肠道病毒EV71及CA16在不同细胞系中细胞病变作用的研究

目的研究CA16和EV71在4种细胞系中细胞病变作用的差异.方法随机选择滴度相似的EV71轻症、EV71重症和CA16轻症毒株各1株,分别感染RD、Vero、U251和SY5Y细胞,比较3株病毒在细胞病变的形态及程度、感染后的细胞存活率、病毒在细胞中的复制水平和病毒所致凋亡蛋白相关mRNA的表达水平等方面的差别.结果3株病毒的感染在同一细胞系中表现相似.镜下从形态学上无法对三株病毒加以区别;感染后病毒载量均表现为从高到低依次为Vero、RD、SY5Y细胞到U251细胞的顺序;病毒感染后细胞存活率的顺序与细胞内复制水平与相反,两者之间存在类似负相关的趋势.3株病毒的感染在3种细胞系中均有凋亡蛋白caspase-8、9和3相关mRNA的表达,提示可能3种细胞系中凋亡启动的途径相同.结论细胞水平的感染,提示这两种病毒感染所致临床表现的差异性并非单独由病毒所决定.     

肝细胞生长因子减轻皮质神经元的缺氧/复氧损伤

目的研究肝细胞生长因子(HGF)对缺氧/复氧诱导大鼠皮质神经元凋亡的保护。方法分离培养SD大鼠皮质神经元,经HGF(15、30和60μg/L)预处理后经缺氧/复氧诱导凋亡,用MTT比色法检测细胞存活率;用Hoechst33258染色法和流式细胞仪检测神经元的凋亡;用比色法检测细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和caspase-3活性变化。结果与正常对照组相比,缺氧/复氧组神经元的细胞存活率显著下降,细胞凋亡率和caspase-3活性升高(均P<0.05);而HGF预处理12 h可显著逆转缺氧/复氧所致的细胞存活率降低、凋亡率增加、LDH活性上升、caspase-3活性升高的改变(均P<0.05),且这些效应与HGF剂量正相关。此外,HGF的抗凋亡效应可被PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002阻断。结论HGF减轻缺氧/复氧所诱导的神经元凋亡可能与其激活神经元的PI3K/Akt信号通路、减少caspase-3表达有关。     

周络通提取物Z-6对高糖所致Schwann细胞损伤和PI3K/Akt/nNOS通路的影响

 目的:探讨磷酯酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/神经元型一氧化氮合酶（PI3K/Akt/nNOS）信号通路在周络通提取物抗糖尿病周围神经病变中的作用。方法:将体外培养的雪旺（Schwann）细胞分为正常组（D-葡萄糖25 mmol/L）、高糖模型组（D-葡萄糖100 mmol/L）、周络通提取物活性部位5（Z-5）+高糖组、周络通提取物活性部位6（Z-6）+高糖组、周络通+高糖组和甲钴胺+高糖组。采用CCK-8试剂盒检测各组细胞的生存活性,相关试剂盒分析培养上清中NO含量和细胞内Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化,流式细胞仪分析细胞的凋亡情况, Western blotting方法检测 Bcl-2、 Bcl-xL、 Bax、 Bak和caspase-3蛋白表达及nNOS和Akt的磷酸化情况。利用PI3K和Akt的显性负性突变体瞬时转染Schwann细胞,探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路在周络通提取物抗糖尿病周围神经病变中的作用。结果:与模型组比较,周络通提取物Z-6能显著提高高糖损伤后Schwann细胞的存活率,提高NO分泌量并明显上调Bcl-2、 Bcl-xL蛋白的表达及Akt、nNOS 的磷酸化水平,同时显著降低细胞凋亡率及Bax、 Bak、 caspase-3蛋白的水平,利用PI3K的显性负性突变体（δp85）阻断nNOS的上游信号通路PI3K/Akt后,NO分泌量减少,但未对Z-6上调nNOS 和Akt磷酸化的作用产生明显影响。结论: 在高糖损伤条件下,周络通提取物Z-6上调nNOS蛋白磷酸化水平,促进抗凋亡因子的表达,抑制促凋亡因子及caspase-3关键蛋白酶的表达,降低Schwann细胞凋亡率,从而提高高糖损伤细胞的存活率,这些作用与PI3K/Akt/nNOS通路的关系有待进一步研究。     

白藜芦醇通过PI3K/Akt通路及线粒体途径抑制软骨肉瘤

 目的：探讨白藜芦醇抑制软骨肉瘤的机制及对线粒体途径和PI3K/Akt通路的影响。方法：SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞培养至对数生长期后设对照组和白藜芦醇处理组,药物处理组用25、50和100 μmol/L白藜芦醇处理24 h、48 h或72 h。采用CCK8法检测SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞的活力,Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡,Western blotting检测activated caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax、Akt和p-Akt蛋白在细胞中表达情况,细胞划痕实验观察细胞迁移情况。结果：白藜芦醇处理后细胞活力下降,呈时间-剂量依赖性（P<0.01）。Hoechst  33258染色检测可见药物处理组有明显的细胞凋亡核象。Western blotting检测显示药物处理组activated caspase-3和Bax蛋白表达上调,Bcl-2蛋白和p-Akt蛋白表达下调,总Akt改变不显著。细胞划痕试验显示,白藜芦醇能显著抑制SW1353细胞的迁移。结论：白藜芦醇能够诱导软骨肉瘤凋亡,部分是通过线粒体途径及PI3K/Akt信号通路发挥作用。     

结核分枝杆菌诱导的THP-1细胞转化及其相关信号传导通路的研究

目的 了解结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)体外诱导人单核细胞株THP-1向类上皮细胞(EC)转化的效应及其相关信号传导通路和调控作用.方法 建立人结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株、牛分枝杆菌bovis株、草分枝杆菌phlei株THP-1细胞感染模型.采用间接免疫荧光法检测感染前后THP-1细胞表面单核细胞或巨噬细胞分化抗原CD115和EC分化抗原CD82的表达情况.采用Sandwich ELISA Kits检测感染前后THP-1细胞p38MAPK(p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶)、Akt1(丝/苏蛋白激酶)和STAT3(信号转导因子和转录活化因子)磷酸化水平.采用特异性阻断剂,了解各信号通路阻断前后CD115和CD82表达水平变化.结果 3株分枝杆菌感染的THP-1细胞均出现CD115表达减弱和CD82明显表达的现象.H37Rv株或bovis株感染的THP-1细胞可出现一过性p38MAPK磷酸化水平上调,但PI3K(磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶)/Akt和STAT3磷酸化水平均无明显变化.p38MAPK、PI3K/Akt或JAK/STAT通路被阻断后,上述3株分枝杆菌感染的THP-1细胞仍表达CD115.JAK/STAT通路被阻断时,各分枝杆菌感染的THP-1细胞仍表达CD82.但p38MAPK、PI3K/Akt通路被阻断时,H37Rv株和bovis株感染的THP-1细胞CD82表达消失.结论 结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株和bovis株感染后可诱导THP-1细胞向EC转化,p38MAPK、PI3K/Akt参与和调控了该转化过程,其中以p38MAPK通路较为重要.     

β-榄香烯对宫颈癌细胞PI-3K/Akt信号通路活化和凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的研究β-榄香烯对人宫颈Hela细胞凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3、caspase-9表达和PI-3K/Akt信号通路的影响。方法实验分为对照组和β-榄香烯处理组,应用AnnexinV-FITC凋亡检测试剂盒及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,并采用免疫荧光、Western Blot方法检测Akt、p-Akt、天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3),天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶9(caspase-9)、凋亡诱导因子(AIF)、细胞色素C(Cyto c)蛋白表达。结果β-榄香烯以剂量和时间依赖方式抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖和细胞活性。与对照组相比,β-榄香烯处理组凋亡细胞数量和相关凋亡蛋白(caspase-3、caspase-9、AIF、Cyto c)表达水平升高,β-榄香烯作用组p-Akt的表达水平明显升高。结论β-榄香烯抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡可能与上调凋亡相关蛋白表达和PI-3K/Akt信号通路相关。     

奥沙利铂调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制脑胶质瘤细胞株U87生长的作用研究

目的：研究奥沙利铂（Oxaliplatin,Ox）调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制脑胶质瘤细胞株U87生长的作用。方法：培养U87脑胶质瘤细胞,分别利用0、20、40、80 μg/ml的奥沙利铂处理U87细胞24、36、48、72 h,利用MTT检测各处理组细胞增殖情况;利用流式细胞仪检测40 μg/ml的奥沙利铂处理48 h对U87细胞周期及细胞凋亡的影响;Western blot检测40 μg/ml 的奥沙利铂处理48 h对U87细胞凋亡相关蛋白及PI3K/Akt信号通路蛋白表达的影响。结果：奥沙利铂处理抑制U87细胞增殖,与0 μmol/L处理相比,差异显著（P<0.01）,40 μg/ml的奥沙利铂处理48 h差异最显著。40 μg/ml的奥沙利铂处理48 h后,U87细胞周期被阻滞在S期,U87细胞凋亡显著增加（P<0.01）,抑凋亡因子Bcl-2蛋白表达明显下降,促凋亡因子Bax、Cleaved-caspase3蛋白表达明显升高（P<0.01）,PI3K及p-Akt的表达量明显降低（P<0.01）,Akt表达量无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论：奥沙利铂可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制U87细胞增殖,阻滞细胞周期,促进细胞凋亡。     

桔皮素对人非小细胞肺癌细胞生长及侵袭的影响

目的:探讨桔皮素(TGN)对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)细胞生长和侵袭的影响及其分子机制。方法:体外培养非小细胞肺癌A549细胞,分别用不同浓度的TGN处理,MTT比色法检测细胞活性,Annexin V-FITC/PI染色及流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Transwell检测细胞侵袭,RT-PCR分析MMP-2和MMP-9的mRNA表达水平,Western blotting检测Ki67、Cyt C、caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3、MMP-2、MMP-9、Akt、p-Akt以及p-PI3K表达水平。结果:桔皮素剂量依赖性地抑制A549细胞增殖(P0.05),同时伴随有增殖标记分子Ki67表达水平的下调。分析发现,桔皮素诱导细胞中Cyt C、caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3的表达上调(P0.01),加速A549细胞的凋亡。此外,桔皮素作用后,A549细胞中侵袭相关蛋白MMP-2和MMP-9的表达量下降,且侵袭数目随桔皮素浓度增加而减少。进一步研究表明,桔皮素作用后A549细胞中p-Akt和p-PI3K表达水平降低(P0.05),阻断PI3K/Akt信号通路后,不同浓度TGN对细胞活性影响没有变化。结论:桔皮素能抑制A549细胞生长及侵袭,促进细胞凋亡,可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路的激活起作用。因此,本研究将为非小细胞肺癌的防治提供新的研究方向。     

RANTES对MPP~+诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用及其机制研究

目的:探讨RANTES对MPP~+诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用及其机制。方法:利用MPP~+处理PC12细胞建立帕金森细胞模型,并分别转染RANTES siRNA和pcRANTES,MTT法检测细胞增殖,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡,Western Blot检测总Akt(t-Akt)、磷酸化-Akt(p-Akt)和cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果:RANTES siRNA显著抑制RNATES的表达,而pc DNA RANTES成功使RNATES过表达;过表达RNATES可显著上调MPP~+处理的PC12细胞增殖(P0.05),并抑制MPP~+诱导的PC12细胞凋亡(P0.05),下调cleasved caspase-3蛋白表达水平(P0.05)。此外,过表达RANTES可显著促进p-Akt/t-Akt蛋白表达水平(P0.05),且PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002显著抑制RNATES对PC细胞增殖的促进作用和凋亡的抑制作用(P0.05)。结论:RANTES可通过PI3K/Akt信号通路促进MPP~+处理的PC12细胞的增殖并抑制细胞的凋亡。     

低浓度H_2O_2预处理增强小鼠BMSCs抗氧化应激损伤能力

目的探讨PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路介导的低浓度过氧化氢(H_2O_2)预处理增强骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)抗氧化应激损伤的作用及机制。方法通过差速贴壁法分离培养小鼠BMSCs。BMSCs经或不经低浓度(50μmol/L)H_2O_2预处理12 h,再暴露于不同高浓度H_2O_2(200、250、300和500μmol/L)刺激24 h后,流式细胞术检测BMSCs凋亡;低浓度H_2O_2预处理12 h再暴露于300μmol/L H_2O_224 h后,Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-3的表达以及对PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路的影响。结果 H_2O_2呈浓度依赖性诱导BMSCs凋亡,50μmol/L H_2O_2预处理可降低200~500μmol/L诱导的BMSCs凋亡率,以及能降低300μmol/L诱导的促凋亡蛋白Bax和cleaved-caspase-3的上调和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2及磷酸化Akt和m TOR蛋白的表达的下调(P0.05,P0.01);PI3K抑制剂LY294002可明显地阻断H_2O_2预处理引起的上述变化。结论低浓度H_2O_2预处理通过活化PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路增强骨髓间充质干细胞的抗氧化应激损伤能力。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.