髋部骨折1266例流行病学调查分析

目的探索髋部骨折的流行病学特点,以期对老年髋部骨折的防治提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析上海复旦大学附属华东医院2008年-2012年1266例髋部骨折住院患者的临床资料。统计分析髋部骨折患者年龄、性别、致伤原因、好发季节、骨折类型、主要伴发病等的分布以及治疗方式、转归、住院天数和住院费用等资料。结果髋部骨折患者平均年龄为76．77±12．26岁,女性为78．83土10．20岁,显著高于男性的72．60土14．75岁,P〈0．001;全组老年人占89．42％,发病高峰年龄段为80～89岁,占42．1％,男女比例1：2．01。好发季节为冬季。老年患者的致伤原因以跌倒为主（91．08％）。1266例髋部骨折患者中,股骨颈骨折占48．34％,股骨粗隆间骨折占51．03％,股骨头骨折占0．63％。股骨粗隆间骨折平均年龄为78．69土11．39岁,显着高于股骨颈骨折的74．77±12．83岁,P〈0．001。髋部骨折的基本治疗方式为手术治疗,占86．02％;中青年组手术治疗的有效（痊愈＋好转）率为100％,老年组为98．76％,老年组围手术期死亡率为1．24％（12／966）。老年组的住院天数（20．5±9．5）d较中青年组（16．9±7．7）d长。髋部骨折手术治疗的人均费用：老年组为（5．16±1．82）万元,高于中青年组的（3．98±2．70）万元,从2008年（4．03±2．28万元）到2012年（5．51±1．90万元）逐年增高。结论髋部骨折是以老年人占绝大多数、以跌倒为主要致伤原因的骨质疏松性骨折;老年人髋部骨折手术治疗虽然有较大风险,但仍是其主要有效治疗手段;老年人髋部骨折手术治疗住院时间较长,费用较高,给患者家庭和社会造成沉重的经济负担。     

80岁及以上髋部骨折患者围手术期治疗的探讨

目的探讨80岁及以上老年人髋部骨折的围手术期治疗特点。方法回顾性分析1996—2003年手术治疗的80～96岁170例老年髋部骨折患者的资料。结果170例中，股骨颈骨折82例，粗隆间骨折88例。术前128例(75．3％)有并存症，其中心脑血管系统疾病最常见(67例)。术后36例(21．2％)发生并发症，其中神经精神系统(12例)和心血管系统(10例)最为高发。本组患者平均住院18．6d，住院期间死亡2例，分别死于脑梗死及吸人性肺炎、呼吸衰竭。140例获随访，平均随访3．6年，功能总优良率81．5％。结论老年人髋部骨折的手术治疗是安全和有效的，积极的围手术期治疗和精心护理是手术治疗成功的重要条件。     

老年骨质疏松患者髋部骨折术前后骨转换生化标志物的变化

目的了解老年骨质疏松患者髋部骨折术后骨转换生化标志物的变化规律,并比较骨代谢标志物在股骨颈骨折和股骨粗隆间骨折的异同。方法收集在北京积水潭医院老年髋部骨折病房住院的髋部骨折患者138例,其中女性106例,男性32例;股骨粗隆间骨折68例,股骨颈骨折70例;明确骨折日期、手术日期,检测术前、术后血清碱性磷酸酶ALP(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、1型前胶原氨基末端前肽(Npropeptide of type 1 collagen,P1NP)、1型胶原羧基末端肽交联(C-terminal crosslinking telopeptides of type 1 collagen,CTX)、25羟维生素D(25 hydroxy vitamine D,25OHD)水平以及骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)。结果 (1)髋部骨折以女性居多;(2)骨折后1周内术前男性、女性之间,以及两种髋部骨折之间的骨代谢标志物均未见明显差异,骨折术后40~50 d骨代谢标志物均有明显上升;(3)股骨颈骨折人工股骨头置换术组和股骨粗隆间骨折髓内钉内固定组,术后40~50 d女性患者的P1NP上升约3倍,男性患者P1NP上升达到4倍左右;CTX及ALP上升幅度均在1.5倍左右;(4)在股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定组,P1NP上升约1.5倍,CTX变化不明显;(5)女性股骨颈骨折人工股骨头置换组中部分患者术后CTX呈下降趋势,与基线血磷水平呈负相关。结论老年髋部骨折后骨代谢标志物的变化有一定规律,骨折类型不同会影响骨代谢标志物变化总体变化趋势,研究标志物变化规律有助于评估骨折术后骨愈合的进程。     

老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍

目的 研究老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍的发生、预防、治疗及其影响因素.方法 采用美国精神障碍诊断标准(DSM-IV)诊断老年人髋部骨折围手术期精神障碍,回顾性分析148例老年人髋部骨折的手术治疗,按临床特点进行分类,并将精神障碍组与无精神障碍组之间的数据进行统计学分析.结果 本组患者围手术期26例(17.6%)出现精神障碍,平均持续时间为3d,其中22例(84.6%)发生于术后.所有围手术期精神障碍中,狂躁型15例(57.7%)、抑制型4例(15.4%)、混合型7例(26.9%),无围手术期精神障碍者平均年龄(75.5±7.O)岁,围于术期精神障碍者平均年龄(79.6±7.7)岁(t=2.668,P=0.008).5例有既往精神障碍史的患者均出现围手术期精神障碍,5例外同定架治疗者均未出现围手术期精神障碍.结论 围手术期精神障碍是在老年人中枢神经系统功能退化的基础上,由多种因素引起,影响老年人髋部骨折患者的预后,应将其作为一个独立的病症对待,采取积极的综合防治措施.     

宁波地区515例老年髋部骨折患者的临床特征

目的回顾性分析宁波地区515例老年髋部骨折患者的临床特点,为防治骨质疏松性骨折提供依据。方法 2010年1月至2012年12月在宁波市第一医院、宁波市第二医院治疗的515例老年髋部骨折患者(男158例,女357例,年龄60岁~96岁)纳入本研究。按5岁为1个年龄段进行分组,分析患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、骨折类型,受伤时间、治疗方式、伴随疾病、住院费用、住院时间等情况。结果冬季(10月至1月)是老年人髋部骨折高发时期,老年女性髋部骨折病例数为男性的2.25倍,显著高于男性,男性患者髋部骨折发病的年龄高峰为70~80岁,女性发病高峰在75~85岁。515例老年髋部骨折患者中股骨粗隆间骨折236例,占45.8%;股骨颈骨折279例,占54.2%。跌倒是骨折主要原因,占89.3%。515例老年髋部骨折患者手术治疗率为78.3%,1年死亡率为3.2%。手术组1年死亡率低于保守治疗组的9.9%(P=0.004)。骨密度检测率为58.8%,其中T值-2.5SD者占48.5%。结论跌倒是老年人髋部骨折的主要原因;骨质疏松是老年人髋部骨折的内在因素。     

骨折风险预测简易工具对住院2型糖尿病患者骨折风险的预测及临床意义

目的探讨骨折风险预测简易工具(FRAX)预测住院低骨量2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险。方法采用随机选择175例住院T2DM患者作为T2DM组,同期门诊非T2DM患者108例作为对照组。受试者均采用双能X线骨密度测量仪(DXA)检测腰椎(L1-4)及左侧股骨(股骨颈、大转子、wards三角)的骨密度(BMD),记录每例患者日常生活中可能影响骨代谢的危险因素,根据体重指数(BMI)和股骨颈BMD,用FRAX计算10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率(临床性脊椎、髋骨、前臂和肱骨骨折)和10年髋部骨折发生概率。结果 T2DM组BMD与对照组相比无明显下降(P0.05),但发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险却明显增高(P0.05);根据BMI计算10年全部主要骨质疏松性骨折(BBMO)发生概率和10年髋部骨折(BBHF)发生概率、根据股骨颈骨密度计算10年全部主要骨质疏松性骨折(BMO)发生概率和10年髋部骨折(BHF)发生概率之间呈显著正相关(P0.001);年龄、绝经年限、BMI、吸烟、补充钙与维生素D、以往骨折史、骨质疏松病史、父母髋部骨折史、糖尿病病史等与发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险密切相关(均P0.05)。结论 T2DM患者较对照组更易发生骨质疏松性骨折,并与多种危险因素密切相关;常规补充适量钙剂和维生素D、进行体育运动、控制血糖等可预防和减少骨质疏松性骨折。     

骨质疏松性髋部骨折的治疗方法选择与疗效分析

目的 探讨60岁以上骨质疏松性髋部骨折的最佳治疗选择及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析1998年～2008年261例60岁以上骨质疏松性髋部骨折的治疗方法 及临床效果.结果 142例得到3个月～8年随防,Harris评分优良率84.7%.结论 早期手术治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折可以减少并发症及恢复功能活动.股骨颈骨折首选人工关节置换术,稳定型粗隆间骨折首选DHS内固定,不稳定型粗隆间骨折可选择人工关节置换术.     

不同术式对高龄髋部骨折患者术后发生谵妄的影响

<正>老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的发生率为15%⁶1%〔1〕。术后谵妄可明显延长老年住院手术患者的住院时间,增加住院费用,使老年住院手术患者的围术期死亡率增加〔2〕,对谵妄危险因素的控制是降低谵妄对患者危害的关键所在〔3〕。高龄、术前并发症、术前认知障碍、全身麻醉、术后低氧血症、术后疼痛、睡眠障碍、手术应激反应、药物毒性作用、贫血、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症等是髋部骨折术后谵妄的主要病因〔461%〔1〕。术后谵妄可明显延长老年住院手术患者的住院时间,增加住院费用,使老年住院手术患者的围术期死亡率增加〔2〕,对谵妄危险因素的控制是降低谵妄对患者危害的关键所在〔3〕。高龄、术前并发症、术前认知障碍、全身麻醉、术后低氧血症、术后疼痛、睡眠障碍、手术应激反应、药物毒性作用、贫血、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症等是髋部骨折术后谵妄的主要病因〔4⁶〕。本研究分析不同手术方式对高龄髋部骨折患者术后谵妄发生的影响。     

老年骨质疏松患者髋部骨折术前后骨转换生化标志物的变化

目的 了解老年骨质疏松患者髋部骨折术后骨转换生化标志物的变化规律，并比较骨代谢标志物在股骨颈骨折和股骨粗隆间骨折的异同。方法 收集在北京积水潭医院老年髋部骨折病房住院的髋部骨折患者138例，其中女性106例，男性32例；股骨粗隆间骨折68例，股骨颈骨折70例；明确骨折日期、手术日期，检测术前、术后血清碱性磷酸酶ALP（alkaline phosphatase，ALP）、1型前胶原氨基末端前肽（N-propeptide of type 1 collagen，P1NP）、1型胶原羧基末端肽交联（C-terminal crosslinking telopeptides of type 1 collagen，CTX）、25羟维生素D（25 hydroxy vitamine D，25OHD）水平以及骨密度（bone mineral density，BMD）。结果 （1）髋部骨折以女性居多；（2）骨折后1周内术前男性、女性之间，以及两种髋部骨折之间的骨代谢标志物均未见明显差异，骨折术后40~50 d骨代谢标志物均有明显上升；（3）股骨颈骨折人工股骨头置换术组和股骨粗隆间骨折髓内钉内固定组，术后40~50 d女性患者的P1NP上升约3倍，男性患者P1NP上升达到4倍左右；CTX及ALP上升幅度均在1.5倍左右；（4）在股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定组，P1NP上升约1.5倍，CTX变化不明显；（5）女性股骨颈骨折人工股骨头置换组中部分患者术后CTX呈下降趋势，与基线血磷水平呈负相关。结论 老年髋部骨折后骨代谢标志物的变化有一定规律，骨折类型不同会影响骨代谢标志物变化总体变化趋势，研究标志物变化规律有助于评估骨折术后骨愈合的进程。     

密固达静滴辅助人工股骨头置换术治疗骨质疏松性股骨颈及粗隆间骨折

目的 观察密固达静滴辅助人工股骨头置换术治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨颈及粗隆间骨折的临床疗效.方法 骨质疏松性股骨颈及粗隆间骨折患者42例(年龄＞ 75岁),予以重建股骨矩的人工股骨头置换术,术后常规密固达静滴.对比术前及术后6个月、1 a时的髋关节功能Harris评分,观察术后并发症及影像学表现.结果 随访41例,随访时间6～19个月.术前Harris评分平均为20.30分,术后6个月及1 a时Harris评分平均为85.85分和95.25分,与术前相比,P均＜0.05;术后1 a时的Harris评分与术后6个月相比,P＞0.05.随访6个月时骨折愈合良好,未发生关节脱位、假体松动、关节感染等并发症.结论 密固达静滴辅助人工股骨头置换术治疗骨质疏松性股骨颈及粗隆间骨折疗效较好,并发症少.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.