腹腔镜顺逆结合胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜顺逆结合胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤并发症的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析1991年3月-2006年6月间腹腔镜顺逆结合胆囊切除术613例的临床资料.结果 613例中胆囊结石伴胆囊萎缩121例,急性、亚急性胆囊炎432例,胆囊结石伴慢性胆囊炎42例,胆囊息肉18例.中转开腹9例,（5例为胆囊结石伴胆囊萎缩,4例亚急性胆囊炎）.平均手术时间43.5 min,术后仅1例发生毛细胆管漏,经引流3d痊愈,其余患者均顺利恢复,无胆管损伤病例,无出血、感染及死亡等严重并发症发生.平均术后住院日5.5 d.结论 腹腔镜顺逆结合胆囊切除术能提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的成功率,减少了腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤并发症的发生,特别是Calot三角解剖不清或变异时,此手术方法更有效.     

顺逆结合切除法在困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的将开腹胆囊切除手术中的顺逆切除法运用到困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中，总结该方法在LC中的应用体会。方法在1999年11月-2004年4月我院对困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除共136例采用顺逆结合切除法，其中慢性胆囊炎77例，亚急性胆囊炎46例，结石嵌顿8例，胆囊管过短5例。结果132例通过顺逆结合切除法完成胆囊切除(97．1％)，中转开腹4例，其中Mirrizi综合征l例，充填型结石2例，萎缩性胆囊炎l例。手术并发症：术中发现毛细胆管损伤胆汁渗漏2例，均妥善处理，无肝外胆管损伤。结论该方法吸取了开腹顺逆结合胆囊切除术的优点，对于困难型LC的完成有帮助。对发现解剖变异及降低肝胆管损伤有一定的作用。     

部分顺逆结合法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用

目的 结合腹腔镜手术的物点,设计出部分顺逆结合法腹腔胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）,总结该法的应用体会。方法 介绍部分顺逆结合法ＬＣ的方法。在１２５０例ＬＣ中有２５５例采用部分顺逆结合切除胆囊,其中慢性胆囊炎１４６例,急性、亚急性胆囊炎６５例,慢性萎缩胆囊炎４４例。结果 所有患者均获痊愈。术中发现胆囊三角区细小副肝管４例,胆汁渗漏３例,均予妥善处理,无严重并发症发生。结论 该法吸取了开腹顺逆结合法胆囊切除术的     

医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理

医源性胆管损伤是指发生于手术中的胆管损伤,是胆道手术中的严重并发症或事故。随着开腹胆囊及腹腔镜胆囊切除术广泛开展胆管损伤发生率有所增加。据报道,胆囊切除术胆管损伤发生率约为0.5%1,国内报告医源性胆管损伤发生率约为0.27%～0.81%2。本院自1985年12月至2002年12月,共收治医源性胆管损伤15例,其中本院损伤12例,外院处理3例。现报道如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:本组15例中男性9例,女性6例;年龄35～76岁,平均48岁;病程5个月至18年。1.2原发病变及损伤部位:急性胆囊炎伴胆囊结石8例,慢性胆囊炎伴胆囊结石5例,Mirizzis综合征1例,胆囊结…     

顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 :探讨顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中的应用价值。方法 :对 6 0 0例结石性胆囊炎、胆囊息肉患者 ,采用顺逆结合法行LC手术。结果 :6 0 0例患者术后均顺利康复 ,无胆管损伤等并发症发生。术中将胆囊完全游离后发现 ,把 8例的胆总管误认为胆囊管夹闭 ,2例各有一与肝总管平行的副肝管汇入钛夹远端的胆囊管 ,11例在钛夹近端的胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ,而术前B超未提示胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ;均及时取除钛夹后 ,重新夹闭胆囊管的近端和远端 ,再切除胆囊。结论 :在LC手术中 ,采用顺逆结合法切除胆囊 ,可有效地减少胆管损伤、胆囊管残余结石等并发症的发生     

复杂性胆囊结石腹腔镜治疗体会

目的总结复杂性胆囊结石的腹腔镜手术治疗体会,探讨其安全性和可行性。方法对2009年5月～2012年5月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的75例复杂性胆囊结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中,急性胆囊炎48例,坏疽性胆囊炎12例,萎缩性胆囊炎5例,合并肝硬化5例,胆囊十二指肠瘘1例,Mirizzi综合征1例,合并腹部手术史3例。结果本组手术时间52～180 min,平均(67.5±35.5)min;术中出血量50～140 ml,平均(75.3±55.5)ml;术后住院时间5～30 d,平均(6.5±2.0)d。完成腹腔镜手术73例,其中腹腔镜下顺行胆囊切除术67例,顺逆结合胆囊切除4例,胆囊大部分切除2例。中转开腹2例,1例为胆总管损伤,行开腹胆囊切除加胆总管T管引流,另1例为右肝管和胆囊管并行过长解剖不清同时合并术中出血;术后并发急性脑梗塞1例。无术后大出血、胆瘘、腹腔脓肿、肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论充分的术前准备,术中仔细操作,及时中转开腹,以及认真细致地术后处理,腹腔镜治疗复杂性胆囊结石是安全可行的。     

5044例电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术原则及并发症的预防。方法收集我院1992～2002年完成的5044例腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料，分析行腹腔镜胆囊切除病人的原发疾病种类，手术引起的近期及远期并发症。结果5044例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人中最多的是慢性胆囊炎合并胆囊结石，占84．75％；急性胆囊炎伴胆囊结石186例，占3．69％。中转开腹手术93例，占1．84％。手术并发症中，最严重的为手术中胆管损伤，共9例，发生率0．18％；术后胆漏12例，发生率0．24％；术后出血5例，发生率0.10％。晚期并发症包括胆总管残余结石8例，胆管狭窄6例。无死亡病例。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术是胆囊疾病的最佳选择，操作技术仍然较复杂，胆总管损伤的发生率较高。细致的操作及配合手术中胆道造影可以减少胆管损伤的发生。     

基层医院腹腔镜治疗急性亚急性胆囊炎479例体会

目的 探讨基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性亚急性胆囊炎.方法 回顾性分析1999年7月至2008年3月间我院收治的479例急性亚急性胆囊炎腹腔镜治疗的临床资料.结果 中转开腹61例,术后出现并发症:腹腔内感染1例,胆道感染2例,胆道残余结石6例,胰腺炎4例,梗阻性黄疸3例,胆道损伤胆漏1例.无死亡病例.平均住院6 d.结论 充分认识疾病、熟练掌握腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术技巧,腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性亚急性胆囊炎疾病在基层医院还是安全可行的.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎伴胆囊颈部结石158例

目的：报告腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎伴胆囊颈部结石的治疗体会。方法：对158例急性胆囊炎伴胆囊颈部结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,分别采用胆囊顺行切除、逆行切除和顺逆结合切除的方法。结果：158例中156例成功完成手术,2例中转开腹,术后均恢复顺利。结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除术中对不同情况的胆囊颈部结石采用不同的处理方法,可以有效避免术中胆管损伤等严重并发症。     

胆囊切除术中医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理

胆管损伤是胆囊切除术中较为严重的并发症[1]。尽管医源性胆管损伤是多种因素作用的结果,但人为的疏忽绝对不容忽视。我院自1995年~2004年共收治胆囊炎、胆囊结石2 543例,其中胆管损伤8例,损伤率约为0.32%,现报告如下。临床资料本组8例,男 2 例,女 6 例;年龄 32~68 岁,平均年龄 44 岁。急性胆囊炎、胆囊结石 2 例,慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石 6 例。行开腹胆囊切除术(OC)5例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)3例。胆总管损伤2例,肝总管损伤5例,肝总管及左、右肝管损伤1例。腹腔镜使用肽夹紧贴肝总管电凝后逐渐肌化而形成损伤1例,缝扎 1 例,切断 6 例。…     

The use of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy for complicated cholelithiasis

BACKGROUND: The risk of damage to the bile duct and structures in the hilum of the liver is significant when Calot's triangle cannot be safely dissected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and conversion to an open procedure often is performed. This is more common during emergency surgery, but may not render the procedure any easier. Traditionally, open subtotal cholecystectomy was performed, but with the advent of laparoscopic surgery, this has fallen from favor. The authors report their experience using laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy to avoid bile duct injury and conversion in difficult cases. METHODS: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy, performed when the cystic duct cannot be identified safely, consists of resecting the anterior wall of the gallbladder, removing all stones, and placing a large drain into Hartmann's pouch. The notes for all patients who underwent a laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy between 1 September 2001 and 31 December 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Subtotal cholecystectomy was performed in 26 cases including 13 emergency and 13 elective procedures. The median age of the patients (15 women and 11 men) was 68 years (range, 36-86 years). The indications were severe fibrosis in 16 cases, inflammatory mass or empyema in 8 cases, and gangrenous gallbladder or perforation in 2 cases. The median postoperative inpatient stay was 5 days (range, 2-26 days). Five patients underwent postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: four for persistent biliary leak and one for a retained common bile duct stone. One patient required laparotomy for subphrenic abscess, and one patient (American Society of Anesthesiology [ASA] grade 4, presenting with biliary peritonitis) died 2 days postoperatively. One patient required a subsequent completion laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a retained gallstone. One patient had a chest infection, and two patients experienced port-site hernias. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is a viable procedure during cholecystectomy in which Calot's triangle cannot be dissected. It averts the need for a laparotomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管并发症的防治

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中避免胆道损伤的有效方法。方法 :回顾性分析 1 996～ 2 0 0 2年行腹腔镜胆囊切除的临床资料。其中胆道损伤 9例 ,包括胆总管横断 2例 ,胆总管电灼伤 1例 ,胆总管夹闭 2例 ,胆囊管残端漏 1例 ,胆囊床损伤或胆囊迷走胆管损伤 3例。胆总管损伤患者均行一期手术 ;胆囊床损伤或胆囊迷走胆管损伤的患者行穿刺抽液或置管引流治愈。结果 :本组患者 1例因发生胆肠吻合口狭窄而再次手术 ,其它患者恢复顺利。结论 :严格规范的操作 ,胆囊三角良好的显露 ,辨清肝总管、胆总管和胆囊管之间的关系 ,正确处理胆囊床和胆囊管是避免肝外胆管损伤和预防胆漏的关键。     

三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术1000例治疗体会

目的　探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性。方法　对我院 1 999年 1 0月～ 2 0 0 3年 1 0月 1 0 0 0例三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除手术进行回顾性分析。结果　三孔法完成手术 96 3例 ,成功率 96 .3%。平均手术时间 4 8min ,平均术中出血 2 5ml,平均住院时间 2 .2d。有 4 3例改行四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术。中转手术 4例 ,1例为胆囊结肠瘘 ,3例为急性胆囊炎。胆总管误伤T管引流 1例 ,胆总管电凝伤 3例 ,经鼻胆管引流痊愈。结论　只要采用正确的手术操作方法 ,三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的     

Preoperative assessment for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: feasibility of using spiral computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the preoperative feasibility of using spiral computed tomography (SCT) after intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC-SCT) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the aberrant or unusual anatomy of the bile duct and severe inflammation or adhesions around the gallbladder sometimes require a conversion to open surgery. METHODS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC's) were attempted on 440 patients, and preoperative IVC-SCT also was attempted in all of these patients. Using this spiral scanning technique, the bile ducts, cystic duct, and gallbladder were assessed for contour abnormalities, relative position, and filling defects. Forty-seven patients were diagnosed with having stones in their common bile duct or common hepatic duct. RESULTS: Three-hundred eighty-seven patients out of the 440 patients (88.0%) who were subjected to IVC-SCT had the length and course of their cystic duct successfully determined. Anomalous unions of the cystic duct were seen in 59 (15.2%) of 387 patients with respect to the operative findings, and 48 of 440 patients (10.9%) had severe adhesions to Calot's triangle and the surrounding tissues. In these 48 patients, 45 patients (94%) had a nonvisualized cystic duct on IVC-SCT. The preoperative assessment of the feasibility (dense adhesions obscuring Calot's triangle) of using IVC-SCT demonstrated that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 93%, 98%, and 94%, respectively. Five patients had to be converted to open surgery, and the overall morbidity rates for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 0.9% (4 of 440). CONCLUSIONS: The most important factor in assessing the feasibility of using laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not the nonvisualized gallbladder, but the nonvisualized cystic duct on IVC-SCT. IVC-SCT may be of benefit to those patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

亚甲蓝示踪腹腔镜胆囊管分型的临床价值

目的:评价术中亚甲蓝示踪技术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)预防胆管损伤的价值。方法:LC术中解剖分离胆囊三角、胆囊管前,将0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释的50%医用亚甲蓝注射液注入胆囊内,使胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色,术野中胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者的解剖关系清晰可见,可预防LC手术过程中损伤胆管。结果:100例慢性结石性胆囊炎患者在LC时应用了亚甲蓝示踪技术,其中82例胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色清晰可见;15例胆囊、胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管染色,3例仅胆囊、胆囊壶腹部染色。无一例发生胆管损伤。结论:非急性、结石嵌顿性胆囊良性疾病用此法可避免由于胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者关系的错误辨别所致胆管损伤的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹的原因。方法 回顾性分析1998年4月～2002年3月本院LC术中转开腹病例的临床资料。结果 1368例LC中，中转开腹60例，中转率4．39％。中转开腹的原因：腹腔内及Calot三角粘连17例，急性胆囊炎或急性胆囊炎恢复期14例，胆囊癌2例，胆肠内瘘5例，胆总管结石2例，萎缩性胆囊炎6例，出血2例，胆道损伤2例，Minizi综合征2例，胆漏1例，黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎1例，其它原因6例。结论 Colat三角解剖不清是LC中转开腹的主要原因，也与手术的技术水平和经验有关。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术适应证的探讨

目的　探讨不加选择的情况下腹腔镜胆囊切除术的适应证及临床疗效。　方法　总结 1998年～ 2 0 0 1年 8月未加选择连续实施的 2 4 3例腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ,分析其中转开腹率和手术疗效。　结果　全组 2 4 3例LC病人中共有 3例分别因胆囊床出血、胆管损伤、十二指肠与胆囊致密粘连胆囊三角解剖不清而中转开腹手术 ,中转开腹率为 1.2 %。术中并发症发生率为 1.2 % (3 2 4 3) ,术后并发症发生率为 0 .8% (2 2 4 3) ,总的手术并发症发生率为 2 .1% (5 2 4 3)。　结论　腹腔镜胆囊切除术对于规范化培训过的腹腔镜医师而言即使是急性期和萎缩性胆囊炎病人 ,也可在不明显增加手术并发症和中转开腹率的情况下安全地实施 ,所以LC适应证可以拓宽至 98%以上的有症状胆囊疾病患者。     

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目的减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的并发症,提高手术安全性。方法回顾分析1993年6月至2004年6月6012例LC资料。结果6012例中胆囊息肉544例,胆囊结石5451例,结石伴胆囊息肉17例。在胆囊结石病人中,慢性胆囊炎急性发作196例,伴胆囊颈或管结石嵌顿126例,慢性萎缩性胆囊炎204例,胆囊癌5例。中转开腹手术218例,占36%。共发生并发症228例,占379%,包括胆管损伤6例,出血31例,胆漏59例,刺口感染38例,术后胆囊床积液36例,术后腹腔内感染5例,其他53例。均治愈出院。结论为了减少并发症,应从严掌握LC手术适应证。肝门部胆管损伤是LC最严重的并发症之一,其对策是预防为主,其关键是在Calot三角的安全区进行解剖,遇到困难时及时中转开腹手术;一旦发生,应当由有经验的医生共同努力才能确保病人的手术一次获得成功。术后必须认真监测生命体征,及时发现各种意外,并给予恰当的处理。     

腹腔镜下复杂胆囊三角的处理体会(附668例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下复杂胆囊三角的处理技巧。方法:回顾分析2000年2月至2011年10月为668例复杂胆囊患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床资料,对萎缩性胆囊炎、胆囊管结石、急性胆囊炎等复杂情况采取相应的手术技巧,细致解剖胆囊三角。结果:644例顺利完成LC;24例中转开腹,其中Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ～Ⅳ型5例,胆囊三角致密粘连15例,胆囊十二指肠内瘘2例,胆管损伤行胆管修复及T管引流2例,分别于术后6个月、12个月拔除T管。16例术后发生胆漏,均保守治愈。术后随访,无严重并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜复杂胆囊切除术中细致解剖胆囊三角是手术成功的关键,胆囊三角致密粘连、Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ型～Ⅳ型或内瘘形成等是中转手术的指征。     

Evaluation of fundus-first laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for gallbladder surgery. Cholecystectomy from the fundus to the cystic duct may be advantageous when cystic duct exposure becomes difficult due to adhesions on Calot's triangle. The aim of this study was to compare conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the fundus-first procedure and to evaluate whether the fundus-first technique can prevent conversion in difficult cases. METHODS: The study included 145 patients treated over 18 months. The inclusion criterion was the presence of ultrasound proven gallstones. Patients were excluded from the study if there was evidence of common bile duct stones, a bilioenteric fistula, or carcinoma of the gallbladder. RESULTS: The fundus-first approach was started in 45 patients; all procedures were completed laparoscopically. Conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy was begun in 100 patients. Twenty-seven of the 100 patients were converted to fundus dissection (adhesions within Calot's triangle). Four of the 27 were further converted to open surgery. One patient had a drop in blood pressure on creation of pneumoperitoneum. Time taken for severely inflammatory and noninflammatory cases was significantly greater (P<0.05) in the fundus-first group. The average hospital stay was 48 hours in both groups. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The rate of conversion in the conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy group decreased from 18.75% (27/144) to 2.08% (3/144). The fundus-first technique has the potential to decrease conversion in difficult cases.