汶川地震经历者睡眠状况及人格影响因素研究

目的了解地震幸存者睡眠状况及其与人格特征的关系,为今后相关的心理干预工作提供依据。方法使用自编一般情况调查表,阿森斯失眠量表(AIS)以及艾森克个性问卷神经质量表(EPQ-N),调查了250名地震幸存者。结果灾民AIS评分为7.87±6.05,失眠发生率为51%;情绪不稳型灾民AIS评分高于中间型及情绪稳定型灾民(分别为9.7±6.74,7.8±5.64及6.5±5.80);控制年龄、性别及亲人遇难影响因素后,神经质与失眠评分成正相关(r=0.268)。结论灾后地震幸存者失眠症状受其神经质特征的影响。     

青少年清晨型-夜晚型偏好与抑郁症状的关系：一个链式中介模型

目的:探讨睡眠质量与情绪调节困难在青少年的清晨型-夜晚型偏好与抑郁症状间的链式中介作用。方法:采用复合清晨型问卷、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表、情绪调节困难量表和抑郁症状筛查量表对462名青少年进行追踪调查。结果:①相关分析显示,青少年的清晨型-夜晚型偏好、睡眠质量、情绪调节困难和抑郁症状之间相关显著。②路径分析表明,在控制住性别和T1阶段的抑郁症状后,T1阶段的清晨型-夜晚型偏好对T4阶段抑郁症状的直接预测效应不显著;T2阶段的睡眠质量在T1阶段的清晨型-夜晚型偏好和T4阶段的抑郁症状间起中介作用;T2阶段的睡眠质量和情绪调节困难在T1阶段的清晨型-夜晚型偏好和T4阶段的抑郁症状间起链式中介作用。结论:睡眠质量和情绪调节困难在青少年清晨型-夜晚型偏好与抑郁症状之间起链式中介作用。     

妇科恶性肿瘤患者心理状态及人格特征分析

目的　分析妇科恶性肿瘤患者心理状态及人格特征。方法　采用症状自评量表 SCL— 90和艾森克 EPQ对 78例妇科恶性肿瘤患者和正常健康者进行评定和测试。结果　妇科恶性肿瘤患者 SCL— 90评定总分和 F4、F5和 F7因子分 ,以及EPQ测试 N维度值明显高于正常健康者 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　妇科恶性肿瘤者有突出的人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖和睡眠、饮食障碍的心理问题 ,具有情绪不稳定、焦虑 ,紧张 ,易怒的个性特征     

中学生焦虑障碍与认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境的关系

目的:探讨中学生焦虑障碍与认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境因素的关系。方法:采取横断面调查,对77例中学生焦虑障碍患者和108名健康对照者采用认知倾向问卷(CAOT)、D型人格量表(DS)、家庭环境量表(FES)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行评定,并进行相关、回归和路经分析。结果:焦虑障碍组乐观因子分低于对照组(8.1±3.1/12.0±2.1,t=-10.5,P<0.01),且焦虑程度与乐观因子呈负相关(r=-0.57,P<0.01);焦虑障碍组D型人格量表消极情感、社会抑制分高于对照组(14.4±5.2/5.9±4.6,t=11.7,13.1±7.3/8.5±5.5,t=5.0,P<0.01),焦虑程度与消极情感呈正相关(r=0.69,P<0.01);焦虑障碍组家庭亲密度(5.7±2.5)等因子分低于对照组(7.4±1.8,t=-2.7～-5.3,P<0.01),焦虑程度与亲密度呈负相关(r=-0.48,P<0.01)。消极情感、亲密度依次进入焦虑障碍的回归方程(β值=0.56、-0.26),其中消极情感对焦虑障碍产生直接影响作用。结论:中学生焦虑障碍可能是D型人格及家庭环境等多因素影响的结果,D型人格对焦虑的影响值得关注。     

某三甲医院护理实习生实习前的睡眠质量与心理健康状况、人格的相关性

目的:了解海南省人民医院护理实习生实习前的睡眠质量与心理健康状况、人格的相关性,为管理层对大中专学生睡眠质量监督提供科学依据。方法:采用自制的一般情况调查表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)对237名即将在海南省人民医院实习的护理学生进行横断面调查,并对其睡眠质量与心理健康状况、人格做典型相关分析。结果:237名护理学生实习前的PSQI总分为(7.01±2.74)分,睡眠质量差的为31.65%(75/237)。典型相关分析结果显示,睡眠质量与心理健康状况间典型相关系数为0.570(F=2.44,P0.0001),表明心理健康指标中抑郁与睡眠质量指标中睡眠障碍之间关系密切,也就是说抑郁项得分越高者,越容易造成睡眠障碍,睡眠质量越低;睡眠质量与人格间典型相关系数为0.338(F=1.87,P=0.0107),表明人格指标中内外倾向与睡眠质量指标中日间功能之间关系密切,也就是说E项得分越高者,越容易造成日间功能障碍,睡眠质量越低。结论:护理实习生实习前的睡眠质量与心理健康状况、人格呈负相关关系。     

高师生A型人格与时间管理倾向的相关研究

目的:探讨高师生A型人格与时间管理倾向的关系。方法:运用A型人格问卷与时间管理倾向量表对526名高师生进行团体施测,并进行相关分析和回归分析。结果:高师生在时间管理倾向各分量表和A型人格各分量表上的得分除时间监控观和TH因子之间不存在显著相关外,时间管理倾向总分和各个分量表得分与A型人格量表的总分和各因子得分之间均存在显著的正相关(P<0.01);A型人格者和B型人格者在时间管理倾向总分和各个分量表得分上均上的得分分别为和36.03 6.01,13.386 4.069,78.85 10.28,34.96 4.53,152.78 17.1,34.02 5.57,73.41 9.53,32.30 4.96,142.16 17.09,两组得分差异显著(P<0.01)。结论:A型人格者和B型人格者在时间管理倾向总分和各个分量表得分上均差异显著,A型者比B型者更加珍视时间,也更善于管理、使用时间。     

树木人格测验在医务人员人格测评中的应用

目的分析医务人员艾森克人格问卷及树木人格投射测验的绘画特征,为医务人员心理干预提供依据。方法使用艾森克人格问卷和树木人格投射测验对北京市三级、二级医院302名医务人员实施测量,进行常模比较和相关分析。结果与华北地区常模相比,医务人员表现出低纯朴性(男:t=4.12,P<0.01;女:t=9.36,P<0.01),高精神质(女:t=2.18,P<0.05)的人格特征;医务人员在树木人格投射测验的树冠、茂盛度、树枝等9类指标中表现出攻击性特征且与P量表分呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P<0.01);P分量表高分者与低分者攻击性差异显著(t=23.62,P<0.01)。结论树木人格测验在医务人员人格测评中有较高的应用价值,医务人员具有高精神质人格特征,在树木投射测验中表现出高攻击性等特征。     

中学生抑郁症与认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境的研究

目的:探讨中学生抑郁症与认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境因素的关系。方法:采用认知倾向问卷(CAOT),D型人格量表(DS),家庭环境量表(FES),抑郁自评量表(SDS)对86例中学生抑郁症患者和108名健康对照者进行评定。结果:①抑郁症组乐观因子分(7.62±3.20)显著低于对照组(t=-11.59,P<0.01),且抑郁程度与乐观因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.75,P<0.01);D型人格消极情感(14.83±6.18)、社会抑制(14.90±6.04)分显著高于对照组(t=11.60,t=7.92,P<0.01),且抑郁程度与消极情感、社会抑制因子呈显著正相关(r=0.72,r=0.59,P<0.01);家庭亲密度(5.56±2.66)、知识性(3.23±1.96)等因子分低于对照组,矛盾性(4.48±2.78)因子分高于对照组(t=-5.83,t=-4.08,t=3.84,P<0.01),且抑郁程度与亲密度、知识性因子呈负相关(r=-0.49,r=-0.38,P<0.01),与矛盾性因子呈正相关(r=0.37,P<0.01)。②回归和路经分析发现,乐观因子、消极情感、亲密度和知识性是抑郁症的预测变量,其中乐观因子的预测作用较强,对抑郁症产生直接影响效果。结论:中学生抑郁症可能是认知倾向、D型人格及家庭环境等多因素影响的结果,认知倾向是重要的影响因素。     

A、B两型人格男性对脑力任务主观负荷评价的差异

目的:通过实验方法探讨A型和B型人格男性对脑力任务的主观负荷评价的差异.方法:具有A型和B型人格的男性被试各40名做2项脑力任务:任务1为简单计算;任务2为Sternberg记忆搜索任务,每项任务持续5分钟.然后被试使用3个主观评价技术:库柏一哈柏修正法(MCH)、主观负荷评估技术(SWAT)和NASA任务负荷指数量表(NASA-TLX)来分别判断2项任务的脑力负荷大小.结果:A、B2组被试在两项脑力任务中,在具有同等的执行绩效情况下,具有A型人格男性的3个脑力负荷主观量表得分除MCH的任务1外均高于具有B型人格的男性(MCH任务1:6.5±0.5/5.9±0.5,t=1.67,P=0.083;任务2:7.3±0.5/6.3±0.4,t=2.72,P=0.024;SWAT任务1:75.3±5.8/58.2±5.3,t=5.04,P＜0.001;任务2:68.8±6.4/59.1±6.6,t=2.75,P=0.022;NASA-TLX任务1总分64.8±6.7/46.2±7.1,t=3.15,P=0.014;任务2总分:58.8±4.7/45.6±5.7,t=3.36,P=0.009).结论:A型人格男性对脑力任务的主观负荷评价较高.     

分裂型人格障碍大学生的社会认知功能

目的:探讨分裂型人格障碍者的社会认知功能特征。方法:应用分裂型人格问卷(schizotypal personality questionnaire,SPQ)从某大学2007年度入学的4461名大学生中筛选SPQ高分者(总分38分),应用DSM-IV轴II人格障碍用临床定式访谈版(Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIV Axis Ⅱ,SCIDⅡ)进行面谈,并据DSM-IV诊断标准确定分裂型人格障碍(schizotypal personality disorder,SPD)者。共41名SPD者、53名SPQ高分者(不符合任何人格障碍标准)和37名对照组学生(SPQ≤18的低分者)完成本研究。应用Ekman标准面孔库中的面孔生成刺激材料,研究受试的面孔不同程度性别识别(分低、中、高3等程度的男女识别)和面孔不同程度表情识别(分低、中、高3等程度的高兴、厌恶和恐惧情绪的识别)能力,分析其判断正确率。结果:(1)性别识别。总体正确率在3组之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.71,P=0.494);组别与性别程度之间有交互作用(F=3.83,P=0.016),后续分析发现仅在低程度男性面孔识别正确率方面3组之间存在差异(F=3.40,P=0.036),进一步两两比较显示,SPD组的判断正确率明显低于对照组[(21.13±20.86%)vs.(35.43±30.15%),P=0.010];(2)表情识别。总体正确率在3组之间差异有统计学意义(F=3.44,P=0.035),SPD组的正确率低于对照组[(45.14±18.21%)vs.(54.66±18.24%),P=0.039];组别与表情程度之间存在交互作用(F=3.04,P=0.044),在中等程度高兴和中等程度厌恶表情识别方面上,对照组正确率均高于其他2组[(73.64±28.64)vs.(71.34±20.34)、(57.46±31.96),(60.13±28.04)vs.(52.94±24.44)、(43.44±22.22);均P0.05]。结论:分裂型人格障碍患者的面孔表情识别能力受损,提示他们可能存在社会认知功能障碍。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.