜0.05),对照组专业英语期中和期末测试成绩经统计学分析无显著性差别(P＞0.05).实验组和对照组系统解剖学专业知识测试:期中和期末实验组和对照组系统解剖学专业知识成绩组间和组内经统计学分析无显著性差别(P＞0.05);问卷调查:92.3％的实验组同学认为有必要开展双语教学,对双语教学效果感到满意.结论 系统解剖学双语教学不影响专业知识的学习,但能提高英语应用能力,有助于激发学生的学习兴趣,提高专业英语水平,开阔专业视野.系统解剖学开展双语教学是可行的,符合教学改革的发展趋势,值得大力推广.     

医学院校开展双语教学的探讨

通过决定双语教学成败的四个因素阐述如何实施双语教学,提出医学院校开展双语教学应从师资方面、学生自身方面、学校环境方面、学生活动四方面因素着手,这样双语教学才能有效地、可持续地发展,并认为医学院校应该认真分析研究,统一认识,理清思路,确定目标,才能将双语教学的探索顺利成功地进行下去.     

提高医学物理学双语教学质量的探索

双语教学是培养高素质双语人才的重要途径,但双语教学质量的提高是一个循序渐进的过程。结合双语教学的实践,从提高学生认知、完善课程内容、运用双语课件以及改进教学方法等四个方面,提出了提高医学物理学双语教学质量的具体要求与做法。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.