经颅多普勒超声评价葛根素对椎基底动脉供血不足患者血流的影响

目的探讨葛根素对椎基底动脉供血不足(VBI)患者血流动力学的影响。方法椎基底动脉供血不足患者90例,每天将葛根400mg,加入250ml生理盐水中静滴,连用15天。分别在用药前、用药后应用经颅多普勒(TCD)作椎动脉、基底.动脉血流动力学检查分析,记录收缩期和舒张期血流速度平均值(Vm)和血管阻力(RI),用t检验对所得数据进行分析。结果用药后较用药前椎动脉和基底动脉的收缩期与舒张期血流速度平均值增加,血管阻力减少(p<0 01)。结论葛根素能改善椎基底动脉供血不足患者脑动脉的血液供应,增加脑血流量,对缺血性脑血管病的防治有积极的意义。     

颈部椎动脉超声与经颅多普勒对诊断椎动脉和椎基底动脉供血不足相关性的分析

目的分析探讨经颅多普勒、颈部椎动脉超声对椎动脉、椎基底动脉供血不足的诊断价值和意义。方法分两组,189例经颅多普勒诊断异常患者为一组,颈部椎动脉超声异常152例为另一组。同时进行颈部椎动脉超声及经颅多普勒检查。结果341例患者中椎动脉、椎基底动脉经颅多普勒异常297例,阳性率87％,颈部椎动脉超声异常289例,阳性率85％。结论经颅多普勒及颈部椎动脉超声两种方法简单便捷,两者相结合相互补充,更有助于全面客观诊断椎动脉、椎基底动脉供血不足,进一步提高诊断率。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像对椎-基底动脉异常的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像（MSCTA）对椎-基底动脉异常的诊断价值。方法用Siemens16CT机对随机选择30例行MSCTA检查．图像后处理采用多平面重组（MPR）、最大密度投影法（MIP）和容积再现（VR）等技术进行重建,观察椎-基底动脉的形态学变化和周围骨性结构的情况并进行分析。结果30例中,椎-基底动脉表现正常3例,椎动脉表现异常27例54条：其中椎动脉走行迂曲12条;椎动脉变细12条;椎动脉局部狭窄28条;单侧椎动脉闭塞2条。另2例基底动脉延长扩张．其中1例伴有动脉瘤形成;7例基底动脉局部狭窄。结论MSCTA能清晰显示椎-基底动脉,横突孔及钩椎关节等结构的改变。     

老年人椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕的MRI、TCD与临床研究

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)以及经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对老年人椎基底动脉缺血性头晕的诊断价值。方法对我院2019年1月-2020年6月收治的43例老年椎基底动脉缺血性头晕患者进行MRI以及TCD检查,并对相应的研究结果进行分析以及讨论。结果根据MRI结果显示,相关脑区27例未见异常,梗死16例,占37.2%;T1加权低信号,T2加权高信号,大多数是小腔隙性脑梗塞。小脑半球梗塞11例,脑干梗塞9例。TCD结果显示,椎动脉和基底动脉的TCD在高流速下发生了变化。其中,32例(74.42%)检测出椎动脉收缩期血流速度降低,28例(65.12%)检测出基底动脉收缩期血流速度降低,7例(16.28%)检测出椎动脉收缩期血流高流速降低,有12例(27.90%)检测出基底动脉高流速。结论老年人椎体基底缺血性头晕的MRI具有较高的分辨率,并且可以获取所有横截面的3D图像,从而导致骨骼伪影,可以清楚地显示后颅窝区域的病变。这样可以及时诊断过去常常被忽略或误诊的小脑以及脑干梗塞。可以将其用作诊断测试,以确定椎基底动脉供血不足的患者是否有脑梗塞,但MRI没有显示出器质性血管,通常会使诊断变得困难。TCD检测简单、方便,是有效的检测老年人椎基底动脉缺血性头晕的方法,具有重要的诊断价值。     

椎基底动脉狭窄支架置入前后血流动力学变化的初步研究

目的探讨症状性椎基底动脉狭窄内支架成形术前后脑血流动力学变化。方法本研究纳入38例患者,全部经全脑DSA证实有单侧脑供血动脉狭窄（≥65％）。所有患者于血管内支架术前及术后48h内行经颅彩色多普勒（TCD）及脑CT灌注成像（CTP）检查,测量Vp、Vm、RI及CBV、CBF、MTT。结果38例患者行脑供血动脉狭窄内支架成形术前后动脉狭窄处血流速度峰值,由术前的（226±27）cm/s降至术后的（135±18）cm/s,差异有统计学意义（t=21．74,P〈0．01）。其中38个直接供血区术后rMTF较术前降低（t=3．987,P=0．001）,37个直接供血区rCBF较术前增高（t=-2．027,P：0．029）,38个直接供血区术后rCBV较术前无明显改变（t=-0．901,P=0．329）。结论经颅彩色多普勒（TCD）联合脑CT灌注成像是评估症状性椎基底动脉狭窄内支架成形术后脑灌注改善的指标。     

经颅多普勒在后循环缺血中的应用分析

目的探讨经颅多普勒对后循环缺血的诊断价值。方法采用GYQ-2000型经颅多普勒超声仪，以2MHz探头分别检测芹右椎动脉（LVA、RVA），基底动脉（BA）分析各血管的。结果108例患者中，VA、VB的Vs值均在正常值以下为低流速经颅多普勒超声表现，左右侧椎动脉流速快慢无明显差异，无异常血流方向。结论应用经颅多普勒超声检测后循环缺血是一种安全，简便，无创性的方法，并可动态观察，适时了解椎-基底动脉的血流动力学情况，为后循环缺血的诊断与鉴别诊断提供了重要依据。     

DWI联合MRA在短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用价值

目的：探讨磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）联合颅颈血管造影（MRA）在短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）中的临床应用价值。方法：选择经临床和影像学确诊TIA患者72例为TIA组,均在发病1周内行颅脑DWI和颅颈部MRA检查;随机选择同期健康体检者36名为正常组,对两组进行对比。结果：TIA组与正常组在颅颈动脉狭窄程度和狭窄数量上具有显著性差异（t=12.316,P＜0.01）。TIA组颅颈动脉狭窄及闭塞增多。椎基底动脉TIA患者单侧椎动脉发育不良比例增高。TIA患者DWI上均未见新鲜缺血灶,6例病情进展患者DWI上出现高信号,诊断为脑梗死。结论：颅脑DWI是鉴别TIA及脑梗死的简单有效检查手段,而MRA可明确颅颈动脉狭窄位置及严重程度, DWI联合MRA对TIA患者的病因诊断及其继发脑梗死的风险评估具有重大临床价值。     

经颅多普勒超声及磁共振血管成像和数字减影脑血管造影在缺血性脑血管病中的应用价值(附45例报告)

目的比较经颅多普勒超声（TCD）、磁共振血管成像（MRA）对颅内血管病变诊断的准确性。方法回顾分析45例缺血性脑血管病患者的TCD、MRA的检测结果并与数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）对比。结果在急性缺血性脑血管病中，TCD、MRA与DSA有较好相关性，TCD的漏诊主要发生在椎基底动脉系统，而MRA有夸大病变的现象。结论TCD、MRA对诊断颅内动脉狭窄有较高的可信度、无创，如两者有机结合，在一定程度上可替代DSA，可作为脑血管病的二级预防提供可靠依据。     

缺血性脑血管病全脑血管造影分析

目的 研究不同类型缺血性脑血管病全脑血管造影的影像学特点及临床意义.方法 选择312例脑梗死和短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者行全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,比较颅内动脉及脑动脉颅外段闭塞或狭窄的分布情况.结果 DSA显示颈内动脉系统及椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死,狭窄或闭塞均以颅内动脉为主[分别占59.57%(56/94)和61.90%(26/42)];而颈内动脉系统TIA以颅内动脉闭塞或狭窄为主(68.75%,22/32).椎一基底动脉系统TIA以脑动脉颅外段闭塞或狭窄为主(61.70%,29/47).结论 颅内动脉闭塞或狭窄是脑梗死(包括颈内动脉系统及椎-基底动脉系统)及颈内动脉系统TIA的主要病因,脑动脉颅外段闭塞或狭窄是椎-基底动脉系统TIA的主要病因.     

葛根素联合倍他司汀治疗椎-基底动脉缺血性眩晕46例的疗效分析

目的：观察葛根素联合倍他司汀治疗椎-基底动脉缺血性眩晕的临床效果。方法：随机将91例椎-基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者分为复方丹参联合低分子右旋糖酐治疗组（对照组）和葛根素联合倍他司汀治疗组（治疗组）,1次,d,7d后对比临床疗效。结果：治疗组总有效率89．13％,优于对照组的68．89％（P〈0．05）;组间不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（19〉0．05）。结论：葛根素联合倍他司汀能够扩张椎-基底动脉血管供血状态,增加脑部冠脉血流量和降低脑供血血管的阻力,从而消除病因和缓解眩晕症状。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.