显微手术治疗垂体瘤26例分析

目的探讨经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微切除垂体瘤的手术方法及总结经验。方法选取滁州市第一人民医院26例垂体瘤患者(全部经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除)的临床资料,对手术入路、术中操作、并发症的处理进行临床分析。结果 26例垂体腺瘤患者中,泌乳素(PRL)分泌性腺瘤10例;生长激素(GH)分泌性腺瘤6例;PRL和GH混合性腺瘤2例;非分泌性腺瘤8例,肿瘤全切18例,次全切除5例,大部分切除3例。发生电解质紊乱1例,暂时性尿崩症5例,无永久性尿崩症,脑脊液鼻漏2例,持续2周,无需再次手术。结论与开颅垂体瘤切除手术相比,经蝶窦入路手术明显降低了病死率和伤残率,是治疗垂体瘤的首选入路之一,严格把握好手术适应症和禁忌症,能使需要手术治疗的垂体瘤患者取得满意的治疗效果。     

垂体腺瘤术后水钠代谢紊乱的临床分析

目的探讨垂体腺瘤术后并发尿崩症和低钠血症的临床特点及处理方法,以及时发现和对症处理,提高垂体腺瘤的术后治疗水平。方法回顾性总结近10年来收治的305例垂体腺瘤手术患者的临床资料,统计分析出现水钠代谢紊乱的发生和治疗情况。结果在305例患者中,有69例术后出现尿崩症,其中一半的患者在一周内得到控制,90%的患者在术后3个月内恢复。42例术后出现低钠血症,多数患者1周内恢复正常。结论术后每日检测血钠并观察尿量变化并根据其变化进行正确处理,与手术本身具有同样的重要性,是患者获得良好疗效的关键。     

Diabetes insipidus associated with an empty sella turcica

A patient with severe diabetes insipidus for 14 years was found to have an enlarged and eroded sella turcica with greatly reduced pituitary tissue on pneumo-encephalography. It is suggested that the permanent diabetes insipidus may have resulted from growth of an intrasellar tumour, which subsequently infarcted spontaneously. Thyroid and pituitary-adrenal function nevertheless remained good, which accounts for persistence of the diabetes insipidus.     

鞍区磁共振成像对中枢性尿崩症诊断的临床意义

目的 :观察中枢性尿崩症患者鞍区磁共振成像 (MRI)的影像变化。方法 :对 12例非尿崩症对照者及 48例临床诊断的中枢性尿崩症 (CDI)患者同时进行鞍区MRI扫描。结果 :12例对照组垂体后叶均见高信号存在 ,垂体柄正常 ;48例CDI中 44例垂体后叶高信号消失 ,18例伴垂体柄增粗 ;48例中仅 10例证实鞍区存在器质性病变。结论 :MRI垂体后叶高信号消失 ,是CDI患者特征性表现 ,部分伴垂体柄增粗 ,对CDI的病因诊断和指导治疗具有很大价值。     

显微手术治疗垂体瘤术后尿崩症的临床分析

目的探讨显微手术治疗垂体瘤术后尿崩症的病因、诊断、处理及预防，以减少术后并发症，提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析5年收住的55例显微手术治疗垂体瘤患者资料。结果55例患者术后发生尿崩症17例，6例在术后24h内出现，11例在24～72h内出现。1w内恢复正常11例，2W内恢复正常5例，3W内恢复正常1例，无永久性尿崩症。结论提高手术技巧，术中注意保护，可以减少尿崩症的发生；尿崩症治疗的关键是及时诊断，及时应用抗利尿药物和纠正水电解质平衡失调。     

Lymphocytic hypophysitis causing hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus, and associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, in a non-pregnant woman.

A 25 year old non-pregnant woman presented with a one-year history of amenorrhoea and polyuria. Three months before her admission, she had suffered lymphocytic meningitis. Hormonal studies revealed hypopituitarism and central diabetes insipidus, with associated primary autoimmune hypothyroidism. Computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a pituitary mass with suprasellar extension and thickened stalk. Transsphenoidal surgery was performed and the histological study revealed fibrosis and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration with predominance of CD4 lymphocytes. This further case of lymphocytic hypophysitis was not related to pregnancy and produced diabetes insipidus, two uncommon associations. We discuss the features that can lead to a preoperative suspicion of this rare disorder.     

预防性运用长效尿崩停对颅咽管瘤术后早期尿崩及血钠的影响

目的：分析探讨预防性使用长效尿崩停(鞣酸加压素针)对颅咽管瘤开颅术后早期尿崩及血钠的影响。 方法：回顾性分析2010至2014年行单侧额下开颅显微手术治疗的83例颅咽管瘤患者,分为预防性使用长效尿崩停组(使用组)和未使用组,对使用组及未使用组的术后早期尿崩情况及血钠变化趋势进行对比分析。结果：与未使用组比较,使用组整体术后早期尿崩的发生率少(P<0.05);垂体柄切除及肿瘤与三脑室底粘连紧密的患者术后尿崩发生率高(P<0.05),但在这两种情况中,使用组较未使用组术后早期尿崩的发生率少(P<0.05)。术后高钠者为37例(44.6%),术后出现低钠者共60例(72.3%),高钠、低钠出现的平均时间为术后1.4和3.7 d。术后高钠、低钠交替出现的有19例(22.9%)。使用组与未使用组在术后第1天血钠分布上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),使用组术后第1天高钠出现百分比低于未使用组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：术中或术后早期预防性使用长效尿崩停可以有效减少颅咽管瘤患者术后早期尿崩及高钠血症的发生率。     

韦格纳肉芽肿垂体受累引发尿崩症1例临床分析并文献复习

目的加强对韦格纳肉芽肿病以及韦格纳肉芽肿垂体受累的认识。方法报告2009年我院住院的因韦格纳肉芽肿垂体受累而引发尿崩症1例,结合国内外相关文献,对韦格纳肉芽肿及垂体受累的临床表现、诊断进行讨论。结果患者女性,59岁,最初表现为多饮、多尿,经用醋酸去氨加压素治疗后减轻,但此后出现发热、头痛、鼻塞、流涕、耳痛、听力减退、眼痛、视物模糊等症状。经糖皮质激素及环磷酰胺治疗后明显好转。血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)阳性;CT检查发现双侧上颌窦内充满实性组织及左肺上叶实性小结节影;MRI检查发现垂体肿大,垂体柄增粗,伴明显强化;病理:鼻窦黏膜急性及慢性炎,部分有肉芽肿形成。文献报告韦格纳肉芽肿垂体受累病例共20余例,大多数表现为中枢性尿崩症和垂体前叶功能减退症状。结论韦格纳肉芽肿是一种抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关的多系统坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎病,最常累及上、下呼吸道以及肾脏,少数可累及垂体而引发中枢性尿崩症及垂体功能减退。     

垂体脓肿的临床特点及手术治疗

目的探讨垂体脓肿的临床特征和手术治疗。方法4例垂体脓肿患者均行手术治疗。分析4例患者的临床特征和诊疗过程。结果男2例,女2例,年龄15～51岁,主要症状为头痛、视力减退、垂体功能低下、尿崩症等。4例患者均行手术,复发者再次手术治疗,术后恢复良好。结论早期诊断和及时采用经蝶手术、术后予合理足程的抗生素及激素替代治疗,是改善垂体脓肿预后、提高患者生存率的关键。     

经鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤112例术后并发症因素分析

目的:探讨经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的手术及术后并发症。方法:对112例垂体瘤患者行经单鼻孔鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术,并分析其疗效及并发症发生的相关因素。结果:肿瘤全切除97例(占86.6%),次全切除15例(占13.4%)。术后出现并发症患者29例(占25.9%);其中出现尿崩症状12例(占10.7%);垂体功能低下5例(占4.5%);脑脊液鼻漏4例(占3.6%);视力减退2例(占1.8%);中枢性高热2例(占1.8%);外展神经麻痹1例;2例患者术后出现鼻腔内出血,1例继发颅内感染死亡。结论:经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤手术疗效确切,安全性高。术后并发症以尿崩症、垂体功能低下较常见,术中规范、轻柔的手术操作,围手术期的处理等对减少术后并发症有重要意义。     

额下入路和单鼻孔经蝶入路手术切除鞍内鞍上型垂体腺瘤的对比研究

目的研究额下入路（额下组）和单鼻孔经蝶入路（单鼻孔组）手术切除鞍内鞍上型垂体腺瘤的疗效和特点。方法回顾性分析27例经额下入路与38例单鼻孔经蝶入路手术切除鞍内鞍上型垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料,对比两组患者手术前后内分泌、影像学和临床表现。结果额下组肿瘤全切17例,次全切7例,部分切除3例;单鼻孔组全切28例,次全切8例,部分切除2例。视力视野障碍恢复正常或明显改善者额下组19例,单鼻孔组33例。患者术后泌乳停止或减少额下组8例,单鼻孔组14例。额下组术后出现尿崩9例,术侧视力下降3例,嗅神经损伤12例。单鼻孔术后脑脊液鼻漏4例,尿崩11例。结论对于手术治疗鞍内鞍上型垂体腺瘤来讲,额下入路和单鼻孔经蝶入路均是两种有效的手术方式,单鼻孔入路在肿瘤切除后内分泌改善方面和残存垂体功能保护方面优点更明显,创伤小,手术时间短,并发症少。     

垂体瘤术后低钠血症的临床观察分析与治疗

目的 :探讨垂体瘤术后早期低钠血症与尿崩的关系及其治疗。方法 :对 6 0例垂体瘤患者术后 2周内发生的水电解质紊乱进行观察分析与治疗。结果 :尿崩 2 8例 ,其中并低血钠 15例 ,高血钠 2例 ,正常血钠 11例 ;无尿崩 32例 ,其中并低血钠 9例 ,正常血钠 2 3例。统计分析示 :尿崩与低血钠有关 (p <0 .0 5 )。合理使用垂体后叶素和长效尿崩停的同时加强补钠 ,必要时联合应用血浆白蛋白可纠正水电解质平衡紊乱。结论 :垂体瘤术后尿崩可引起血钠浓度异常 ,但在低钠血症的治疗中还应考虑抗利尿激素不适当分泌和脑性盐耗的问题     

儿童下丘脑垂体肿瘤与内分泌改变(附18例报告)

目的 探讨儿童下丘脑垂体肿瘤的内分泌改变.方法 总结下丘脑垂体肿瘤患儿18例临床资料.结果 18例下丘脑垂体肿瘤中,颅咽管瘤3例,错构瘤2例,生殖细胞瘤13例.男12例,女6例,平均年龄(8.91±4.47)岁.颅咽管瘤3例临床首发症状分别为生长发育迟缓、中枢性尿崩症和颅内压增高.2例错构瘤均以婴幼儿中枢性同性性早熟为...     

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE PITUITARY METASTASES

Three cases of pituitary metastases were reported. They all had operations and the pathological examination confirming the diagnosis. The clinical features of diabetes insipidus and extraocular nerve palsy were presented. In two cases, the original tumors were bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; in the other one, the original tumor was unknown. All three cases had poor outcome. These cases illustrate the fact that a pituitary metastasis can closely mimic a pituitary benign tumor, such as pituitary adenoma. Especially in the presence of suggestive symptoms such as diabetes insipidus and/or cranical nerve paralysis, the possibility of metastatic disease in the differential diagnosis of a pituitary mass should always be considered.     

Pituitary metastasis: a clinical overview

The pituitary gland is an unusual site for metastatic spread and has been associated with a poor prognosis. Clinical presentation is variable but can include visual field defects, cranial nerve palsies, anterior pituitary dysfunction and/ or diabetes insipidus. Management options include surgery or radiotherapy, chemotherapy/immunotherapy or a conservative approach. The pituitary should not be overlooked as a site for metastasis in patients with known cancer and can be the first presentation of neoplastic disease in some patients. Given that patients are now living longer with cancer, clinicians should be alert to the varied presentation of pituitary metastasis. We provide a clinical overview of pituitary metastasis with the aid of illustrative clinical cases.     

Primary cerebral lymphoma presenting with cranial diabetes insipidus

A 30 year old woman with an 8-year history of thirst and polyuria was found to have cranial diabetes insipidus. There were no neurological abnormalities at presentation but she subsequently developed diverse signs and died 26 months later. Autopsy revealed a diagnosis of diffuse primary cerebral lymphoma. Cranial diabetes insipidus with otherwise minimal abnormality of hypothalamic/pituitary function has not previously been reported as a presentation of this neoplasm.     

Cerebral Histiocytosis-X with Endocrine Symptoms

A neuropathologically verified case of histiocytosis-X in a 21-year-old man with endocrine symptoms is presented. The granulomas were confined to the central nervous system and occupied mainly the pituitary stalk and hypothalamus, thus giving us the opportunity to observe the endocrine symptoms caused by such localized lesions.

Diabetes insipidus was one cardinal endocrine symptom and is considered to be caused by a hypothalamic lesion in the supraoptic nuclei or the pathways to the posterior pituitary. In this case the anterior pituitary was not involved by granulomas, but the posterior lobe was atrophic.

Severe hypogonadism and probably also a growth hormone defect were present, probably resulting from pituitary insufficiency secondary to the hypothalamic lesions.

Hypothyroidism was another symptom but in this case was probably due to thyroiditis. Such a finding has previously been observed by two other authors and may therefore be pathologically connected to histiocytosis-X even though no granulomas were present in the thyroid gland.

Repeated X-ray investigations from 9 years of age showed that the development of the sella turcica ceased about the same time as the patient got signs of diabetes insipidus. Increase in sellar volume normally reflects pituitary growth. The lesions in the pituitary stalk or the hypothalamus must therefore have been present from the time when diabetes insipidus started.     

Surgical treatment of symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts: clinical features, therapy considerations and outcomes

Background  Rathke’s cleft cyst (RCC) is one of the most common incidentally discovered sellar lesions, while symptomatic cases are relatively rare. Surgical treatment is recommended for symptomatic patients to drain the cyst content and to remove the capsule safely. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical features, surgery considerations and therapy outcomes of symptomatic RCCs.

Methods  Totally 42 patients (19 males and 23 females) were retrospectively reviewed with the diagnosis of RCCs under surgery resection at the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University between January 2005 and December 2010.

Results  Patients’ age ranged from 6 to 67 years (mean of 41.6 years). The duration of symptoms ranged from 4 days to 10 years. Headache (69%), visual impairment (36%), and pituitary dysfunction (10%) were the most common presenting symptoms. The maximum diameter of cysts ranged from 6.0 to 46.7 mm (mean of 20.07 mm). Of the 42 patients, 36 underwent endonasal transsphenoidal approach and the others underwent transcranial approach. Thirty patients had a subtotal resection and decompression, while 12 patients had a total cyst resection. Cysts of 28 patients were lined by simple cubical or columnar epithelium, and cysts of 34 patients were filled by amorphous colloid material, that was the characteristic of RCCs. The majority of patients presented with a simple headache, and 93% of this group experienced a complete improvement after surgery. Twelve of 15 patients (80%) with preoperative visual deficits experienced an improvement in their vision after surgery. All of those patients with pituitary dysfunction experienced an improved endocrine status. The endocrinological complication usually was diabetes insipidus, and postoperative transient diabetes insipidus occurred in 13 (31%) patients without any permanent diabetes insipidus. The overall recurrence rate was 7% at a mean follow-up of 22 months (range 12–60 months).

Conclusions  Surgical treatment is to drain the contents of the cyst and to remove the capsule as much as possible under the precondition that does not increase the complications. Biopsy and decompression procedures are recommended for most cases.