大鼠创伤性脑损伤后细胞凋亡及NOS阳性细胞的变化

目的：探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后不同时相皮质、海马、隔区细胞凋亡及NOS、ChAT阳性细胞的变化。方法：采用大鼠自由落体脑损伤模型，伤后1、2、3、4、5、7、10d取脑切片，经Nissl染色，用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡，NADPH—d组化染色观察NOS阳性细胞，ChAT免疫组化染色观察隔区ChAT阳性细胞。结果：Nissl染色可见损伤侧海马CA2、CA3区锥体细胞层细胞消失或紊乱。损伤区周围皮质凋亡细胞伤后3d达到高峰；损伤侧海马凋亡细胞伤后5d达到高峰；损伤侧隔区凋亡细胞7d达到高峰。正常侧上述脑区各时相点均未见到凋亡细胞。损伤区周围皮质、损伤侧海马和隔区iNOS阳性细胞数量明显增加。损伤侧隔区ChAT阳性神经元也明显减少。结论：大鼠创伤性脑损伤后损伤区周围皮质和损伤侧海马、隔区细胞凋亡数量的变化与伤后时程有关。伤后细胞iNOS表达增加是导致细胞凋亡的因素。     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的变化

目的：探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的形态学变化及GFAP和NOS的表达情况。方法：采用大鼠自由落体脑损伤模型，伤后1、3、7d取脑切片，行Nissl染色以及GFAP免疫组化和NADPH—d组化单标记及双标记染色。结果：损伤区周围皮质GFAP阳性细胞胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比，伤后1d即有明显增加，伤后3d、7d数量持续增加；损伤侧海马CAI～3区和DG各层GFAP阳性细胞排列紊乱，胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比则无明显变化。损伤区周围皮质、损伤侧海马NOS阳性细胞数量明显增加。伤后3d损伤区周围皮质和损伤侧海马中GFAP与NOS双标细胞分别占GFAP阳性细胞的14．2％和13．4％左右。结论：大鼠创伤性脑损伤后大量的星形胶质细胞活化、GFAP表达增加并且部分转化为NOS阳性细胞，提示其参与了脑组织的损伤与修复过程。     

缺血后大鼠海马NR1 mRNA的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

目的：研究短暂性前脑缺血后大鼠海马NR1 mRNA的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系。方法：以四血管阻断法建立脑缺血动物模型，采用原位杂交、TUNEL染色和图像分析等技术。结果：(1)在CA1区和CA3区，NR1 mRNA的表达于缺血后2h上升，24h达高峰，然后下降，但CA3区幅度明显较小；在齿状回，缺血后0．5～72h，表达无显著性变化，缺血后7d才显著降低。(2)TUNEL阳性细胞主要位于CAl区，于缺血后24h出现，至72h达高峰，然后有所减少。结论：大鼠短暂性前脑缺血后，NR1 mRNA的表达和细胞凋亡在海马各区存在显著性差异；提示缺血后NR1 mRNA的表达与海马的选择性易损性和缺血性细胞凋亡之间可能存在着某种联系。     

壳聚糖作载体的NSCs移植对大鼠脑损伤区胶质增生的抑制作用

目的：探讨壳聚糖作载体的神经干细胞（NSCs）移植对大鼠创伤性脑损伤（TBI）区胶质增生的抑制作用。方法：用低温冷冻干燥法制备壳聚糖多孔支架。将从鼠胚前脑中分离的NSCs进行扩增传代。Feeney法制备SD大鼠TBI模型12只，随机均分为2组：损伤对照组和NSCs＋支架移植组2组。术后3个月取脑切片行Nissl染色、GFAP免疫荧光染色，观察两组损伤区和海马变化以及损伤区周边星形胶质细胞增生情况。结果：Nissl染色见损伤对照组创伤区形成烧杯状空洞，损伤侧海马萎缩变形，而NSCs＋支架移植组创伤区有移植物填充且已与宿主整合，损伤侧海马萎缩不明显。GFAP免疫荧光染色，损伤对照组创伤区周边可见到大量GFAP阳性细胞，荧光强度较强，疤痕较宽，而NSCs＋支架移植组创伤区周边仅见到少量的GFAP阳性细胞，荧光强度弱，疤痕较窄。t检验结果显示两组损伤区周围GFAP免疫荧光的灰度值、胶质疤痕宽度有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：大鼠TBI后行壳聚糖作载体的NSCs移植治疗可以抑制脑损伤区胶质增生，从而促进脑损伤的修复。     

针刺对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠海马细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨针刺对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)大鼠海马区细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法:SD大鼠共75只，随机分为假手术组(sham)、脑缺血再灌注损伤模型组(CIRI)和针刺治疗组(CIRI+AC),利用大脑中动脉栓塞法制备CIRI大鼠模型，CIRI+AC组大鼠接受针刺“大椎”、“水沟”、“百会”穴治疗。Garcia评分法检测大鼠神经功能，TTC染色法检测大鼠脑梗死面积，免疫组织化学染色检测海马区caspase-3阳性细胞数量，Western Blot检测海马区caspase-9表达，TUNEL检测细胞凋亡。结果:针刺前，CIRI组和CIRI+AC组神经功能评分较sham组显著降低(P<0.01);针刺24、72 h后，CIRI+AC组神经功能评分较CIRI组显著升高(P<0.01),脑梗死面积比缩小(P<0.05),患侧脑组织细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.01);与针刺24 h后比较，72 h后CIRI组患侧脑组织细胞凋亡率及海马区caspase-3阳性细胞数量增加(P<0.05),CIRI+AC组患侧脑组织细胞凋亡率及海马区caspase-3阳性细胞数量明显降低...     

Bcl-2和caspase-3在创伤性脑损伤后细胞凋亡中的作用

bcl-2和caspase-3分别是bcl-2基因族和caspase基因族中具有代表性的基因,它们参与对细胞凋亡的调控.研究表明创伤性脑损伤后存在细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因的表达.从基因水平探讨创伤性脑损伤后细胞调亡调控机制是近年研究的一个热点.本文仅综述bcl-2和caspase-3基因在创伤性脑损伤研究中的最新进展.     

养血清脑颗粒对蒙古沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注后的神经保护作用

目的 探讨养血清脑颗粒对蒙古沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注后的神经保护作用.方法 用两血管阻塞法(2-VO)结扎30 min再灌注损伤模型,将蒙古沙鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和手术前90min灌胃法给药预防组.用Nissl染色法观察蒙古沙鼠海马CA1区细胞的变化;用免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA1区表达谷氨酸盐合成酶(G1 Syn)和Caspase-3阳性细胞数量的变化;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡.结果 蒙古沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注1d及2d预防给药组Nissl染色结果显示,海马CA1区存活细胞数量比模型组明显增多(分别为P＜0.01,P＜0.05);再灌注5d预防给药组海马CA1区存活细胞数量与模型组相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05).再灌注1d及2d预防给药组海马CA1区表达谷氨酸盐合成酶(G1 Syn)的阳性细胞量较模型组明显减少(分别为P＜0.01,P＜0.05);再灌注5d预防给药组海马CA1区免疫阳性细胞数量与模型组相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05);Caspase-3的表达在再灌注1d时预防给药组免疫阳性细胞数量与模型组比较有显著性升高(P＜0.05),但是再灌注2d及5d时预防给药组免疫阳性细胞数较模型组无显著降低(P＞0.05).TUNEL结果显示预防给药组凋亡细胞相应减少.结论 养血清脑颗粒能通过谷氨酸盐合成酶选择性抑制兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸的神经毒性作用,减少神经细胞的凋亡,从而发挥神经保护作用.     

姜黄素通过抑制JNK/c-Jun信号通路减轻大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤北大核心CSCD

目的探讨姜黄素抑制大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后早期脑损伤中的海马神经元损伤的作用,以及其与c-Jun N末端激酶(JNK)/c-Jun信号通路之间的关系。方法成年雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为4组,分别为:假手术组、蛛网膜下腔出血组、100 mg/(kg·d)姜黄素组和200 mg/(kg·d)姜黄素组,每组15只。用拴线法建立蛛网膜下腔出血模型。采用Nissl染色观察神经元破坏情况。TUNEL染色测定凋亡细胞。免疫组织化学染色法测定caspase-3表达,Western blot法检测海马组织c-Jun、磷酸化的c-Jun(p-c-Jun)、JNK、磷酸化的JNK(p-JNK)和活性的胱天蛋白酶3(caspase-3)蛋白水平。结果 Nissl染色检测到SAH组中Nissl小体减少,而姜黄素干预后可抑制此改变;TUNEL染色检测发现SAH组凋亡细胞增多,而姜黄素干预后凋亡细胞明显减少,其中以高剂量组更加明显。SAH组caspase-3、p-c-Jun和p-JNK蛋白表达上调,而姜黄素干预后p-c-Jun、p-JNK和caspase-3蛋白表达较SAH组中的表达降低,其中以高剂量组更加明显。结论姜黄素可能通过抑制JNK/c-Jun信号通路和细胞凋亡减轻大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤。     

大鼠淋巴滞留性脑病bcl-2、bax表达和细胞凋亡的动态变化

目的：研究大鼠淋巴滞留性脑病模型中大脑皮层bcl-2、bax基因表达和细胞凋亡的动态变化。 方法： 用阻断颈部淋巴引流的方法复制大鼠淋巴滞留性脑病模型，术后1、2、3、5、7和14 d处死动物，HE染色观察脑组织结构变化，TUNEL荧光标记检测原位细胞凋亡，RT-PCR检测大脑皮层凋亡相关基因bcl-2和bax的表达。 结果： 显微镜下见脑组织有水肿的结构变化, 第5 d最明显。大脑皮层TUNEL阳性细胞数和bax表达从术后2 d开始增多，5 d达最高峰，14 d降至对照组水平。bcl-2表达于术后1 d开始增高，5 d达最高值，第7 d下降至对照组水平。bax表达增高的程度大于bcl-2。 结论： 阻断颈部淋巴引流可导致淋巴滞留性脑病，大脑皮层神经细胞死亡以凋亡为主并与bcl-2和bax的表达增加有关。     

成年大鼠脑梗死后自体神经干细胞的原位增殖

制作大鼠脑梗死模型，采用免疫组化染色方法，观察脑梗死后1、3、7、14和28d时，梗死侧神经干细胞增殖及其表达标记物BrdU和nestin的动态变化。与对照组相比，伤侧皮层、海马及室下区的BrdU和nestin阳性细胞数于伤后1d开始增多，7d达高峰，28d后接近正常水平。结果表明：脑梗死可激发成年大鼠自体神经干细胞原位增殖；自体神经干细胞对脑梗死损伤有一定的反应能力，可能对脑梗死后机体自我修复有潜在的治疗作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.