腹腔镜与开放手术治疗上尿路移行上皮肿瘤的远期疗效比较

目的：比较后腹腔镜下与开放性肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路移行上皮肿瘤的远期临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析48例行后腹腔镜下肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术及55例行开放性肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术患者的临床资料,比较两种术式术中、术后各种参数的差异。结果：后腹腔镜组与开放手术组患者在性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、及肿瘤分期上的差异无统计学意义。后腹腔镜组在术中估计出血量、术后住院时间等方面明显优于开放组（P〈0．05）。术后平均随访26．4个月,后腹腔镜组与开放组总生存率分别为79．17％、85．19％,疾病特异生存率分别为91．67％、94．44％,组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组无瘤复发生存率分别为79．17％、72．22％,两组膀胱无复发生存率分别为79．17％、79．63％,组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：与传统开放手术相比,后腹腔镜下手术具有出血少、创伤小、患者痛苦少、恢复快、住院时间短等特点,并且二种手术方式具有相同的远期疗效。     

Laser Therapy for Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Indications and Management

Context

Ureteroscopically guided laser techniques are commonly used in the treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUTT); however, there is an ongoing debate with regard to indication and management.

Objective

To review the indication, feasibility, and treatment outcome of laser application for definitive endoscopic treatment of UUTT, focusing on technical aspects of different laser devices and their impact on tissue.

Evidence acquisition

PubMed and Medline were searched for reports on laser therapy in UUTT from 1980 to 2008, with particular focus on the technical background of various laser systems.

Evidence synthesis

For decades, nephroureterectomy has been considered the gold standard for treating UUTT. With the intent to preserve functioning renal parenchyma, minimally invasive approaches, initially advocated for patients requiring a nephron-sparing approach (ie, single functioning kidney, renal insufficiency or significant comorbidities), have gained widespread acceptance due to advances in ureteroscopy, percutaneous renal surgery, and laparoscopy. Ureteroscopically guided laser ablation has been used successfully, resulting in recurrence rates ranging from 31% to 65% and disease-free rates of 35% to 86%, depending on stage and grade at diagnosis.

Conclusions

To obtain the highest treatment success, the initial staging and grading of the tumour is crucial. Because low-grade tumours rarely if ever progress in stage or grade, the success rate of ureteroscopic therapy parallels that of endoscopic resection of identical bladder tumours. In the treatment of higher grade, advanced tumours, ureteroscopic therapy is less likely to be curative, and thus, endoscopic manoeuvres can only be palliative. Due to the relatively low prevalence of this tumour and the lack of comparable randomised, multicentre trials, the indications for an endoscopic laser treatment option has to be defined based on the patient's individual situation.     

单通道与多通道微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石的临床分析（附500例报告）

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术（mPCNL）治疗上尿路结石建立取石通道的重要性及临床疗效。方法：2007年3月～2008年11月应用mPCNI。治疗上尿路结石患者500例570侧。所有患者均行Fzs通道穿刺取石,其中单通道取石425例,多通道取石75例。结果：570侧肾脏采用单通道一期和分期mPCNL共635次;双通道一期和分期mPCNL共97次;三通道一期和分期mPCNL共6次。单通道术后8例有残石,1例大出血,1例迟发性脾破裂出血;双通道术后5例有残石,1例大出血,2例血气胸,1例肝破裂大出血;三通道术后1例有残石。所有并发症经过积极地相应治疗后均痊愈。结论：单通道mPCNI。可以治疗绝大部分上尿路结石;多通道mPC—NL在复杂结石治疗中更具优势,但并发症相对较多;保留通道分期手术可明显提高结石清除率。     

腹部螺旋CT平扫在上尿路真菌感染并发梗阻诊治中的意义

目的：总结并归纳上尿路真菌感染并发梗阻的CT影像学表现,评价上腹部多层螺旋CT（MSCT）薄层平扫在该类疾患诊断中的意义。方法：回顾性研究2007年4月-2009年12月诊治的4例肾盂-输尿管真菌球并发上尿路梗阻患者,男女各2例,均为单侧。术前均行腹部MSCT平扫,具体扫描参数为：120kV,280mA,重建层厚1．25mm,螺距1．375：1,窗宽360HU,窗位60HU。4例患者均通过患侧经皮肾造瘘术（PCN）控制感染,取尽真菌球,解除上尿路梗阻。结果：4例患者腹部CT平扫均提示患肾积水,患肾体积增大,肾周筋膜增厚,脂肪囊模糊,脂肪囊内Ⅱ可见条纹状高密度影。患肾集合系统可见散在高密度影,患侧肾盂-输尿管连接部（UPJ）可见团块状高密度影,CT值为180～235HU。肾实质内无液性坏死及脓肿形成。4例标本中均发现真菌菌丝且念珠菌培养阳性。治疗过程中无患者出现约物相关性肝肾功能损害。结论：传统的静脉尿路造影易将上尿路真菌球误诊为上尿路肿瘤性病变或上尿路结石;腹部MSCT平扫简单易行,几乎适用于妊娠外的所有患者,结合CT值的判读可减少误诊。同时,集合系统的三维重建又大大简化了穿刺目标。肾盏的选取,使该类患者能得到最恰当的诊治,减少医源性全身真菌播散性感染的可能。     

mPCNL治疗上尿路结石的临床研究（附1061例报告）

目的：探讨微创经皮肾内镜取石术（mPCNL）治疗上尿路结石的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析总结2003年4月～2007年12月应用mPCNL技术治疗上尿路结石1061例的临床资料。肾结石920例,输尿管上段结石141例。651例进行了Ⅰ期取石,374例行Ⅱ期取石,36例行Ⅲ期取石。手术通过单通道取石863例、双通道取石181例、三通道取石17例。结果：平均结石清除率90．1％,平均手术时间86min,肾造瘘管平均留置6．5天,平均住院13天。术中8例输血,6例术后因发迟发性大出血需要输血,其中3例经高选择性肾动脉栓塞治愈。5例术后出现尿外渗,经调整肾造瘘管位置及充分引流肾周后治愈。在开展的早期,1例患者因出血、冲洗液外漏并大量重吸收而致死亡。结论：mPCNL治疗上尿路结石安全、高效,具有并发症少、创伤小、结石清除率高、恢复快、住院时间短等优点,是治疗上尿路结石的一种好方法。     

Nephrotic Syndrome as a Complication of Intravesical BCG Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder

Nephrotic syndrome can be associated with various neoplasms, especially solid tumors and lymphomas. This patient presented with painless hematuria of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder, underwent transurethral resection, but developed recurrence 16 months later. Repeat resection was done and intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) injections were started. After six months, the patient developed hypertension and nephrotic syndrome with a biopsy revealing membranous glomerulonephritis, though there was no radiological evidence of tumor. This is the first case of nephrotic syndrome with intravesical BCG instillation in a bladder carcinoma patient.     

上尿路移行细胞癌患者预后因素的Cox模型分析

目的：通过Cox比例风险模型。分析上尿路移行细胞癌患者的预后因素。指导临床治疗。方法：45例肾盂、输尿管移行细胞癌患者接受分析。年龄、性别、就诊时问、术前血色素、术中输血量、手术方式、病理分级、临床分期、肿瘤数目、肿瘤大小、术后有无复发、PCNA指数等12个变量进入Cox模型。结果：临床分期、PCNA指数、肿瘤数目、就诊时问四项参数与预后有关,其中临床分期、PCNA指数关系非常密切。病理分级、手术方式两项参数也有一定关系。根据临床分期和PCNA指数将患者分为A、B、C三组,术后5年生存率分别为92．65、38．4％与3％。差异非常显著。结论：Cox模型表明临床分期、PCNA指数与预后关系最密切。肿瘤数目、病理分级、就诊时问、手术方式对预后也有重要影响。根据临床分期和PCNA指数将患者分为不同的组,对判断预后。指导临床治疗有一定意义。     

MPCNL治疗上尿路结石并发症的防治

目的：探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗上尿路结石并发症的预防措施及处理方法。方法：回顾性分析2005年9月～2008年7月应用MPCNL治疗上尿路结石508例临床资料,对手术出现10例并发症的防治措施进行分析和讨论。结果：10例并发症中：出血5例,通过关闭肾造瘘管、补液、输血及介入等方法止血;感染、高热2例,经细菌培养选用敏感抗生素治疗后症状消失;呼吸窘迫综合症1例,紧急气管插管、并给予吸氧等处理措施后缓解;单纯血氧饱和度降低1例（SaO2〈84％）、术中寒战1例经积极保守治疗后好转。结论：加强对MPCNL治疗结石时出现的出血、感染、高热及呼吸窘迫综合征等并发症预防及治疗,有利于此项技术的更广泛开展。     

Percutaneous nephroscopic management of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: recurrence and long-term followup

PURPOSE: We present long-term results of the percutaneous approach and resection of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma, and we evaluate the prognostic factors related to recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 34 patients underwent primary percutaneous resection of an upper urothelial tumor. We treated the patients with a superficial tumor that was completely resected macroscopically. Adjuvant topical chemotherapy or immunotherapy was administered. Patients were followed with excretory urography. Ureteroscopy and computerized tomography were obtained when clinically indicated. RESULTS: With a mean followup of 51 months ipsilateral recurrence developed in 41.2%. Median time to recurrence was 24 months. The rate of kidney preservation was 73.5%. Two patients died of the disease. There was a trend of recurrence in patients with multifocal tumors (OR 2.66, 95% CI 0.07-1.92), history of bladder carcinoma in situ (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.61-3.74), tumor in renal pelvis (OR 6.45, 95% CI 0.01-1.46) and multiple tumor locations (OR 6.53, 95% CI 0.01-1.54). CONCLUSIONS: The percutaneous approach to renal urothelial tumor should be considered a valid option with a good long-term outcome. Recurrence is not uncommon and, as transitional cell carcinoma superficial bladder cancer it may be treated with endourological maneuvers or radical surgery, but with the obligation to a long lasting, strict surveillance.     

三种经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石对照分析

目的：比较李氏肾镜与标准经皮肾镜及微创经皮肾输尿管镜治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性,提高上尿路结石的治疗水平.方法：2005年1月～2009年1月,三种经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石132例,其中包括肾结石87例（包括肾脏单发及多发结石56例,鹿角型结石31例）,输尿管上段结石45例.标准经皮肾镜取石术34例,年龄34～78岁,平均57岁;结石大小2.3～5.8 cm,平均3.5 cm;鹿角型结石14例.微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术52例,年龄31～77岁,平均51岁;结石大小2.1～5.0 cm,平均3.3 cm;鹿角型结石8例.经皮李氏肾镜取石术46例,年龄29～81岁,平均55岁;结石大小2.0～5.5 cm,平均3.0 cm;鹿角型结石9例.对三组患者手术时间、留置造瘘管时间、I期结石清除率及手术出血进行比较.结果：李氏肾镜治疗输尿管上端结石（L4）手术时间（56±5）min,治疗上尿路结石I期手术清除率为80.43%,出血量为（156±38）ml,输血率2.17%,与标准经皮肾镜及微创经皮肾输尿管镜比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对李氏肾镜治疗6例肾盂单发结石患者实行＂无管化＂,均恢复较好,无一例发生出血、漏尿及感染.结论：李氏肾镜在微造瘘经皮肾手术中较标准肾镜和输尿管镜代肾镜具有操作更简化、手术效率更高、剩余结石更少、并发症减少等优点.     

应用输尿管镜技术处理上尿路医源性异物

目的探讨使用腔内技术处理上尿路医源性异物的有效性及安全性。方法采用经尿道输尿管镜技术共处理12例上尿路医源性异物,其中1例由放置鼻导管引起,1例由放置硅胶管引起,6例由放置双J管引起,这8例均有石垢引起;双J管远端上移2例,拔管困难2例。结果12例平均手术时间50(15~95)min,均成功取出异物。随访3~6个月,无手术相关并发症发生。结论应用输尿管镜技术处理上路尿异物创伤小,安全、有效。