局部注射曲安奈德治疗甲状腺术后增生性瘢痕

目的观察曲安奈德局部注射治疗甲状腺术后增生性瘢痕的疗效及安全性。方法对35例甲状腺术后增生性瘢痕进行局部注射曲安奈德治疗。结果局部刺痛、搔痒感缓解率为100%,局部平整率为91.4%,色素消退率82.9%,随访两年无复发。结论曲安奈德局部注射治疗甲状腺术后增生性瘢痕疗效显著,常规剂量无明显毒副作用。     

药物注射法治疗60例增生性瘢痕的疗效观察

目的：评价丹参、醋酸曲安奈德、5-氟尿嘧啶、重组人干扰素γ四种药物进行瘢痕内注射治疗烧伤后增生性瘢痕的效果。方法：回顾本院自2005年7月～2008年6月,60例烧伤后增生性瘢痕患者行瘢痕内药物注射治疗的临床资料,运用统计学方法分析患者的治疗效情况。结果：四个治疗组的疗效总评分在治疗后的变化较治疗前均有显著差异（P〈0.01）;在疗效方面,重组人干扰素γ组〉5-氟尿嘧啶组〉丹参组〉醋酸曲安奈德组（P〈0.05）。结论：对于烧伤后增生性瘢痕的患者,四种药物注射治疗均是确切有效的方法。在单独应用一种药物进行治疗时,重组人干扰素γ的效果比醋酸曲安奈德、丹参更为有效,5-氟尿嘧啶比醋酸曲安奈德效果更好。     

等离子体射频联合药物皮肤导入早期干预烧伤后面颈部瘢痕

目的观察等离子体射频联合药物皮肤导入早期防治烧伤后面颈部瘢痕的疗效。方法选取自2015年4月至2018年4月收治的烧伤后面颈部瘢痕患者42例,将瘢痕部位分为治疗区和对照区,做自身对照。治疗区采用等离子体射频联合曲安奈德+5-氟尿嘧啶皮肤导入治疗,首次治疗时机为烧伤创面愈合1个月内。治疗后,对治疗区和对照区常规应用弹力面罩压力治疗,并观察瘢痕治疗效果及不良反应情况;采用温哥华瘢痕量表(vancouver scar scale, VSS)进行瘢痕评分。结果治疗区瘢痕VSS评分明显低于对照区,瘢痕痛痒和牵拉紧缩感较对照区明显改善。其中13例瘢痕治疗区出现出血、水疱等并发症。将一定总剂量的药物采用皮肤导入可增加瘢痕治疗面积。结论等离子体射频联合药物皮肤导入用于早期防治烧伤后面颈部瘢痕有较好的疗效,且安全性较高,不良反应少。     

曲安奈德抑制兔耳瘢痕增生与氧自由基作用的初步研究

目的 了解曲安奈德局部注射对兔耳增生性瘢痕组织中丙二醛含量的影响,并探讨曲安奈德抑制兔耳增生性瘢痕的作用与氧自由基的关系. 方法 新西兰兔共18只,随机选取其中的14只制作兔耳增生性瘢痕模型,4只作为正常兔耳皮肤组织标本,共8例;兔耳增生性瘢痕组织标本28例,随机分为曲安奈德组(10例)、生理盐水组(10例)、空白对照组(8例).制模术后6周予曲安奈德原液(1 ml:40 mg)分点注射于瘢痕样组织内,每处2～3点,总量0.3～0.4 ml,每周1次,3次为一疗程.制模术后9周取材,显微镜下记数成纤维细胞,并用测微尺测量瘢痕的相对增生厚度,以计算瘢痕增生指数,采用分光光度法测定丙二醛含量变化. 结果 ①大体形态学变化:曲安奈德局部治疗3周后,瘢痕颜色接近兔耳的正常肤色,略高出皮面,表面平整,触之质软.②组织学变化:与空白对照组、生理盐水组比较,曲安奈德组胶原纤维多为平行排列,数量减少.③成纤维细胞密度与瘢痕增生指数变化:与正常皮肤组比较,空白对照组以及生理盐水组成纤维细胞密度增高(P＜0.05),而曲安奈德组则无显著性差异(P＞0.05);生理盐水组与空白对照组间成纤维细胞密度及瘢痕增生指数比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),与此两组比较,曲安奈德组则显著降低(P＜0.05).④丙二醛含量变化:与空白对照组、生理盐水组、正常皮肤组比较,曲安奈德组丙二醛含量明显增高(P＜0.05);生理盐水组与空白对照组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与正常皮肤组比较,空白对照组和生理盐水组丙二醛含量增高(P＜0.05). 结论 曲安奈德局部注射引起兔耳增生性瘢痕组织中氧自由基水平进一步升高.     

手术联合局部封闭治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效观察

目的观察手术联合局部封闭曲安奈德治疗瘢痕疙瘩的效果,为提高该病的临床治疗水平提供依据。方法对32例瘢痕疙瘩患者实施手术联合局部注射曲安奈德注射液封闭治疗,观察治疗效果。结果术后1年随访,32例患者未出现色素沉及毛细血管扩张等并发症,总有效率93.75%(30/32)。结论手术联合局部曲安奈德封闭治疗瘢痕疙瘩,不良反应少,疗效确切。     

曲安奈德辅助激光治疗增生性瘢痕的疗效及对TGF-β_1的影响

目的:探究曲安奈德辅助激光治疗增生性瘢痕(HS)的疗效及对转化生长因子β_1(TGF-β_1)的影响。方法:选取2016年6月-2018年6月在笔者医院外科就诊的70例HS患者,随机分为曲安奈德组(35例)和激光组(35例)。所有患者均给予醋酸曲安奈德局部注射治疗,激光组患者则在此基础上给予CO_2点阵激光治疗。观测并比较两组患者的改良温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)评分、简明健康状况调查量表(SF-36)评分、瘢痕厚度以及TGF-β_1相对含量。结果:治疗后,两组患者的VSS评分、瘢痕厚度、TGF-β_1相对含量均减少,且激光组的VSS评分、瘢痕厚度及TGF-β_1相对含量均显著低于曲安奈德组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的SF-36评分均增加,且激光组的SF-36评分显著高于曲安奈德组(P0.05)。结论:曲安奈德辅助CO_2点阵激光治疗HS患者具有良好疗效,可有效降低VSS评分以及瘢痕厚度,改善患者生活质量,还可有效降低瘢痕组织中TGF-β_1相对含量,值得进一步研究与临床应用。     

醋酸曲安奈德配合585nm脉冲染料激光治疗增生性瘢痕疗效分析

目的：探讨醋酸曲安奈德联合585nm脉冲染料激光治疗增生性瘢痕的疗效。方法：收集并分析我科2004年1月～2008年12月使用醋酸曲安奈德加585nm脉冲染料激光治疗躯干、四肢及头面部58例增生性瘢痕患者的临床资料。结果：经过3个月的随访,58例增生性瘢痕患者临床治愈12例（占20．7％）,好转39例（占67．2％）,无效7例（占12．1％）,有效率为87．9％。结论：醋酸曲安奈德联合脉冲染料激光治疗是一项简单、有效的治疗方法,应用该方法可减轻患者痛苦和改善外观。     

单一曲安奈德皮损内注射与联合放疗治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效对比研究

目的:比较曲安奈德皮损内注射联合放疗与单纯曲安奈德皮损内注射两种治疗瘢痕疙瘩的方法的临床疗效.方法:将瘢痕疙瘩患者分为A、B两组.A组行曲安奈德皮损内注射联合放疗:曲安奈德注射液40～80 mg,每4周注射1次,至瘢痕疙瘩变软变平,在最后一次注射后1周之内行,局部6MeV电子线外照射1600～2000cGy/4～9次/4～19天;B组行单纯曲安奈德皮损内注射,方法同A组,瘢痕疙瘩变平变软后加强1次,总共注射2～8次.结果:A、B两组总有效率分别为87.23%,79.59%;治愈率为55.32%,34.69%.经x2检验两组治愈率有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论:曲安奈德皮损内注射联合放疗疗效确切,联合治疗优于单纯曲安奈德皮损内注射.     

曲安奈德、干扰素α-2b和维拉帕米治疗增殖瘢痕的作用机制比较

目的 比较曲安奈德、干扰素α-2b和维拉帕米局部注射对瘢痕疙瘩和增生性瘢痕增殖、凋亡和TGF-β1表达的影响. 方法 增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩各6例,局部注射曲安奈德(40 mg/ml)、干扰素α-2b(150万U/ml)和维拉帕米(2.5 mg/ml)后7 d,切取标本,采用免疫组织化学、末端脱氧核苷酸介导的生物素化的脱氧尿嘧啶DNA切口末端标记方法,检测细胞增殖核抗原和TGF-β1的表达及细胞发生的凋亡情况,并以未注射药物的瘢痕疙瘩和增生性瘢痕以及健康皮肤为对照. 结果 ①曲安奈德可抑制瘢痕疙瘩和增生性瘢痕细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡,同时抑制细胞TGF-β1表达从而抑制瘢痕的增殖增生;②干扰素α-2b可通过抑制瘢痕疙瘩、增生性瘢痕细胞的增殖和TGF-β1表达而抑制瘢痕的增殖增生,但其不能诱导细胞凋亡;③维拉帕米可通过抑制瘢痕疙瘩、增生性瘢痕细胞的增殖和诱导细胞凋亡而抑制瘢痕的增殖,同时抑制细胞TGF-β1表达,其诱导细胞凋亡的作用妹强于曲安奈德,但抑制TGF-β1表达作用弱于曲安奈德和干扰素α-2b. 结论 曲安奈德、干扰素α-2b和维拉帕米局部注射后,对瘢痕疙瘩和增生性瘢痕在临床上虽均有效,但作用机制不尽相同.     

微等离子体射频联合曲安奈德超声导入治疗增生性瘢痕疗效分析

目的:探讨微等离子体射频联合曲安奈德治疗增生性瘢痕的临床效果。方法:选取2015年11月-2017年10月在笔者医院接受治疗的80例增生性瘢痕患者。采用数字表法分组,将患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组接受微等离子体射频技术治疗,完成后再接受超声导入氯化钠注射液治疗;观察组患者微等离子体射频技术治疗后,再接受超声导入曲安奈德注射液治疗。使用温哥华瘢痕评分量化表(VSS)对两组患者的瘢痕治疗情况进行评估,同时对比两组患者干预前后的焦虑、抑郁及主观幸福感。结果:两组患者治疗后VSS评分均显著降低,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组患者VSS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者的焦虑抑郁症状分数以及主观幸福感差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组的焦虑抑郁症状评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05),主观幸福感显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:临床上针对增生性瘢痕患者采取微等离子体射频联合曲安奈德超声导入治疗的方式能够起到良好的效果,治疗后症状均能够显著消退,且无不良反应,患者的不良情绪可获得显著缓解,提升幸福感。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.