A household survey of dysentery in Burundi: implications for the current pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa.

To characterize the epidemiology of dysentery (defined as bloody diarrhoea) in Burundi, we reviewed national surveillance data and conducted a household cluster survey including two case--control studies: one at the household, the other at the individual level. We estimated that community incidences for dysentery (per 1000 residents) in Kibuye Sector were 15.3 and 27.3, and that dysentery accounted for 6% and 12% of all deaths, in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Factors associated (P < or = 0.05) with contracting dysentery were being female, using a cloth rag after defecation, a history of recent weight loss, and not washing hands before preparing food. The attributable risk, at the household level, of not washing hands before preparing food was 30%. Secondary household transmission accounted for at most 11% of dysentery cases. This study suggests that Shigella dysenteriae type 1 may be one of the leading causes of preventable mortality in Burundi and other African countries where effective antimicrobial agents are no longer affordable. Since hands were the most important mode of transmission of S. dysenteriae in this study, community-based interventions aimed at increasing hand washing with soap and water, particularly after defecation and before food preparation, may be effective for controlling dysentery epidemics caused by S. dysenteriae type 1 in Africa.     

中国2007年细菌性痢疾监测分析

目的 分析"国家疾病报告管理信息系统"及细菌性痢疾(菌痢)国家级监测点上报的监测数据,提出完善国家菌痢监测方案的建议.方法 利用"国家疾病报告管理信息系统"的数据进行描述流行病学分析,并与国家级监测点上报的监测数据比较,分析监测中存在的问题.结果国家菌痢监测点婴儿菌痢病例的检出率为1%,低于其他各年龄组检出率;以3～9岁儿童的阳性分离率最高.依据菌痢监测病例定义进行的临床诊断,菌痢漏诊率为23.38%,而0岁组婴儿病例的菌痢诊断漏诊率为50%.病原菌型监测显示,福氏志贺菌和宋内志贺菌分别占57.21%和42.41%.监测点实验室确诊病例中有43.39%的病例未能与"疾病监测信息报告管理系统"病例匹配.结论 菌痢诊断标准中的病例定义不能有效发现婴儿菌痢病例,建立以临床和实验室相结合的菌痢主动监测体系是"疾病监测信息报告管理系统"的必要补充,尤其是对婴幼儿菌痢.     

上海市闵行区2005—2009年细菌性痢疾流行特征分析

[目的] 分析上海市闵行区2005—2009年细菌性痢疾流行特征,探讨发病规律,为细菌性痢疾的防治提供依据。[方法] 收集2005—2009年细菌性痢疾疫情数据进行描述性流行病学分析,并对2007—2009年检出的55株志贺菌进行血清学分型。[结果] 闵行区2005—2009年细菌性痢疾发病率为 5.43/10万~39.01/10万,年均发病率为19.06/10万,总体呈下降趋势。发病主要集中在5—10月,发病高峰期为9月,月均发病率达4.09/10 万。0~4岁婴幼儿发病率最高,为189.38/10万。发病数居前三位的人群是散居儿童、学生和工人。55株痢疾杆菌分型结果,福氏志贺菌36株,占65.45%,宋内志贺菌19株,占34.55%,福氏志贺菌以F2a、F4c和F1a为主。菌株对阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、头孢噻肟以及庆大霉素较敏感。[结论] 闵行区近年来细菌性痢疾发病率明显下降。应在夏秋季将0~4岁组婴幼儿、散居儿童、学生和工人作为细菌性痢疾重点防治的对象。阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、头孢噻肟和庆大霉素可作为临床首选药物。     

Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 causing dysentery outbreaks in Central African Republic, 2003-2004

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1) represents a particular threat in developing countries because of the severity of the infection and its epidemic potential. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and plasmid profiling (PP) of Sd1 isolates collected during two dysentery outbreaks (2013 and 445 cases of bloody diarrhoea) in Central African Republic (CAR) during the period 2003-2004 were reported. Eleven Sd1 comparison strains (CS) acquired by travellers or residents of Africa (n=10) or Asia (n=1) between 1993 and 2003 were also analysed. The 19 Sd1 isolates recovered from CAR outbreaks were multidrug resistant, although susceptible to quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Molecular subtyping by PFGE was more discriminatory than PP. The PFGE using XbaI and NotI restriction enzymes indicated that the two outbreaks were due to two different clones and also revealed a genetic diversity among the CS recovered from outbreak or sporadic cases between 1993 and 2003. This study was the result of a fruitful collaboration between field physicians and microbiologists. The data collected will serve as the basis for establishing long-term monitoring of Sd1 in CAR.     

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Zimbabwe

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (SD1) is an unusually virulent enteric pathogen which causes endemic or epidemic dysentery with high death rates. SD1 has been responsible for large-scale regional outbreaks of dysentery in Africa, Central America, and south Asia. Shigella dysentery epidemics have been reported in Africa since the 1800s and overall, more than 250 million people in the African region are at risk and subject to a case fatality rate of possibly 1-10%. In Zimbabwe, the 1994 national incidence of dysentery was 13.0/1000 and the national case fatality rate was 4.5%. The transmission of SD1, its clinical presentation, management, complications, the role of the laboratory, outbreak identification and adequate preparedness, and the prevention of infection are discussed.     

三亚市小学生志贺菌菌型分布和药敏特征分析

摘要:目的　探讨三亚市小学生志贺菌的分布及药物敏感状况,为痢疾的临床用药及预防控制提供依据。方法　粪便标本进行志贺菌分离培养、鉴定和血清分型,并用K-B法进行药物敏感试验。结果　3803名小学生志贺菌携带率为0.71%,男性携带率（0.71%）与女性携带率（0.69%）差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0.030,P＝0.863）;乡村小学生携带率（0.95%）高于城区（0.34%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4.760,P＝0.029）。检出宋内志贺菌4株,福氏志贺菌23株,主要有F2a、F2b、F4c和F1a等血清型。药敏显示耐药率较高的是复方新诺明（96.30%）、四环素（92.59%）、氨苄西林（85.19%）、哌拉西林（81.48%）、氯霉素（70.37%）,对氟喹诺酮类和第三代头孢类抗菌素耐药率低（3.70%～14.81%）,对氨曲南、亚胺培南和美罗培南100%敏感,多重耐药率为92.60%,福氏和宋内志贺菌的耐药性差异无统计学意义（P＝1,P＞0.05）。结论　小学生隐性感染以福氏志贺菌为主,其次是宋内志贺菌。志贺菌多重耐药严重,治疗时首选氨曲南、亚胺培南和美罗培南,其次为第三代头孢类抗菌素。     

3年175例儿童细菌性痢疾的流行病学及临床分析

目的了解近3年儿童细菌性痢疾的流行病学与临床特点、菌群及耐药性变化。方法对某院2010-2012年儿科肠道门诊收治的经粪便培养确诊的175例细菌性痢疾患儿病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果儿童细菌性痢疾的发病高峰在7～9月份（占74.86%）;主要集中在1~3岁（不含1岁含3岁）、3~5岁（不含3岁含5岁）两个年龄段（分别占23.43%、25.14%）;临床表现主要为腹泻（100%）、阵发性腹痛 (94.29%)、发热 (77.14%),脓血便、里急后重的典型症状较以往减少。分离福氏志贺菌113株(64.57%),宋内志贺菌62株(35.43%)。药敏结果显示,175株志贺菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲口恶唑有很高的耐药率,分别达到97.14%、72.57%、78.29%;对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星的敏感率仍较高（耐药率为4.57%～16.57%）;对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶的敏感率均在95%以上。结论儿童细菌性痢疾不典型病例在逐渐增多;本地志贺菌菌型以福氏志贺菌为主;志贺菌对一些抗菌药物的敏感性发生了较大变化,医生在使用抗菌药物时应引起重视。     

2005～2007年郑州市腹泻患者志贺菌监测结果分析

[目的]了解郑州市志贺菌的菌型分布,为防控菌痢流行提供可靠数据。[方法]按照《全国细菌性痢疾监测工作方案》对郑州市市辖医院20052007年腹泻患者粪便标本进行志贺菌分离培养、生化鉴定和血清学分型以及药敏试验。[结果]20052007年郑州市共检测1 321份标本,检出志贺菌116株,检出率为8.78%。志贺菌分布在福氏和宋內氏2个群,未检出A群和C群。不同年份间菌株均以B群志贺菌为主,分别为39、37和21株,分别占当年阳性菌株的92.86%、77.08%、80.77%;福氏志贺菌以F4c（47株）为主,占48.45%,其次是F1a（21株）、F2a（17株）,分别占21.65%和17.53%;志贺菌对萘啶酸和四环素100.00%耐药。[结论]各年优势菌群均为福氏志贺菌,F4c为优势菌型,多种菌型并存,临床治疗要根据耐药情况合理使用抗生素。     

贵州省2007-2010年细菌性痢疾流行特征及病原分析

目的了解贵州省2007-2010年细菌性痢疾的流行特征和菌型分布,为制定防控策略提供依据。方法以2007-2010年来源于＂中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统＂的菌痢疫情为资料,分析菌痢的人群、地区、时间分布特征,并对146株菌痢菌株进行血清学分型和药敏试验。结果 2007-2010年贵州省共报告菌痢48 222例,平均发病率为31.92/10万,病死率为0.049%,总体发病呈逐年下降趋势。发病主要集中在0～5岁组,发病率为151.76/10万,其次为65岁以上组,发病率为36.66/10万。男性多于女性,男女性别比为1.5∶1;职业分布以农民最多占46.04%,其次为散居儿童和学生分别占29.73%、11.06%;年均发病率最高的地区是黔东南州,发病率为49.06/10万,其次是黔南和黔西南;贵州省菌痢有明显的季节性,5-9月为发病高峰。菌型分布以宋内为主,其次是福氏志贺菌。菌株的多重耐药严重,84.93%的菌株存在多重耐药。结论菌痢是贵州省主要的传染病之一,2007-2010年贵州省菌痢发病率呈逐年下降趋势,发病以婴幼儿和农民为主,流行菌株以宋内和福氏志贺菌为主,多重耐药现象严重。     

临床诊断成人细菌性痢疾414例的流行病学、临床及病原学特征

目的了解某地区细菌性痢疾的临床及流行病学特点、致病菌群分布及耐药情况。方法以2010年7-9月就诊于某院肠道门诊的414例临床诊断细菌性痢疾患者为研究对象,对患者一般资料、症状体征、病原检测等结果进行统计分析。结果临床诊断细菌性痢疾患者以青壮年居多(50岁以下者322例,占77.78%);左下腹压痛、脓血便、里急后重等典型临床表现较少见;志贺菌培养阳性率为16.43%（68/414）,其中宋内志贺菌65株(95.59%),福氏志贺菌3株(4.41%)。志贺菌株对氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、庆大霉素等耐药率均＞95%,甚至高达100.00%;对头孢菌素及部分喹诺酮类抗菌药物敏感,但对环丙沙星、洛美沙星敏感性较以往下降。结论该地区临床诊断细菌性痢疾患者的临床和流行病学特点较以往有所不同,志贺菌流行菌型变迁、耐药菌株增加,应引起医务工作者注意。     

Death from multi-resistant shigellosis in Fiji Islands

Death from Shigellosis is rare in developed countries, however it causes over a million deaths in developing countries worldwide annually. Death from shigellosis is rare in Fiji. However, the global problem of emerging multidrug resistance raises some issues about the management of Shigellosis in this country. Within Fiji, Shigella is a notifiable disease. The Fiji Ministry of Health recorded 68 cases of Shigella in 1996, 173 cases in 1997 and 334 cases in 1998 (no data available for 1999). There was only one recorded death during this time--in 1998. Resistance to chloramphenicol occurred in 82% of cases. Shigella flexneri in Fiji remains sensitive to cephalothin and cefaclor. The current antibiotic guidelines in Fiji, recommend that antibiotics be used only for cases of moderate and severe dysentery. Shigellosis was suspected soon after presentation however the patient was unable to take oral antibiotics and was treated with intravenous antibiotics (chloramphenicol and ampicillin), which were ineffective due to resistance of the organism. The current antibiotic guidelines for severe dysentery recommend chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid--the later not available in Fiji. However the only intravenous drugs that retain their sensitivity to Shigella-ceftriaxone and cephalothin, are expensive ($F 45.00 per vial of ceftriaxone) and these are only available in large regional hospitals.     

小儿细菌性痢疾福氏志贺氏菌感染66例药敏分析

[目的]探讨小儿细菌性痢疾福氏志贺氏菌感染对抗生素敏感性.[方法]对本院2005.2～2006.8收治的细菌性痢疾大便培养显示福氏志贺氏菌感染患儿66例,采用KB纸片法,对福氏志贺氏菌属进行常用抗生素的敏感性检测.[结果]福氏志贺氏菌对氨苄西林普遍耐药,头孢呋辛钠耐药率达82%.福氏志贺氏菌的多重耐药率:以对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟钠最常见占26%,对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、头孢哌酮钠占15%,对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、头孢三嗪占7%,多重耐药率达48%.[结论]小儿细菌性痢疾福氏志贺氏菌感染对头孢类抗生素耐药率呈明显上升趋势.定期监测本地区病原菌药敏情况,为临床科学选用抗生素及提高治疗效果提供依据.     

2013-2017年河南省婴幼儿志贺菌流行特征与耐药分析

目的  了解河南省2013-2017年婴幼儿志贺菌的病原学特征。 方法  以河南省5岁以下腹泻患儿5 149份粪便分离的606株志贺菌为研究对象,采用血清分型、药物敏感试验及聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测毒力基因方法,对其进行病原学检测。 结果  儿童志贺菌总检出率为11.77%(606/5 149),1~岁年龄组幼儿检出率最高,为24.08%;606株志贺菌共分为2群、11种血清型,其中福氏志贺菌占73.43%,宋内志贺菌占26.57℅。176株志贺菌对氨苄西林、萘啶酸的耐药严重(耐药率>90%),对氯霉素、环丙沙星,诺氟沙星、复方新诺明的耐药率>65%,对亚胺培南和头孢类抗生素敏感度较高,且福氏与宋内志贺菌耐药有差异。婴幼儿毒力基因组合模式以shET-1+、shET-2+、ipaH+、ial+为主,并检出5株无毒力株。 结论  河南省婴幼儿细菌性痢疾以福氏志贺菌为主,对常用的抗生素存在严重的耐药问题,不同血清型菌株携带优势基因模式不同。     

北京市海淀区2007年细菌性痢疾流行病学调查

目的 了解2007年北京市海淀区细菌性痢疾发病率水平、流行特征及菌谱分布和耐药情况,为2008年奥运会菌痢科学防控提供基础数据。方法 根据海淀区的直报疫情网资料,对200f7年菌痢发病现状进行描述眭分析,对肠道门诊送检的志贺菌进行菌型和耐药试验。结果 2007年海淀区报告菌痢5286例,发病率为213．98／10万,发病居38种法定传染病的第2位;全年6-9月为发病高峰期,峰顶为8月份,发病1288例,占全年发病例数的24．37％;重点发病年龄组为0～4岁组,20岁组,5岁组和70岁以上组;发病人群以学生、散居儿童、公务人员及职员、离退休人员为主,构成比达70．17％;引发菌痢以食源性因素为主;菌型以宋内志贺菌占80．00％,福氏志贺菌占20．00％;志贺菌对各种抗生素耐药有一定差异。结论 菌痢仍是危害海淀区人群健康的重要的公共卫生问题之一,发病率远远高于全国平均水平;发病有明显的季节高峰;0～4岁组、学生、公务人员职员为重点防控对象;宋内志贺菌已成为海淀区优势流行株,应加强各部门菌痢预防控制工作,特别是食品卫生的管理督察。     

细菌性痢疾诊断符合率初步研究

目的判断临床诊断细菌性痢疾患者和实际志贺菌感染的符合率,探索影响符合率的因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法,对部分临床诊断为细菌性痢疾的病例进行问卷调查并留取便标本进行志贺菌培养。结果临床诊断为细菌性痢疾的患者,仅有18．3％培养出志贺菌。便培养阳性的患者,便常规红细胞数较多,有更加明显的流行病学史和临床特征。结论临床诊断的细菌性痢疾患者中,病原学诊断符合率较低,故对患者的治疗应结合具体临床表现实施。     

小儿痢疾杆菌菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解小儿痢疾杆菌菌群分布及耐药性情况.方法:对近8年肠道门诊患儿大便培养分离所得痢疾杆菌的分布及其对17种抗生素耐药情况进行分析.结果:8年共分离338株痢疾杆菌,福氏菌、宋内氏菌、鲍氏菌和志贺氏菌分别占78.7%、16.2%、3.0%和2.1%;复方新诺明、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨苄青霉素/舒巴坦、氨苄青霉素、氯霉素耐药率最高,舒普深、丁胺卡那霉素、头孢曲松耐药率最低.结论:本地区儿童痢疾杆菌仍以福氏菌占首位,但其他菌群近年来有增多趋势,建议治疗首选第3代头孢菌素,虽然氨基甙类药物耐药率较低,但应用时最好能在血药浓度监测下进行;同时要加强抗生素的管理和合理使用,并且及时监测细菌的耐药动态.     

大连市53株志贺菌的菌群分布及药敏试验分析

目的了解大连市细菌性痢疾的病原菌志贺氏菌型分布及其药物敏感状况,为细菌性痢疾临床治疗和预防控制提供依据。方法按《全国细菌性痢疾监测方案》提供的方法进行病原菌分离鉴定和药敏试验。结果经生化与血清学复核鉴定为志贺菌53株,其中宋内志贺菌37株,福氏志贺菌15株,鲍氏志贺菌1株,分别占分离菌株的69．81％、28．30％和1．89％。药敏试验显示53株志贺菌敏感药物为头孢噻吩、环丙沙星、头孢噻肟和阿莫西林,耐药的有利福平、氨苄西林、四环素、复方新诺明和庆大霉素,且有50株菌出现了≥3种的多重耐药现象。结论大连市引起细菌性痢疾的痢疾杆菌以宋内氏志贺菌为主,其次为福氏志贺菌;并对目前常用的抗生素表现一定的耐药性,应当引起重视。药物头孢噻吩、环丙沙星、头孢噻肟和阿莫西林可作为目前临床治疗痢疾的常用药物。     

2010 - 2017年西安市细菌性痢疾流行特征及病原学监测结果分析

目的 了解2010 - 2017年西安市细菌性痢疾的流行病学特征和病原学变迁情况,以更好地指导其防治工作。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对2010 - 2017年西安市细菌性痢疾的发病数据和病原学监测结果进行分析。结果 共报告细菌性痢疾27 265例,年均发病率39.75/10万,呈逐年下降趋势。病例全年均有发生且有明显的季节性特征,高峰月份为5 - 10月,报告病例数占68.23%(18 602/27 265);城区年均发病率(56.18/10万)高于郊县(23.28/10万);职业构成以散居儿童,学生和农民为主,共占病例总数的62.78%(17 117/ 27 265),其中散居儿童占比逐年上升;5岁以下(294.17/10万)和85岁以上(92.43/10万)人群发病率较高。细菌性痢疾实验室诊断率较低(14.03%)且年变化趋势不明显。病原学监测发现2010 - 2015年志贺菌检出率为3.50%(65/1 855),2016 - 2017年则未检出。检出菌中福氏志贺菌为优势菌型(30株,占46.15%),其次是宋内志贺菌(25株,占38.46%),痢疾志贺菌(8株,占12.31%)和鲍氏志贺菌(2株,占3.08%);福氏志贺菌构成比逐渐下降,宋内志贺菌构成比逐渐上升。结论 西安市细菌性痢疾发病有明显的时间、地区和人群分布特征。每年的夏秋季节是其防控的重要时段,城区是其防控的重点地区,散居儿童、学生和农民是其防控的重点人群。应以此为基础制定有针对性的重点防控策略。此外,志贺菌菌型的变迁提示应继续加强菌痢的病原学监测工作。     

青海省2005～2009年细菌性痢疾监测结果分析

目的掌握青海省2005～2009年细菌性痢疾流行情况、病原体菌群分布及耐药性,为制定细菌性痢疾预防控制措施、指导临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法利用青海省国家级细菌性痢疾监测资料进行描述性流行病学分析,药敏结果参照NCCLs手册(2005版)。结果 2005～2009年青海省细菌性痢疾发病主要集中在夏秋季,以0～5岁组散居儿童发病为主,男性多于女性。病原菌主要以B群福氏志贺菌,占78.80%;其次为D群宋内志贺菌,占21.20%。其中B群福氏志贺菌血清亚型共检出11种亚型,亚型中以Fx变种为主,占62.76%;其次为F4a,占14.48%。药敏试验结果:福氏菌对庆大霉素、头孢噻肟、环丙沙星敏感,对萘啶酸、复方新诺明、四环素耐药性较高;宋内氏对环丙沙星、头孢噻肟、阿莫西林敏感,对氨苄西林、萘啶酸、复方新诺明耐药。结论 B群福氏志贺菌仍为青海省主要流行菌株,血清型主要以Fx为主。头孢噻肟和环丙沙星为青海省治疗菌痢的首选药物。散居儿童和农民是预防菌痢的重点人群。     

A comparison of disease caused by Shigella and Campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of Karachi, Pakistan

Despite the efforts of the international community diarrheal diseases still pose a major threat to children in children less than five years of age. Bacterial diarrhea has also emerged as a public health concern due to the proliferation of drug resistant species in many parts of the world. There is a paucity of population-based data about the incidence of shigellosis and Campylobacter infections in Pakistan. We report country specific results for Shigella diarrhea that were derived from a multicenter study conducted in six Asian countries. Disease surveillance was conducted over a 24 month period in urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan, a city with a population of 59,584. Cases were detected through passive detection in study treatment centers. Stool specimens or rectal swabs were collected from all consenting patients. Between January 2002 and December 2003 10,540 enteric infection cases were detected. The incidence rate of treated diarrhea in children under 5 was 488/1000/year. In children, 5 years and older, the diarrhea rate was 22/1000/year. 576 (7%) Campylobacter isolates were detected. The pre-dominant Campylobacter species was C. jenuni with an increase of 29/1000 year in children under 5 years. Shigella species were isolated from 394 of 8032 children under 5 years of age. Shigella flexneri was the dominant species (10/1000/year in children under 5 years) followed by Shigella sonnei (3.9/1000/year), Shigella boydii (2.0/1000/year) and Shigella dysenteriae (1.3/1000/year). Shigellosis and Campylobacter infection rates peaked during the second year of life. The incidence rate of shigellosis increased in old age but such a trend was not observed in Campylobacter infections. Of 394 shigellosis patients 123 (31%) presented with dysentery in contrast to only 54 (9%) of 576 patients with Campylobacter infections (p<0.001). Both Campylobacter infections and shigellosis are common in community settings of Pakistan but shigellosis presented more frequently with abdominal pain and dysentery than Campylobacter infections indicating that shigellosis may be a more severe illness than Campylobacter infections. Due to the increased and disease severity, drug resistant shigella have become a significant health problem; moreover it is a disease of poor and impoverished people who do not have the access to standard water and sanitary conditions, health care services or optimal treatment. In the face of these facts it is empirically important to develop a low cost effective vaccine that can protect these populations for a longer duration.