广泛多层次剥离复合除皱术

目的矫正鼻唇沟过深、颌下线中断等面中下部老化表现.方法行面中下部超过鼻唇沟的广泛皮下及SMAS下剥离,将掀起的SMAS瓣,依耳轮脚及耳垂下极水平分成三份,分别向上、后、乳突方向悬吊,对松弛的眼轮匝肌进行紧缩和悬吊,将颧脂肪垫向外上方向牵拉固定于颧骨体表面筋膜,去除部分过度增厚的颧脂肪垫.结果12例面中部老化明显者,手术后随访5个月至3年,效果良好,无面瘫、血肿等并发症.结论该术式对鼻唇沟面中下部老化表现矫正十分安全有效.     

广泛多层次剥离复合除皱术

目的　矫正鼻唇沟过深、颌下线中断等面中下部老化表现。方法　行面中下部超过鼻唇沟的广泛皮下及SMAS下剥离 ,将掀起的SMAS瓣 ,依耳轮脚及耳垂下极水平分成三份 ,分别向上、后、乳突方向悬吊 ,对松弛的眼轮匝肌进行紧缩和悬吊 ,将颧脂肪垫向外上方向牵拉固定于颧骨体表面筋膜 ,去除部分过度增厚的颧脂肪垫。结果　12例面中部老化明显者 ,手术后随访 5个月至 3年 ,效果良好 ,无面瘫、血肿等并发症。结论　该术式对鼻唇沟面中下部老化表现矫正十分安全有效     

广泛多层次剥离复合除皱术

目的；矫正鼻唇沟过程，颌下线中断等面中下部老化表现。方法：行面中下部超过鼻唇沟的广泛皮下及SMAS下剥离，将欣起的SMAS瓣，依耳轮脚及耳鼻下极水平分成三份，分别向上、后、乳突方向悬吊，对松弛的眼轮匝肌进行紧缩和悬吊，将颧脂肪垫向外上方向牵拉固定于颧骨体表面筋膜，去除部分过度增厚的颧脂肪垫。结果：12例面中部老化明显者，手术后随访5个月至3年，效果良好，无面瘫、血肿等并发症。结论：该术式对鼻唇沟面中下部老化表现矫正十分安全有效。     

颧脂肪垫的组织学观察

目的 对面中部的颧脂肪蛰、颊脂肪垫、眶隔脂肪垫、眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫中的纤维结缔组织行组织学观察,以确定颧脂肪垫的组织学特性.方法 将3具新鲜尸头中的上述4种脂肪垫的两侧脂肪垫均切取,每种脂肪蛰为6例标本,将其制成5 μm厚的切片后行V.G染色并拍照,再应用Image-Pro Plus 5.1图像分析软件测定各脂肪垫中纤维结缔组织的含量,并对所测得的数据行方差分析.结果 ①各脂肪垫中的纤维结缔组织的含量不同,颧脂肪垫中的含量高于颊脂肪垫、眶隔脂肪垫、眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫.②颧脂肪垫的3、6区已近似"纤维化".结论 在组织学水平上观察颧脂肪垫中纤维结缔组织的含量,对老化的面中部行颧脂肪垫悬吊术有指导意义.     

颧颊部解剖学研究与"佛手"式颧颊纤维脂肪垫连续悬吊术矫正面中下部老化松垂

目的 研究确定人颧颊部皮下组织层次中脂肪组织层形态结构及其固定形式;探索面中下部年轻化手术方法.方法 ①尸体标本颧颊部被覆软组织结构解剖学研究;②以PTFE线作为悬吊材料,采用"佛手"式颧颊纤维脂肪垫连续悬吊,矫正面中下部老化性松垂形态.结果 解剖学研究显示,面中下部皮下组织层中存在不同于脂肪组织的脂肪与纤维的混合结构组织层-纤维脂肪垫层.其分布于颧颊部的皮下脂肪层和SMAS层之间,分隔了SMAS层与皮肤的联系.该层与皮肤以规律密集的"篱笆"样短小纤维韧带致密连结,与SMAS层及深部组织间以簇状粗大"真性韧带"及"幕墙"样纤维韧带疏松连结.牵动纤维脂肪垫结构,可带动其上皮肤同步移动从而影响面中下部形态,而牵动SMAS层则不能有效地移动表层皮肤.临床应用"佛手"式颧颊纤维脂肪垫悬吊术矫正老年面中下部松垂172例,其中27例随访1年,11例随访2年,效果满意.结论 颧颊部皮下组织中存在纤维脂肪垫层,该层又可分为两部分,即颧纤维脂肪垫和颊纤维脂肪垫.该纤维脂肪垫层是形成面中下部衰老形态的主要结构层次.也是影响SMAS层上提面中部效果的主要原因.以PTFE线"佛手"式连续悬吊颧颊纤维脂肪垫上提手术,可同时均匀上提面中下部、睑外侧部软组织,从而有效地改善面中下部老化松垂的形态.用1-0 PTFE线进行悬吊可以减少"切割"现象,延长手术效果的维持时间.     

颧颊部解剖学研究与“佛手”式颧颊纤维脂肪垫连续悬吊术矫正面中下部老化松垂

目的研究确定人颧颊部皮下组织层次中脂肪组织层形态结构及其固定形式；探索面中下部年轻化手术方法。方法①尸体标本颧颊部被覆软组织结构解剖学研究；②以盯FE线作为悬吊材料，采用“佛手”式颧颊纤维脂肪垫连续悬吊，矫正面中下部老化性松垂形态。结果解剖学研究显示，面中下部皮下组织层中存在不同于脂肪组织的脂肪与纤维的混合结构组织层一纤维脂肪垫层。其分布于颧颊部的皮下脂肪层和SMAS层之间，分隔了SMAS层与皮肤的联系。该层与皮肤以规律密集的“篱笆”样短小纤维韧带致密连结，与SMAS层及深部组织间以簇状粗大“真性韧带”及“幕墙”样纤维韧带疏松连结。牵动纤维脂肪垫结构，可带动其上皮肤同步移动从而影响面中下部形态，而牵动SMAS层则不能有效地移动表层皮肤。临床应用“佛手”式颧颊纤维脂肪垫悬吊术矫正老年面中下部松垂172例，其中27例随访1年，11例随访2年，效果满意。结论颧颊部皮下组织中存在纤维脂肪垫层，该层又可分为两部分，即颧纤维脂肪垫和颊纤维脂肪垫。该纤维脂肪垫层是形成面中下部衰老形态的主要结构层次。也是影响SMAS层上提面中部效果的主要原因。以PTFE线“佛手”式连续悬吊颧颊纤维脂肪垫上提手术，可同时均匀上提面中下部、睑外侧部软组织，从而有效地改善面中下部老化松垂的形态。用1-0PTFE线进行悬吊可以减少“切割”现象，延长手术效果的维持时间。     

微笑的解剖学基础与面中下部年轻化

目的 从解剖学角度研究微笑产生的机制,研究微笑状态下面中下部老化特征的变化.方法 对10具（20侧）成人新鲜尸头行甲醛溶液固定后,在10倍解剖显微镜下对鼻唇沟区域进行形态学观测,并根据50例门诊医师和患者的照片观察,对静态与微笑时面中下部老化特征的变化进行对比.结果 （1）鼻唇沟是面中部多脂肪区与无脂肪区的分界,外侧为颧脂肪垫.（2）鼻唇沟是7种表情肌在皮肤上止点形成的连线区域.（3）微笑时,使鼻唇沟脊深度加深、延长,颊沟加深、延长,颊纹加深、延长.（4）微笑时,颧脂肪垫上移,泪槽畸形：64％消失、36％变浅,形态得到改善;眶颊联合：水平部100％消失,垂直部74％变浅,26％无变化,外观得到改善;颊中沟：78％消失,22％变浅得到改善;口下颌沟：Ⅲ度100％消失,Ⅱ度100％消失,Ⅰ度74％消失,26％变浅,外形得到改善.下颌缘流畅：18％得到改观,82％无变化.结论 肌肉收缩产生微笑,鼻唇沟是微笑的起点;微笑可以使颧脂肪垫上移,能掩盖一部分面中下部老化特征,使人显现年轻化效果.     

面中下部除皱术的进展

面中下部主要指眶下区,颧颊区,颏外侧部(下颌骨表面)及鼻唇沟部.其老化的主要表现为:眼轮匝肌松弛下垂,眼轮匝肌下脂肪突出,眶脂肪囊疝出,进而出现颧眶部"弦月征".颊脂肪垫松垂将会导致鼻唇沟加深,面部肌肉松弛及颈阔肌松垂,从而使颏颈颌部正常曲线中断(颌下线中断).面中下部除皱手术大致经历了以下各阶段的发展.     

埋没导引缝合颧脂肪垫提升术的解剖学研究

目的 解剖学观察埋没导引缝合颧脂肪垫提升术适宜的悬吊部位、悬吊层次、悬吊线间距以及悬吊线锚定点.方法 对4具(8侧)新鲜尸头模拟埋没导引缝合颧脂肪垫提升术,观察术中、术后效果,记录数据并照相.结果 埋没导引缝合颧脂肪垫提升术的悬吊部位,应该在颧脂肪垫外侧部,适宜的悬吊点位于鼻翼上缘水平线与外眦垂直线的交点(z点);悬吊层次为皮下脂肪层和颧脂肪垫;悬吊线间距在1.5 cm左右为佳;悬吊线锚定点在颞区,其位置是通过Z点在鼻唇沟的垂线和耳垂线的交点,锚定层次为颞深筋膜.结论 埋没导引缝合颧脂肪垫提升术是一种简单有效的面中部提升术,但仍需要循证医学的疗效验证.     

高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌悬吊在面中部除皱术中的应用

目的探讨一种相对微创的面中部除皱技术,并分析高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌提升对面中部老化的改善情况。方法对121例患者实施高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌悬吊,于颞部发际缘设计切口,在颧弓以上范围沿SMAS浅层剥离,将下垂的颧脂肪垫、SMAS和眼轮匝肌悬吊于颞深筋膜,去除多余的皮肤组织,使下垂的面部组织维持长期的提升效果。结果本组121例患者术后随访6周至1年,均取得了面中部年轻化的效果;术后恢复时间较短,未发生面神经损伤、面部皮下血肿、切口感染等并发症;手术切口瘢痕较隐蔽。结论高位SMAS及颧脂肪垫和眼轮匝肌的复位,是面中部年轻化的关键。皮下层的安全剥离避免了面神经分支的损伤。该方法对面中部除皱效果较显著,皮下分离安全,且具有简便、效果持久等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.