DWI在超急性期脑出血诊断中的临床应用研究

目的:评价磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)对超急性期脑出血诊断的准确性。方法:对卒中样起病,发病时间在6h以内,因怀疑缺血性脑血管病急诊行头部MRI检查,按文献Schellinger描述的超急性期脑出血MRI特征初步诊断脑出血,并随即行头部CT证实。10例患者均进行DWI、ADC图和常规MRI扫描,测算不同序列血肿体积,并与头部CT进行比较。结果:10例MRI初步诊断脑出血的患者均经CT确诊为脑出血,敏感性和特异性均为100%,超急性期脑出血血肿DWI的特征性表现为高低混杂信号,磁共振T2WI?DWI和ADC图显示血肿体积均大于CT,差异有显著性(P<0.01);而T1WI与CT的血肿体积无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:DWI对超急性期脑出血诊断准确,有重要临床应用价值。     

DWI联合SWI在脑梗死与脑出血急性期的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在诊断和鉴别诊断急性缺血性和出血性脑血管病中的价值。方法采用GE3.0T磁共振DWI和SWI序列,对69例急性脑梗死和26例急性脑出血患者的影像学资料进行对比观察。结果脑梗死急性期,DWI表现为均匀高信号;SWI表现为等信号,当继发出血性转化时,SWI可见小斑点片状低信号。脑出血急性期,DWI血肿中心区表现为极低信号,周围水肿区表现为稍高信号,部分发病6～12h的血肿,其边缘可见特异性环形线状低信号;SWI血肿中心区表现为均匀片状低信号,周围水肿区表现为高信号。定量分析显示各时间点(<6h、7～12h和13～24h)血肿区表观弥散系数(ADC)值分别为3.65±1.04、3.72±0.67和3.78±0.84(×10-4),梗死区ADC值分别为6.22±1.12、5.79±2.04和4.85±0.84(×10-4),血肿区ADC值均低于梗死区ADC值,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各时间点(<6h、7～12h和13～24h)血肿区相位(PV)值分别为-0.713、-0.710和-0.715,梗死后出血性转化区PV值分别为-0.338、-0.346和-0.332,血肿区PV值均低于梗死区PV值,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑梗死急性期和脑出血急性期DWI和SWI表现不同,DWI与SWI联合应用,是快速诊断和鉴别诊断急性脑血管病的有效方法,且对监测脑梗死后出血性转化(HT)具有重要临床意义。     

不同时期脑出血的磁共振扩散加权成像信号特点及诊断应用

目的对不同时期脑出血的磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)的信号特点及其在诊断中的应用进行探讨。方法对经CT检查确诊为脑出血67例患者的磁共振图像进行回顾性分析。以出血时间为参考依据进行分期,分析各期磁共振信号特点,并对血肿内部及健侧对应位置的表观扩散系数(ADC)值进行测量,分析各期ADC值。结果慢性期、亚急性晚期、超急性期血肿的DWI以高信号为主,其中在超急性期血肿的边缘可见低信号环;亚急性期和超急性期血肿的DWI大部为低信号,再在其边缘可见高信号环;与健侧相比,各期患侧的ADC值均明显下降,其中降幅最大的是亚急性晚期和急性期患者;除慢性期患者以外,各期患者的双侧ADC值均有显著差异(P0.05)。结论脑出血患者的各期DWI信号有特征性,与健侧相比,血肿中心ADC值更低。DWI可用于临床早期治疗,对脑出血和急性脑梗死进行鉴别。     

磁共振弥散张量成像对脑出血致皮质脊髓束损害的诊断价值

目的 研究磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)对脑出血致皮质脊髓束(CST)损害的诊断价值.方法 对20例基底节区脑出血患者(急性期14例,亚急性期6例,均有偏瘫)进行DTI检查,分别测量患侧CST损害区及健侧相应区域的各向异性分数(FA)值、表观弥散系数(ADC)值.结果 DTI显示20例脑出血患者患侧CST受压、移位、变薄或显示不清,患侧CST受损区FA值(0.43±0.16)均较健侧(0.70±0.06)明显降低(t=9.11,P<0.01);14例急性期患者患侧受损CST区ADC值(0.60±0.11)较健侧(0.76±0.10)明显降低(t=7.03,P<0.01).6例亚急性期患者两侧CST区ADC值的差异无统计学意义.结论 DTI可以清楚地显示脑出血患者CST的损害状况,这对判断脑出血患者的病情和预后有参考价值.     

脑出血急性期合并高血压患者血压与血肿、水肿的相关性研究

目的研究脑出血急性期合并高血压患者血压与血肿、水肿的相关性。方法选取我院接诊的30例脑出血急性期合并高血压患者为研究对象。调查分析30例患者脑出血后1d、3d、5d、7d血压、血肿体积以及血肿周围水肿体积,进而计算出1~3d、3~5d及5~7d的血压变化率、血肿变化率以及血肿周围水肿变化率。结果患者脑出血后,随着出血时间的增加,收缩压、舒张压以及平均血压均持续升高,但血肿体积及血肿周围水肿体积并未随着脑出血时间的增加而持续增加。患者收缩压变化率与血肿变化率呈正相关(r=0.764 1,P=0.0000),收缩压变化率与血肿周围水肿变化率呈正相关(r=0.518 2,P=0.025 3),平均血压变化率与血肿变化率以及血肿周围水肿变化率无相关性,舒张压变化率与血肿变化率以及血肿周围水肿变化率无相关性。结论脑出血急性期合并高血压患者脑出血后血压显著升高,收缩压波动可能促使血肿以及血肿周围水肿扩大。     

磁共振DWI对脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的评价磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)及表观弥散系数(ADC)值在脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤鉴别诊断中的作用。方法8例脑脓肿和15例坏死囊变性胶质瘤,均行常规磁共振T1WI、T2WI和DWI检查。观察病变区信号强度,并分别测量脑脓肿、胶质瘤坏死囊变区、周围水肿、对侧正常脑白质及脑脊液的ADC值。结果DWI上所有脑脓肿均呈高信号,而胶质瘤坏死、囊变部分均呈低信号。脑脓肿与胶质瘤坏死囊变区ADC值之间,脑脓肿周围水肿与胶质瘤周围水肿的ADC值之间均有统计学差异。结论DWI与ADC值测量能有效反映脑脓肿与坏死、囊变性胶质瘤的不同液态性质,对其鉴别诊断有重要作用。     

SWI DWI序列在颈椎手术后并发急性脑梗死脑出血中的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振磁敏感加权像(SWI)、弥散加权成像(DWI)在颈椎术后并发急性脑梗死、脑出血中的诊断价值。方法 2010-01—2015-12我院行颈椎手术、临床确诊术后并发急性脑梗死37例和急性脑出血14例,采用GE 1.5T磁共振,全部行常规横断位T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、SWI(磁敏感加权成像)、DWI(磁共振扩散加权成像)扫描,所得影像学资料进行对比分析。结果 37例颈椎术后急性期脑梗死患者,常规MRI序列2例未检出;DWI序列全部检出,其信号表现为均匀的高信号影;SWI表现为等信号,出血继发性转化时,其信号成斑片样低信号影。14例颈椎术后急性脑出血期患者,常规序列、DWI序列1例未检出;SWI全部检出。DWI序列表现为血肿中心呈低信号影,周围环绕稍高信号的水肿区;SWI序列表现为血肿中心区均匀片样低信号,周围环绕高信号水肿区。结论 DWI、SWI较常规颅脑MRI序列可及早、准确的检出早期颈椎手术后并发的急性脑梗死、脑出血,并根据其影像表现不同,行快速诊断及鉴别,对患者的预后有重要意义。     

弥散加权成像在超急性期脑梗死诊断中的应用

目的 将磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）与常规MR技术作对比。评价DWI对超急性期脑梗死诊断的准确性和敏感性。方法 对52例超急性期，急性期，亚急性期，慢性期的患者行DWI，快速自旋回波T2WI，FLAIR及3DTOF法磁共振血管成像检查。对所有病例的病变部位均按神经解剖进行准确定位并与患者的症状，体征相联系。结果 超急性期和急性期脑梗死在DWI图像上表现为高信号，在表观弥散系数（ADC）图上表现为低信号，ADC值低于对侧相应的区域。在超急性期和急性期，病灶的ADC值显著下降,rADC值也明显下降。平均下降约59.12%。而在慢性期ADC值明显升高，甚至较正常组织还高，平均升高达20.3%。结论 DWI对6h症状起病的急性卒中的诊断明显高于传统MRI，DWI可以在超急期发现缺血病灶，早于常规T2WI及FLAR序列图像。DWI对脑梗死的早期诊断及评价起重要的作用。     

无创性脑电阻抗测定在脑出血患者脑水肿监测中的应用

目的 应用无创性脑电阻抗测定探讨急性脑出血患者脑水肿的变化规律及意义.方法 分别检测200名健康志愿者和78例脑出血患者的脑电阻抗扰动系数及其动态变化,通过多媒体图像分析系统计算头颅CT上血肿和血肿周围水肿的体积,并进行相关分析.结果 ①健康志愿者左、右大脑半球扰动系数分别为(7.98±0.95)和(8.02±0.71),基本对称(P＞0.05).性别、年龄及3～6 h连续检测前后对其无明显影响(P＞0.05).②脑出血患者的总体检测阳性率为73.1%.血肿位于基底节区时阳性率最高(83.3%),病灶体积大于20 ml者阳性率(80.0%～88.9%)明显高于体积小于20 ml者(48.1%).③脑出血患者血肿侧扰动系数由低于血肿对侧至逐渐升高并超过血肿对侧,这个"交叉"时间平均为起病后(19.67±11.52)h,在该时间点后血肿周围水肿体积较前明显增大(P＜0.05),同时扰动系数亦明显升高(P＜0.01).④起病24h内的血肿侧扰动系数变化与血肿体积及血肿周围组织水肿体积无相关关系(P＞0.05);而病后3 d的血肿侧扰动系数变化与血肿周围组织水肿体积具有显著正相关关系(r=0.5977,P＜0.01).结论 脑电阻抗测定可较敏感地反映脑出血患者脑水肿的变化,扰动系数越高,则提示脑水肿越重.病灶位于基底节区时检测阳性率最高.该方法为临床上进行动态、床旁连续无创性脑水肿监测提供了新的有意义的手段.     

脑梗死磁共振弥散加权成像信号改变和近似弥散系数的时间演变规律

目的 :确定脑梗死磁共振弥散加权成像 (DWI)信号改变和近似弥散系数 (ADC)的时间演变规律。方法 :分析 10 1例脑梗死患者的 13 5次DWI资料。结果 :超急性、急性和亚急性期脑梗死DWI为高信号 ,慢性早期多数病灶仍为高信号 ,慢性晚期绝大部分病灶为等或低信号。超急性期、急性期和亚急性期脑梗死ADC下降 ,慢性早期多数病灶接近或高于正常 ,慢性晚期明显升高。结论 :脑梗死的DWI信号和ADC变化具有特征性的时间演变规律 ,结合常规MRI ,DWI可以推断脑梗死所处的时期     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。