原位肝移植供肝血管及胆道修整

目的探讨原位肝移植供肝血管及胆道系统的修整处理方法。方法回顾性分析31例原位肝移植其供肝动脉变异及胆道内异常情况的处理资料。结果肝动脉变异5例,其中2例肝左动脉来自胃左动脉,2例肝右动脉来自肠系膜上动脉,1例肝总动脉来自肠系膜上动脉。来自肠系膜上动脉的2例肝右动脉,1例吻合到脾动脉的断端;另1例将腹腔干吻合到肠系膜上动脉的近端。供肝的肝内胆管行冲洗时发现有寄生虫2例。结论避免变异的供肝动脉损伤,选择适当的肝动脉吻合方式可以保证移植肝脏的动脉血供。正确的供肝胆道处理,可以减少胆道的并发症。     

供肝修整过程中防止肝动脉损伤的解剖方法

目的　探讨供肝修整过程中防止肝动脉损伤的解剖方法。 方法　回顾性分析2004年8月至2010年11月202例供肝修整过程的资料,总结肝动脉变异情况及防止肝动脉损伤的解剖学方法。结果　肝动脉的变异率较高,202例中有21.8%肝动脉变异,5.0%在修整过程中发生肝动脉损伤。 结论 大多数的变异肝动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉和胃左动脉;肝动脉变异的存在增加了其损伤的危险性,经胃十二指肠动脉入路解剖肝动脉可有效防止肝动脉损伤。     

腹腔镜活体供肝切除术应用于儿童肝移植

目的　本研究前 ,我们已经做过了 5 0余例腹腔镜切除术 ,无一例死亡 ,其中包括 2 0例肝左叶切除 ,在此腹腔镜并非用于获取左叶供肝。腹腔镜供肝切除需要肝切除、肝脏移植、腹腔镜外科各方面的专业知识以及腹腔镜和肝脏外科最新的技术设备。尽管我们已经完成了很多例复杂的成人肝切除术 ,但腹腔镜用于较大的肝脏移植物 (例如成人受体的右肝叶 )的获取 ,目前在技术上尚不可行。从一活体供体上获取一个肝移植物非同于传统的肝切除术 ,因为不能应用血管夹闭技术 ,被切除部分的血管蒂必须保留。开腹的活体供肝切除术也需要这些操作过程 ,而这些操…     

左位胆囊供肝原位肝移植1例

患者，男，44岁，因乙型病毒性肝炎，肝炎后肝硬化于2003年8月12日入院等待行肝移植：器官捐献者，男，25岁，于2003年8月21日因脑外伤死亡。立即按腹内脏器联合切取方法快速获得供肝，置于盛有UW液的容器中低温保存运输，5h后修肝时发现胆囊位于肝圆韧带裂的左侧脏面下，胆囊床位于肝左外叶脏面，肝脏、腹腔动脉、脾动脉、胃左动脉、肝总动脉、胃十二指肠动脉、胆总     

全肝血流阻断切肝术的应用解剖学

目的：为给临床提供肝血流阻断切肝术的解剖学基础。方法：在３７具成人尸体上解剖并观测了与肝血流阻断部位有关的结构。结果：①肝裸区深度４６．６±６．１ｍｍ，下腔静脉的膈上段长１１．７±２．４ｍｍ，外径２６．３±３．０ｍｍ，肝上段长１１．４±２．１ｍｍ，外径２７．４±５．２ｍｍ，肝下段长２７．７±６．７ｍｍ，外径为２８．１±３．８ｍｍ；②肝十二指肠韧带长４０．６±４．７ｍｍ，门静脉外径１４．０±３．４ｍｍ，肝固有动脉长２１．３±５．１ｍｍ，外径４．６±１．０ｍｍ；③膈与腹腔动脉起点间腹主动脉长２４．７±５．２ｍｍ，外径２４．５±３．１ｍｍ。结论：下腔静脉的膈上段、肝上段、肝下段、肝十二指肠韧带内结构、膈与腹腔动脉起点间腹主动脉段作为肝血流阻断的部位是可行的。     

活体肝移植中轻度脂肪变性供肝的应用

背景：在活体肝移植中使用脂肪变性供肝不但影响供者的安全,同时也影响受者的生存。 目的：评价活体肝移植中使用轻度脂肪变性供肝时供者的安全性及受者预后情况。 方法：回顾性分析104例成人间右半肝活体肝移植的资料,根据移植过程中供肝活检病理标本的脂肪变性程度将所有病例分成4个组。比较各组移植供受者移植后2周的肝体积增生率,分析104例成人间活体右半肝肝移植受者移植后死亡情况及原因。 结果与结论：4组病例在供受者移植后肝功能的恢复和受者后移植预后无明显差别,没有肝功能延迟恢复和原发无功发生。轻度大泡性脂肪肝者只要残肝足够可以成为合适的活体肝移植供者。使用轻度大泡性脂肪肝并不增加受者病死率和移植物失功。     

经腰部开放手术在活体供肾切取中的应用

目的 探讨开放手术在切取活体亲属供肾移植中的应用。方法 总结我科2003年6月至2004年11月期间行4例开放手术活体供肾切取的经验和体会。结果 4例均成功切取左肾，手术时间120～150min，热缺血时间15～45s，移植后无移植肾功能延迟恢复，肾功能在2—4d恢复正常，供者于6—8d恢复出院。结论 开放手术切取活体供肾方法可靠，供肾质量好。     

肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取及修整的技术改进

目的:探讨肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取及修整的技术改进。方法:采用原位灌注联合切取和体外修整的方法完成6例尸体供肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取及修整。结果:6例获取器官的热缺血时间为(3.0±1.5)min,冷缺血时间为(7.0±3.0)h。修整时动脉重建方式既保证了肝脏血供又改善了胰腺十二指肠血供。同时为6例乙肝肝硬化病人实施原位肝移植,术后病人恢复顺利;为6例I型糖尿病合并尿毒症病人实施胰液膀胱引流式胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植术,手术顺利,术后病人移植胰腺和肾脏功能恢复良好;为6例慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症)病人实施肾移植术,术后病人恢复顺利。结论:肝肾胰十二指肠联合切取和修整的质量是器官移植成功的关键之一,采用原位灌注联合切取和保留胰腺的胃十二指肠动脉是可靠的。     

腹部多器官联合移植供器官切取方法探讨

目的:总结腹部多器官联合移植供器官的切取方法,观察其临床应用效果。方法:1999～2006年共行肝肾联合移植18例,肝胰联合移植1例,胰肾联合移植6例,均采用腹部多器官联合切取技术,优先灌注腹主动脉,于小肠系膜根部分离肠系膜上静脉,插管灌注肝门静脉,整块切取肝、脾、肾、以及胰腺和部分十二指肠。结果:腹腔多器官联合切取时间为(16.0±3.0)min,热缺血时间(3±1.2)min,所有供器官、血管无损伤,灌注良好。术后移植物功能恢复顺利,无移植肝原发无功能发生,无严重胆道并发症发生。肝肾联合移植患者术后ALT恢复正常时间为(8±3.2)d,Scr恢复正常时间为(6±2.8)d)。肝胰联合移植患者1周内ALT恢复正常并脱离胰岛素治疗。胰肾联合移植患者术后1周内脱离胰岛素治疗,2周内Scr功能恢复正常。所有患者随访至今,存活1～7年,移植物功能正常。结论:采用尸体腹部多器官联合切取技术能快速优质切取肝、脾、肾、以及胰腺和部分十二指肠,缩短热缺血时间,减少动脉损伤,提高腹部多器官联合移植存活。     

成人活体肝移植中小体积供肝问题及处理

得益于前期成功经验及技术的改进,采用右半肝作为移植物的成人间活体肝移植术取得了良好的手术效果.但在将小体积供肝( GBWR ＜0.8)运用于成人间右半供肝活体肝移植术时,小肝综合征仍是导致术后患者死亡、移植失败的重要危险因素.本文旨在通过回顾历史、分析现状、综述文献并结合临床经验,对小体积供肝的安全性进行综述性分析,对于部分经过选择的一般状况良好的受体,植入小体积供肝(0.8 ＞GBWR ＞0.6)可取得良好移植效果.     

Infections after Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Children

The aim of this study was to evaluate the infectious complications after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children. We enrolled 95 children (38 boys and 57 girls) who underwent LDLT from 1994 to 2004. The median age was 22 months (range, 6 months to 15 yr). We retrospectively investigated the proven episodes of bacterial, viral, and fungal infection. There occurred 150 infections in 67 (70%) of 95 patients (1.49 infections/patient); 74 in 43 patients were bacterial, 2 in 2 were fungal, and 74 in 42 were viral. The most common sites of bacterial infection were the bloodstream (33%) and abdomen (25%). Most of the bacterial infections occurred within the first month after LDLT. Bacterial and fungal infections did not result in any deaths. The most common causes of viral infection were Epstein-Barr virus in 37 patients and cytomegalovirus in 18. Seven of the 14 deaths after LDLT were associated with viral infection. Our study suggests that infection is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality after LDLT. Especially careful monitoring and management of viral infections is crucial for improving the outcome of LDLT in children.     

Usefulness of Artificial Jump Graft to Portal Vein Thrombosis in Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation

Severe portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is often considered a relative contraindication for living donor liver transplantation due to high associated risks and morbidity. Meanwhile, improvement in operative techniques, resulting in higher success rates has removed PVT from the list of contraindications in deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). In this report, we describe a surgical technique for DDLT using polytetrafluoroethylene graft from the inferior mesenteric vein for portal inflow in patient with portomesenteric thrombosis.     

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease,Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and Donor Risk Index as predictive models of survival after liver transplantation in 1,006 patients

OBJECTIVES:

Liver transplantation has not increased with the number of patients requiring this treatment, increasing deaths among those on the waiting list. Models predicting post-transplantation survival, including the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and the Donor Risk Index, have been created. Our aim was to compare the performance of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and the Donor Risk Index as prognostic models for survival after liver transplantation.

METHOD:

We retrospectively analyzed the data from 1,270 patients who received a liver transplant from a deceased donor in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between July 2006 and July 2009. All data obtained from the Health Department of the State of São Paulo at the 15 registered transplant centers were analyzed. Patients younger than 13 years of age or with acute liver failure were excluded.

RESULTS:

The majority of the recipients had Child-Pugh class B or C cirrhosis (63.5%). Among the 1,006 patients included, 274 (27%) died. Univariate survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model showed hazard ratios of 1.02 and 1.43 for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival, respectively (p<0.001). The areas under the ROC curve for the Donor Risk Index were always less than 0.5, whereas those for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival were significantly greater than 0.5 (p<0.001). The cutoff values for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (≥29.5; sensitivity: 39.1%; specificity: 75.4%) and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival (≥1.9; sensitivity 63.9%, specificity 54.5%), which were calculated using data available before liver transplantation, were good predictors of survival after liver transplantation (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:

The Model for Liver Transplantation Survival displayed similar death prediction performance to that of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. A simpler model involving fewer variables, such as the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, is preferred over a complex model involving more variables, such as the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival. The Donor Risk Index had no significance in post-transplantation survival in our patients.     

彩色多普勒对移植肝脏的血流动力学监测

采用彩色多普勒超声对移植肝血流动力学进行监测，了解肝移植前后肝脏血流动力学变化。观察与推测血管吻合口的通畅程度，寻找与排除并发症的存在，进而判断移植肝成活度及预后，就本院近期6例同种原位肝移植术后的移植肝血流进行检测，观察动、静脉吻合口的通畅情况及门静脉与肝动脉血流动力学改善程序，6例移植肝脏周围未见液性及实性异常回声，肝内实质及管道回声与血流方向，速度正常，在24个吻合口中，5例门静脉吻合口通过，1例门静脉吻合口稍窄，局部血流速度稍快，12个腔静脉吻合口中11个吻合口通畅，1个下腔静脉肝下段吻合口稍窄，6个肝动脉吻合口以远的肝动脉血流速度，阻力指数正常，肝移植是解决门脉高压的根本办法，彩色多普勒超声是移植肝血流动力学变化无创检测最佳手段。     

Bendamustine Combined with Donor Lymphocytes Infusion in Hodgkin's Lymphoma Relapsing after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

The management of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) recurring after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is challenging. We retrospectively describe 18 adults treated with bendamustine followed by escalated donor lymphocyte infusion. Hematological toxicity was manageable (39% grade III to IV neutropenia and 28% grade III to IV thrombocytopenia). The overall response rate was 55%, with 3 complete and 7 partial responses. Median overall and progression-free survival were 11 (range, 1 to 52) and 6 (range, 1 to 28) months, respectively. One-year overall survival of responders (complete or partial) was 70% (95% confidence interval, 42% to 98%), although it was only 16% for nonresponders (n = 8). Our data show that bendamustine followed by donor lymphocyte infusion is feasible and can be efficacious as salvage treatment in HL relapsing after an allograft.     

Optimal Tailored Screening Protocol after Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The indication for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expanding in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Early detection and effective management of recurrence has become an important issue in LDLT for HCC. This study aimed to find an optimal screening protocol in terms of screening interval and screening tools by analyzing recurrence pattern after LDLT for HCC. A total of 205 LDLT patients in two centers from February 1999 to October 2010 was reviewed. Recurrence appeared in 55 cases. Six risk factors for recurrence were identified: preoperative alpha-fetoprotein >400, Edmonson grade 3 or 4, tumor size >7 cm, tumor number ≥7, minimal tumor necrosis in the transarterial chemoembolization group and positive micro-vascular invasion. Four groups with different ranges of index scores showed different recurrence-free survival and median time to recurrence. Group I showed low and late recurrence. Groups II and III showed linearly increased rate of recurrence until 18 months. Group IV showed very early recurrence within 6 months. Across the groups, extra-hepatic recurrence developed in more than 40% of cases and multi-organ recurrence rate was 20%. The screening interval should be different based on the risk of recurrence. Screening should include work-up for extra-hepatic recurrence as well as intra-hepatic recurrence.

Graphical Abstract

相似文献   

Evaluation of a Machine Learning-Based Prognostic Model for Unrelated Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Donor Selection

The survival of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from unrelated donors for acute leukemia exhibits considerable variation, even after stringent genetic matching. To improve the donor selection process, we attempted to create an algorithm to quantify the likelihood of survival to 5 years after unrelated donor HCT for acute leukemia, based on the clinical characteristics of the donor selected. All standard clinical variables were included in the model, which also included average leukocyte telomere length of the donor based on its association with recipient survival in severe aplastic anemia, and links to multiple malignancies. We developed a multivariate classifier that assigned a Preferred or NotPreferred label to each prospective donor based on the survival of the recipient. In a previous analysis using a resampling method, recipients with donors labeled Preferred experienced clinically compelling better survival compared with those labeled NotPreferred by the test. However, in a pivotal validation study in an independent cohort of 522 patients, the overall survival of the Preferred and NotPreferred donor groups was not significantly different. Although machine learning approaches have successfully modeled other biological phenomena and have led to accurate predictive models, our attempt to predict HCT outcomes after unrelated donor transplantation was not successful.     

Reversal of Low Donor Chimerism after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Using Pentostatin and Donor Lymphocyte Infusion: A Prospective Phase II Multicenter Trial

In a multicenter, prospective, phase II study we evaluated the safety and efficacy of pentostatin followed by donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in patients with low donor Tcell chimerism after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Thirty-six patients with low donor blood CD3 chimerism were enrolled in this study. Thirty-five patients received a total of 41 DLIs after a dose of pentostatin, and 1 patient received pentostatin only. Median donor CD3 chimerism prompting the initiation of pentostatin and DLI was 28% (range, 5% to 47%). Responses (defined by increases in donor CD3 chimerism ≥10% maintained to day 56 post-DLI) were seen in 16 patients (44.4%) with a median rise in CD3 donor chimerism to 64% (range, 48% to 100%). There was a trend for better responses among 21 patients who received first treatment within 100 days after transplant (57% response rate) compared with15 patients who received first treatment more than 100 days after HCT (27% response rate, P?=?.07). Fourteen patients (39%) developed grades II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at a median of 10 days (range, 0 to 83) after DLI. Ten patients (28%) developed extensive chronic GVHD. Seventeen patients (47%) developed new grade 4 cytopenias after DLI. There was no difference in relapse between nonresponders and responders. Twenty-eight patients (78%) died, most (n?=?21) because of relapse. Five of 16 responders (31%) are alive, all disease-free, at a median of 60 months (range, 21 to 132) after DLI. Six of 20 nonresponders (30%) are alive at a median of 47 months (range, 16 to 100) after DLI, 3 in complete remission. Pentostatin and DLI had acceptable toxicity and appeared to increase low donor CD3 chimerism after HCT but had no impact on mortality.     

Prognostic Impact of Donor Source on Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes in Adults with Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: A Nationwide Retrospective Analysis in Japan

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative therapeutic option for patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). We retrospectively compared the post-transplantation outcomes of 159 patients with CMML who underwent allo-HSCT using 4 types of donor sources: HLA-matched related donor graft, unrelated bone marrow (U-BM), unrelated cord blood (U-CB), and HLA-mismatched related donor graft. The median patient age at allo-HSCT was 54 years (range, 16 to 75 years). In multivariate analyses, the use of HLA-matched related donor grafts correlated with better overall survival than U-BM (hazard ratio [HR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 3.48; P?=?.008), U-CB (HR, 3.80; 95% CI, 2.07 to 6.95; P?<?.001), or HLA-mismatched related donor grafts (HR, 6.18; 95% CI, 2.70 to 14.15; P?<?.001). Mortality after the relapse or progression of CMML did not significantly differ among the 4 types of donor source. Transplantation-related mortality was highest in recipients of U-CB (HR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.33 to 8.26; P?=?.010). In patients with CMML, allo-HSCT using an alternative donor may contribute to durable remission; however, further improvements in transplantation-related mortality are required for this type of transplantation.     

Effect of Donor Age and Donor Relatedness on Time to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Acute Leukemia

Relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for acute leukemia can be reduced when pursued early after first complete remission. The impact of donor age and donor relatedness on the time from diagnosis to transplant in patients with acute leukemia was examined to clarify the design of future prospective studies that can address optimal donor choice. Files of 100 consecutive patients undergoing transplantation for leukemia were reviewed. Recipients of related donors (RDs) and unrelated donors (UDs) were not significantly different in terms of recipient gender, age, underlying diagnosis, disease risk index, graft source, or donor HLA match. UDs were significantly younger than RDs (median age, 29 versus 51, P < .001). Multivariate linear regression revealed that when controlling for age of donor and recipient, the time from diagnosis to transplant was 35% longer with UDs compared with RDs (P?=?.018). No significant correlation was observed between donor and recipient age on length of time to transplant (P?=?.134 and P?=?.850, respectively), when controlling for other variables. The steps in UD procurement that contribute most to the longer time to transplant relate to activating the donor workup and scheduling the donor workup before cell collection. Understanding sources of delay in the transplant process will help transplant centers and UD registries reduce the time to transplant for patients with acute leukemia and will provide necessary insight for the design of prospective controlled studies that can address optimal donor choice.