产科手术部位感染监测结果分析

目的了解产科手术部位感染状况和控制效果。方法采用前瞻性调查方法,对2010年3月-2011年10月九江市妇幼保健院产科手术患者的手术切口感染情况进行调查和分析。结果20个月共监测产科手术患者3110例,剖宫产3063例,发生手术部位感染15例,感染率为0．49％;剖宫产加子宫切除11例,手术部位感染2例,感染率为18．18％：剖宫产加子宫肌瘤剔除术36例,手术部位感染2例,感染率为5．56％。结论手术时间长、创伤大和一般情况差的产妇感染风险增加,围术期使用抗菌药物能有效降低产科手术部位的感染率。     

2015年某医院普通外科手术部位感染相关因素分析

目的 评估普通外科手术部位感染(SSI)的影响因素,提高目标监测的质量,为降低SSI发生率提供临床理论依据.方法 依据医院感染监测规范于2015年1月1日至12月31日对普通外科手术部位感染进行目标性检测.监测期间共实施手术920例.采取SPSS19.0软件对相关数据进行统计学分析.结果 SSI综合发生率为4.35％;随着手术危险指数的增加,手术部位感染率升高.分离出病原菌17株,其中大肠埃希菌数量最多为11株.择期手术SSI发生率为2.40％,急诊手术SSI发生率为10.85％,差异有统计学意义(x2=27.997,P＜o.05).普通外科以Ⅱ类切口手术为主,Ⅱ类切口手术的SSI发生率为2.27％,Ⅲ类切口手术的SSI发生率为21.90％,Ⅰ类切口手术无SSI发生;手术时间大于3h的SSI发生率为7.27％,≤3h的SSI发生率为3.71％,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.136,P＜0.05);切口长度大于或等于10 cm的SSI发生率为l3.11％,＜10 cm的SSI发生率为1.82％,差异有统计学意义(x2=48.966,P＜0.05).结论 NNIS评分、切口类型、手术类型、手术持续时间等均可能成为SSI的危险因素.     

剖宫产术后手术部位感染监测及干预研究

目的:掌握剖宫产术后手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)的年发生率,分析综合干预措施开展以来年发生率的变化趋势。方法:采用前瞻性设计,以2008年1月至2013年12月在我院接受剖腹产手术的患者为对象,通过对患者住院期间的监测和出院后的电话随访掌握SSI发生情况。同时建立和开展了以人人参与、多学科结合、综合干预为原则的干预策略。结果:共纳入6 821例剖宫产患者,342例患者发生SSI,总发生率为5.01%。院内监测和院外随访分别为127例(37.2%)和215例(62.8%)。SSI易发生在年龄较大,孕前BMI和ASA评分较高,手术时间较长,及合并糖尿病的患者中。自综合干预措施开展以来,SSI年发生率分别为9.74%、7.28%、5.55%、4.12%、3.05%和2.12%,随时间呈明显的下降趋势(z=9.45,P<0.01)。结论:以人人参与、多学科结合、综合干预为原则建立干预策略,加强对患者出院前后的积极监测是预防SSI发生的关键措施。     

Aerobic bacterial nosocomial infections in paediatric surgical patients at a tertiary health institution in Lagos, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to determine nosocomial bacterial infections (NI) in surgical patients in a developing country using the detailed option of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) surgical patient surveillance technique. From 1994 - 1995. Paediatrics surgical patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) were prospectively monitored for NI at all body sites. Standard definitions of NI were used, and NI sites were categorised by type of operation. A total of 304 NI occurred in 245 out of 664 surgical patients investigated. SSI (77.3 %) and urinary tract infections (19.1%) were in preponderance. Seventy three per cent of SSI were superficial incisions, 20.5% organ/space and 6.8% deep incisions. The overall wound infection rate was 30.9%. The SSI rate for emergency surgery was 35.6% and 26.5% for elective procedures. Rates within each wound class were 20.2, 23.8, 51.9 and 52.8% respectively and 17, 37.6, 43.4 and 47. 1% for patients with ASA scores of I II III and IV in that order. The SSI rates for patients with scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 were 20.4; 43.5, 57.1 and 75% respectively. Mean infection rates in the various wound classes were highly correlated with the number of risk factors present. Klebsiella pneumoniae (38. 7%), Escherichia coli (22.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10. 7%) were the most common pathogens.     

无症状菌尿与中老年女性开腹子宫切除手术部位感染的相关性

目的 研究无症状菌尿与中老年女性子宫切除手术部位感染的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2018年8月在贵州医科大学第三附属医院行开腹子宫切除术的1469例中老年女性患者临床资料,对其术后手术部位感染相关因素进行单因素及多因素回归模型分析,以明确无症状菌尿等因素与中老年女性开腹子宫切除术后手术部位感染的相关性。 结果 1469例患者中,101例(6.88%)发生手术部位感染;124例伴有无症状菌尿,其中感染14例(11.29%);1345例不伴有无症状菌尿,其中感染87例(6.47%);伴有无症状菌尿患者的感染率明显高于不伴有无症状菌尿患者(χ ²=4.123,P=0.042)。单因素分析结果显示,无症状菌尿、糖尿病史、术式、住院时间(>15d)、手术季节(夏秋)、体质量指数(BMI)(≥25 kg/m ²)、病变性质(恶性肿瘤)、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)评级(>Ⅱ级)、切口长度(≥10 cm)、手术时间(≥3 h)、出血量(≥1000 ml)、血清白蛋白浓度(<30g/L)、血糖(≥10 mmol/L)、血红蛋白浓度(<90g/L)均是中老年女性开腹子宫切除手术部位感染相关因素(P均<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,无症状菌尿、病变性质(恶性肿瘤)、血糖(≥10 mmol/L)、手术时间(≥3 h)、ASA评级(>Ⅱ级)是中老年女性开腹子宫切除手术部位感染的危险因素(P均<0.05)。 结论 无症状菌尿是中老年女性开腹子宫切除手术部位感染危险因素之一,术前对无症状菌尿的筛查与治疗可降低其手术部位感染率。术前对患者进行ASA评级,给予相应术前准备,监测并有效控制血糖,提高手术技能,减少手术时间,对减少术后手术部位感染也有重要意义。     

医院感染监控直报系统开发及实践

介绍了北京大学第三医院开发利用医院感染监控直报系统提高监管质量的实践。系统通过实现医院内部系统集成以及与北京市感染监控系统集成,优化流程、规范数据结构化、标准化采集和逻辑校验等措施,加强了数据准确性、完整性、一致性,实现了主动实时监控及上传直报,提高了工作效率和管理质量,为进一步深入应用提供参考。     

Analysis of risk factors of surgical site infections in breast cancer

Background Adjuvant chemotherapy has become an important component of standard therapy for breast cancer. However, until now, there have been few reports on the surgical site infections （SSI） after breast cancer surgery, specially after adjuvent chemotherapy. To study the risk factors of SSI of breast cancer, we analyzed patients diagnosed with breast cancer and treated with surgery. Methods Fifty-five patients diagnosed with breast cancer and received breast conserving or modified radical operations in our hospital during January 2008 to March 2008 were selected. Factors （patients＇ age, body mass index （BMI）, diabetes mellitus, no or administered adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without onset of myelosuppression and the degree, surgical approaches, duration of operation, postoperative drainage duration and total drainage volume） associated with SSI were retrospectively reviewed and statistically analyzed by single factor analysis. Results Five patients suffered SSI （5/55, 9.1%）; nineteen receiving adjuvant chemotherapy experienced Grade III＋ myelosuppression, among which 4 had SSI; only 1 out of the remaining 36 patients without adjuvant chemotherapy had SSI. The difference between the two groups was significant （P=-0.043）. The incidence of SSI in patients with postoperative drainage tube indwelling longer than 10 days was 5/21, whereas no SSI occurred in that less than 10 days （P=0.009）. In our study, there was no significient difference in other associated factors. Conclusions Concurrent Grade III＋ myelosuppression after adjuvant chemotherapy is an important risk factor of SSI in breast cancer and needs further study. No SSI was detected with indwelling time of post operative drainage less than 10 days.     

Predictors of surgical wound infection in Australia: a national study

In July 1984, the first national Australian Nosocomial Prevalence Survey collected data on 12,742 surgical patients from 265 hospitals. This sample represented 59% of public and private hospitals with 50 or more acute-care beds in Australia. The infection control officers at each hospital provided data on patients in a random sample of beds. The over-all surgical wound infection rate was 4.6%. The surgical wound infection rate was twice (5.4%) as high in public than in private (2.8%) hospitals. The infection rates were greater in larger hospitals in both the public and private sector. However, after adjusting for the other predictor factors that are noted below the infection rate did not show any particular pattern for the size of hospital. Clean surgery had a higher (4.8%) infection rate than did clean-contaminated surgery (2.9%). The infection rate for contaminated surgery was 15.0%. Men were found to have nearly twice (6.5%) the infection rate of women (3.4%). Infection rates were lowest in the 15-to-34 years' age-group and highest in those of over 55 years of age. These trends remained even after adjusting for the other risk factors for infection. The cost of surgical wound infections for all hospitals during the year of 1984 was estimated at approximately $60 million. We suggest that a concerted effort should be made to attempt to reduce the infection rate for clean surgery to 1% or less.     

桡骨远端关节内骨折术后发生切口感染的相关危险因素分析

［摘要］ 目的 探究影响桡骨远端关节内骨折术后发生切口感染的相关危险因素,为预防此类并发症提供证据支持。 方法 回顾性分析手术治疗桡骨远端关节内骨折患者627例的临床资料,查阅电子病历系统、影像系统和检验报告,调取患者术周资料以及检验结果。根据美国疾病防治中心（Centers for Disease Control,CDC）定义感染标准确定是否发生切口感染。采用Logistics回归分析确定影响桡骨远端关节内骨折术后发生切口感染的危险因素。 结果 观察期内发生切口感染42例,切口感染发生率为6.7%。不同年龄、体重指数、吸烟状态、糖尿病、风湿免疫疾病、骨折AO分型、骨折类型、手术时机、美国麻醉协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）分级、手术时间、术前血红蛋白水平以及白蛋白水平桡骨远端关节内骨折患者术后发生切口感染发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。多因素Logistics回归分析显示,吸烟、开放骨折GustiloⅡ~Ⅲ型、手术时间>130 min和术前白蛋白水平<35 g/L是桡骨远端关节内术后发生切口感染的影响因素。 结论 这些因素的探究对于评估罹患感染的风险具有重要意义,及时戒烟、合理规划手术流程以减少手术时间、并及时补充营养以减少切口感染风险。     

Risk factors of surgical site infections in hip hemiarthroplasty: a single-institution experience over nine years

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to describe the factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) in elderly patients who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty following a hip fracture, in a single institution over a nine-year period.

METHODS

All patients who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2012 in our hospital were included in the present study. The detection of SSI was carried out by a trained, independent infection control nurse using the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively. Demographics and clinical factors were analysed for potential associations with SSI.

RESULTS

Among the 1,320 patients who met the study inclusion criteria, a total 57 SSIs were documented, giving an infection rate of 4.3%. Patients who waited for more than one week for surgery had a statistically significantly higher risk of SSI (odds ratio 3.030, 95% confidence interval 1.075–8.545, p = 0.036). The presence of SSI was also significantly associated with increased length of hospital stay (p < 0.001). The two main microorganisms detected were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which accounted for 50.9% and 26.3% of the SSIs, respectively.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that the number of days from admission to surgery is a main risk factor for the development of SSI. Steps should, therefore, be taken to prevent unnecessary delay of surgery in elderly patients requiring hip hemiarthroplasty.     

利用信息技术实现医院感染的创新管理

医院感染管理是现代医院质量管控的重要组成部分。随着现代医学理论和技术的发展,医院感染问题日益突出,传统的基于手工的回顾性调查方法已不能满足当前管理需要。因此提出了一种信息技术,借助于HIS、LIS、RIS、EMR、OT以及物资等系统中的离散数据,通过医院感染监测模型实现对全院病人医院感染主动监测。监测机制具有主动反应的特点,与传统的科室报、医院感染管理部门介入的方式不同,医院感染预警机制通过大量数据的分析,自动锁定医院感染的疑似患者及易感因素,便于管理部门及时主动干预、诊断、治疗、预防和控制。研究成果己在部分医院推广应用,有效地提升了当前医院感染管理水平。     

预防骨科手术部位感染目标监测

目的查找骨科患者手术部位感染的临床影响因素,探讨预防骨科手术部位感染的措施。方法收集2012年8月1日～2013年7月31日华北石油管理局总医院骨一科所有实施手术的患者。采用干预组合、目标性监测的方法,对无植入物手术患者监测至术后30d,有植入物患者监测至术后1年。将所有调查资料进行归纳整理,进行统计分析,作出诊断性结论。结果共监测骨科手术382例,手术部位感染7例次,感染率为1．83％;Ⅰ类切口、Ⅱ类切口与Ⅲ＋Ⅳ类切口感染率比较（0．64％、4．00％、14．29％）,差异有高度统计学意义（x^2=21．8559,P＜0．01）;急诊手术感染率与择期手术感染率比较（9．52％、0．88％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）;开放切口与闭合伤口感染率比较（8．77％、2．62％）,差异有高度统计学意义（x^2=13．6875,P＜0．01）。结论骨科手术部位感染与急诊手术、开放伤口和手术切口的清洁程度密切相关。     

洛阳市涧西区2005-2006年麻疹监测与控制分析

目的解洛阳市涧西区麻疹流行病学特征和麻疹监测系统运转状况。方法对2005-2006年麻疹监测和预防接种资料进行分析、评价。结果涧西区2005-2006年共报告疑似麻疹病例247例,较法定传染病报告系统(218例)多13·30%,其中诊断麻疹152例。麻疹发病有明显春未夏初季节高峰。疑似麻疹病例的及时报告、及时调查、合格血清标本采集率分别为69·44%、78·29%。2005-2006年麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)常规免疫,强化免疫的报告接种均(90%。结论接种MV是控制麻疹的基础,适时开展MV强化免疫,消除免疫空白,提高麻疹监测质量是加速控制麻疹的关键。     

Prophylactic antibiotic administration for prevention of surgical site infection in urological laparoscopic surgeries

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI) in our cases after laparoscopic surgery with prophylactic antibiotics administration (PAA) of 1-2 days or 3 days duration. Methods: Two hundred and nine patients were enrolled in this study. SSIs were categorized as urinary tract and/or wound infection. Laboratory data relating to infection such as serum white blood cell (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were investigated after surgeries and compared to the data before surgeries. Data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: There were 4 SSI patients in total. SSI was 4/125 (3.2 %) cases of PAA of 1-2 days (shorter) duration patients and there was 0/84 (0 %) of PAA of 3 days (longer) duration. Longer group showed the tendency of lower SSI ratio even though the difference did not reach statistically significant (p=0.0978) because of small number of SSI cases and ratios. Change of serum WBC at 4th day from pre-surgery was significantly suppressed in longer group than shorter group. Conclusions: Our data showed 3-days of PAA might be better to be selected according to the cases especially such as, for instance, immune-compromised hosts. Future prospective study with more number of patients may be necessary for further evaluation.     

外科手术部位感染现状及危险因素分析

目的 分析外科手术部位感染(SSI)现状,并对其危险因素进行分析.方法 以2014年1月至2016年12月于重庆市大足区人民医院接受外科手术的1698例患者为研究对象,分为SSI组(66例)和非SSI组(1632例).单因素、多因素logistic回归分析患者SSI情况,筛查性别、年龄、基础疾病、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级、切口分类、手术时间、是否输血、术前预防性用药情况等高危因素.结果 SSI 组平均年龄(62.1 ±13.7)岁,平均手术时间(186.4 ±86.3)min,高于非SSI 组的(42.7 ±18.5)岁和(132.7 ±66.7)min,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).SSI感染率单因素分析结果显示:糖尿病患者高于无糖尿病患者;有基础疾病患者高于无其他基础疾病患者;ASA分级III级>II级>IV级>I级;切口分类Ⅲ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅰ类;不合理术前预防性应用抗菌药物患者高于术前合理抗菌用药患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);但手术时机、性别、输血与否之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).多因素logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病、ASA分级和切口分类是SSI发生的独立危险因素.结论 SSI的发生与ASA分级、切口分类及是否有糖尿病有关,应针对上述高危因素给予早期干预.     

五年住院病人医院感染率分析

目的 :了解五年中医院感染的动态变化情况 ,为控制医院感染提供依据。方法 :科室自报和专职人员补漏相结合 ,发现医院感染病例 ,调查所有住院病人。结果 :1994年 7月～ 1998年 10月 ,某医院住院病人共计 5 9413例 ,发生医院感染 362 2例次 ,总医院感染率 6 10 % ,1994～ 1998年感染率分别为 8 0 5 %、7 98%、6 16%、4 97%、4 5 1% ,呈持续下降。部位例次感染率以上呼吸道最高 ( 2 67% ) ,手术伤口 ( 1 15 % )次之 ,下呼吸道感染率( 1 0 8% )居第三位 ,但不同年份的不同部位感染率的位次略有变化 ,外科、儿科、内科感染率分别为 9 0 3%、8 0 6%和 6 70 % ,居前三位。但不同年份不同科室所居位次变化较大。结论 :医院感染率的持续下降 ,原因是多方面的 ,但监测工作对感染率的降低所起的作用 ,是不容忽视的。在医院感染控制时应以上一年的监测结果为依据 ,把感染率最高的科室作为重点 ,查找其感染率高的原因 ,并采取相应控制措施 ,降低其医院感染率。这样交替进行 ,最终将能达到降低全院感染率之目的     

小脑动静脉畸形外科手术疗效及相关因素

目的:评价及分析位于小脑的颅内动静脉畸形的手术治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析我院2004年6月～2011年6月收治的临床及影像学资料完整的位于小脑的颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)16例;应用Spetzler-Martin分级评价AVM病灶缩小情况及临床预后情况,应用Logistic回归分析AVM患者手术的难度和治疗效果。结果:本组16例中,完全切除10例,部分切除6例;术前病例Spetzler-Martin评分总得分为46分,术后总得分为15分,病灶体积及临床预后均改善;术后患者症状明显改善的有11例(68.8%),临床症状改善不明显的有4例(25.0%),患者病情恶化并死亡1例(6.3%);Logistic回归表明,位于小脑的AVM手术的难度主要与病灶大小及是否位于小脑深部密切相关。结论:外科手术治疗能有效缩小AVM的病灶体积,改善临床预后;影响手术难度及临床疗效的主要因素是病灶大小及是否位于小脑深部。     

落实医院消毒供应中心（CSSD）规范加强过程管理

目的落实医院消毒供应中心规范化,加强过程管理,是医院感染预防和控制的关键,确保患者医疗安全。方法设置CSSD并对布局、设备、消毒灭菌流程、效果监测、人员培训以及消毒药械和一次性使用无菌医疗用品购入等方面加强管理。结果灭菌合格率由去年的97.8%达到目前的100%。结论通过落实一系列管理措施,使供应中心工作达到科学化、规范化、标准化,为预防院内感染,保证医疗安全奠定基础。     

湖南省〈15岁人群乙型病毒性肝炎监测及流行病学分析

目的通过分析、比较疾病监测信息报告管理系统和中国免疫规划监测信息管理系统报告的〈15岁人群组乙型病毒性肝炎病例（乙肝）的基本信息、发病、诊断情况及发病因素等指标，了解我省近年来〈15岁人群组乙肝病例的报告及发病情况，为准确评价现有乙肝防治策略的效果提供依据。方法利用SPSS及Excel分析软件对两个系统报告的〈15岁人群组乙肝病例的基本信息及可疑影响因素进行分析和比较。结果我省通过中国免疫规划监测信息管理系统进行的乙肝监测的质量逐年提高，漏报情况明显下降，但报告人员对监测病例的定义掌握不够，存在错报现象。结论建立科学、有效的乙肝监测系统，制定统一的、便于临床医生操作的乙肝诊断标准对准确掌握乙肝实际发病情况，正确评价乙肝防治效果，调整乙肝防治策略是非常重要的和必要的。     

Cost accounting in a surgical unit in a teaching hospital--a pilot study

INTRODUCTION: Economic constraints remain one of the major limitations on the quality of health care even in industrialised countries. Improvement of quality will require optimising facilities within available resources. Our objective was to determine costs of surgery and to identify areas where cost reduction is possible. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 80 patients undergoing routine major and intermediate surgery during a period of 6 months were selected at random. All consumables used and procedures carried out were documented. A unit cost was assigned to each of these. Costing was based on 3 main categories: preoperative (investigations, blood product related costs), operative (anaesthetic charges, consumables and theatre charges) and post-operative (investigations, consumables, hospital stay). Theatre charges included two components: fixed (consumables) and variable (dependent on time per operation). RESULTS: The indirect costs (e.g. administration costs, 'hotel' costs), accounted for 30%, of the total and were lower than similar costs in industrialised nations. The largest contributory factors (median, range) towards total cost were, basic hospital charges (30%; 15 to 63%); theatre charges fixed (23%; 6 to 35%) and variable (14%; 8 to 27%); and anaesthetic charges (15%; 1 to 36%). CONCLUSION: Cost reduction in patients undergoing surgery should focus on decreasing hospital stay, operating theatre time and anaesthetic expenditure. Although definite measures can be suggested from the study, further studies on these variables are necessary to optimise cost effectiveness of surgical units.