树突状细胞抑制结直肠癌术后复发和转移初探

目的　观察肿瘤抗原激活的树突状细胞 (dendriticcell,DC)增强结直肠癌患者抗肿瘤免疫功能 ,抑制术后复发和转移的可能性。方法　分离结直肠癌根治术后患者外周血单个核细胞 (pe ripheralbloodmonocytecell,PBMC) ,以人大肠癌细胞系LOVO细胞抗原粗提物激发PBMC中DC ,以粒 /巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (granulocyte/macrophagecolonystimulatingfactor,GM CSF)和白介素 4(interleukin4,IL 4)联合刺激产生DC ,将DC回输给结直肠癌患者 ,检测结直肠癌患者外周血癌胚抗原 (carcinoem bryonicantigen ,CEA)含量。结果　术后 12个月 ,实验组 12例患者的CEA含量为 (3± 1 4)ng/ml,未发现结直肠癌复发和转移 ;对照组 13例外周血CEA含量为 (39± 2 2 )ng/ml,其中 5例外周血CEA含量较高的患者〔(99± 47)ng/ml〕中 3例发生结直肠癌转移和 (或 )复发 (2例肝转移 ,1例复发并肝转移 )。结论　肿瘤抗原激活的DC能够增强结直肠癌患者抗肿瘤免疫功能 ,抑制术后结直肠癌的复发和转移     

直肠癌大组织切片系膜九分区法病理学研究

目的　探索直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术 (TME)的必要性和选择性全直肠系膜切除术(STME)的最佳切除范围。方法　以 31例直肠癌TME手术标本为对象 ,纵向由远及近以 5mm的间距连续取材 ,常规固定包埋 ,大组织切片机以 2 .5cm的间隔连续切片 ,HE染色 ,光学显微镜观察结果。将直肠系膜等分为内、中、外三个带 ,每带按左、右、后三个方向分为三个区 ,直肠癌在直肠系膜内的转移灶分别定位于上述九个区。结果　直肠系膜外带内癌转移 1 4例 (4 5 .2 % ) ,全部为低位直肠癌 ;远端直肠系膜 (DMR)内癌转移 2例 (6 .5 % ) ,均在原发灶下缘以远 3.0cm以内 ;环周切缘癌浸润 2例 (6 .5 % )。结论　低位直肠癌根治手术时 ,完整地切除直肠系膜非常必要 ;远端直肠系膜的切除应达到肿瘤下缘以远 4cm。     

细胞膜磷脂组分含量变化与结直肠癌生物学行为的关系研究

目的探讨结直肠癌细胞膜磷脂变化对结直肠癌生物学行为的影响。方法检测48例癌原发灶、癌旁肠黏膜、肝转移灶中细胞膜磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinosital,PI)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine,PS)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine,PE)和磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylc-holine,PC),对比分析不同膜磷脂组分含量变化与癌原发灶大小、病理组织学类型和微血管密度的关系。结果48例结直肠癌患者癌旁肠黏膜、原发灶、肝转移灶中细胞膜磷脂PI含量分别为(0.92±0.12)mg/g、(1.57±0.14)mg/g、(1.54±0.15)mg/g;PC含量分别为:(56.47±5.33)mg/g、(108.57±6.37)mg/g、(116.35±6.85)mg/g。原发灶和肝转移灶中PI、PC含量明显高于癌旁肠黏膜组织(F=363.10、870.10,P<0.01)。3种组织中PE含量分别为(18.23±3.56)mg/g、(42.02±4.33)mg/g、(79.51±5.52)mg/g,肝转移灶中PE含量显著高于原发灶和癌旁组织(F=1149.63,P<0.01)。不同大小的癌原发灶4种膜磷脂组分含量差异无显著性意义(F=0.011、0.026、0.305、1.483;P>0.05)。结论细胞膜磷脂变化对结直肠癌细胞的生物学行为可能有重要影响。PI、PC变化与结直肠癌的发生有关,PE含量升高与结直肠癌肝转移有密切关系。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除经腹腔镜与开腹手术的临床对照研究

目的 :探讨经腹腔镜行全直肠系膜切除的可行性。方法 :36例直肠癌患者分别采用经腹腔镜或常规开腹手术行直肠癌根治术 ,比较两组围手术期的情况与切除标本 ,了解肿瘤切除的彻底性 ,肠旁淋巴结清扫数量的差异。结果 :两组切除标本的直肠系膜均完整 ;腹腔镜组与开腹组淋巴结数分别为 7 9± 0 7与 8 1± 0 9(P >0 0 5 ) ;直肠远切端均无癌细胞浸润 ;腹腔镜组失血 136± 2 1ml ,开腹组失血 35 7± 34ml,差异有高度显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,腹腔镜组手术后肠功能恢复早 (4 3± 5hvs 78± 12h ,P <0 0 5 ) ,围手术期并发症 2组无显著差别。结论 :在熟练掌握开腹全直肠系膜切除 (TME)的基础上经腹腔镜行TME是可行的 ,且患者创伤小、康复快 ,近期治疗效果与开腹手术无差别     

应用流式细胞技术及病理检测对直肠癌手术切除范围的再探讨

目的探讨直肠癌根治术合理的手术范围。方法应用病理检测和流式细胞技术,对30例直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术标本进行分析,观察直肠癌组织和癌远端3cm和5cm、正常肠管组织和癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜及正常结肠系膜组织的DNA倍体、DNA指数（DI）、增殖指数（PI）和增殖期细胞百分比（SPF）值的变化,并与病理检测相对照。结果病理检测结果显示：直肠癌远端3cm和5cm肠管中均未检测到癌浸润．而癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜癌转移率分别为26．7％和6．7％。流式细胞技术检测结果显示：癌组织的DI、P1和SPF值显著高于癌远端3cm和5cm及正常肠管组织,癌远端3cm肠管组织也显著高于癌远端5cm及正常肠管组织,而癌远端5cm肠管与正常肠管比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。癌组织细胞异倍体率与癌远端3cm肠管比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;而显著高于癌远端5cm及正常肠管组织。癌组织的DI和异倍体率与癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜组织相比,差异无统计学意义．但显著高于正常系膜,而癌旁3cm和5cm直肠系膜组织的DI和异倍体率亦显著高于正常系膜。癌组织P1和SPF则显著高于癌旁3cm和5cm及正常系膜。结论病理学分析结果显示．直肠癌远端3cm肠管组织为安全组织;而流式细胞学分析结果显示．直肠癌远端3cm肠管组织和癌旁5cm直肠系膜为不安全组织;手术切除范围应达癌远端系膜5cm以上。     

RT-PCR检测直肠癌在直肠系膜的播散范围及临床意义

目的　以CEAmRNA为标记物 ,应用RT PCR技术检测直肠癌在直肠系膜的播散范围 ,以探讨直肠癌根治术直肠系膜的合理切除范围。方法　 4 0例直肠癌全系膜切除的手术标本 ,取不同距离的直肠系膜以CEAmRNA为标记物 ,应用RT PCR技术检测其有无癌转移。结果　在 4 0例病例中发现直肠系膜有癌播散者 9例 (2 2 .5 % ) ,播散最远距离在肿瘤下缘下 4cm。直肠癌在直肠系膜的播散与Dukes分期、肿瘤浸润肠壁深度、肿瘤分化程度及肿瘤分型相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与肿瘤大小及CEA水平无明显相关性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　直肠癌根治术中距肿瘤下缘 5cm范围是直肠系膜的安全切缘。     

经腹腔镜行全直肠系膜切除的可行性研究

目的探讨经腹腔镜行全直肠系膜切除治疗直肠癌的可行性。方法比较经腹腔镜与开腹两组标本的直肠系膜完整性和肠旁 3站淋巴结清扫数目的差异。结果①两组各 2 0例直肠癌切除标本的直肠系膜均完整无破损。②腹腔镜组与开腹组N1的淋巴结数分别为 8 5± 3 6与10 6± 6 2 (P =0 334 ) ;N2 的淋巴结数分别为 3 7± 2 2与 2 4± 2 1(P =0 32 8) ;N3 的淋巴结数分别为2 4± 1 7与 2 0± 1 8(P =0 5 90 )。③直肠远切端均无癌细胞浸润。结论经腹腔镜行全直肠系膜切除是可行的     

大肠癌患者外周血调节性T细胞的检测及临床意义

目的观察大肠癌患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T（Treg）细胞数量的变化，探讨其与肿瘤临床病理特征的关系。方法应用流式细胞仪分析大肠癌患者和健康对照组外周血单个核细胞的Treg细胞数目，比较Treg细胞百分比变化与大肠癌临床病理特征的相关性。结果结直肠癌患者Treg细胞占CD4^＋T细胞百分比（15±8）％，与健康对照组（6．0±3．5）比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；CEA正常的结直肠癌患者Treg细胞占CD4^＋T细胞百分比（13±4）％，与CEA升高的结直肠癌患者Treg细胞（17±10）％比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Duke＇s C和D期的结直肠癌患者Treg细胞占CD4^＋T细胞百分比（19±6）％，与A期和B期Treg细胞百分比（12±5）％比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结直肠癌患者外周血TGF-131含量（1．2±0．4）ng／L，与Treg细胞数目呈正相关（r=0．253，P〈0．05）。结论Treg细胞在大肠癌患者中比例升高，可能是产生肿瘤免疫抑制的重要机制，Treg细胞增加可作为大肠癌患者肿瘤进展的重要标志。     

人结直肠癌组织中胸腺嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶和二氢嘧啶脱氢酶的活性变化及其意义

目的研究人结直肠癌组织及癌旁正常组织胸腺嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶(thymidinephosphorylase,TP)和二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(dihydropyrimidinedehydrogenase,DPD)活性与结直肠癌临床病理特征以及与5-FU化疗效果的关系。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测68例结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织和癌旁正常组织TP和DPD活性,其中40例患者术后接受5-FU结合甲酰四氢叶酸钙化疗。结果(1)结直肠癌肿瘤组织TP活性(120±102)U/mg明显高于癌旁正常组织(60±49)U/mg,P<0·01;组织分型差(低分化、黏液腺癌)、Dukes分期晚(C期和D期)、有淋巴转移的肿瘤组织TP活性明显增高;(2)在术后接受5-FU化疗的患者中,肿瘤DPD活性低和TP/DPD比值高的患者术后生存期明显好于DPD活性高和TP/DPD比值低的患者。结论人结直肠癌组织TP活性明显高于癌旁正常组织;肿瘤TP活性与结直肠癌恶性潜能相关,可能在肿瘤的发展中起一定作用;肿瘤DPD活性和TP/DPD比值可能是预测结直肠癌对5-FU化疗敏感性的指标之一。     

原发性肝癌介入治疗前后血清血管内皮生长因子的变化

目的　检测肝细胞癌 (HCC)患者介入前后血清血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)水平与HCC转移复发的关系。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)法检测 40例健康人和 64例行介入治疗的HCC患者血清中的VEGF水平 ,并与其临床转移复发情况进行对照分析。结果　 64例HCC患者血清中VEGF含量 (2 0 4 .1 5± 1 34 .2 8)ng/L明显高于健康人群 (2 6 .1 2± 2 4 .58)ng/L(P<0 .0 1 ) ;介入治疗后HCC患者血清VEGF(2 65 .46± 2 57.36)ng/L高于治疗前 (2 0 4 .1 5± 1 34 .2 8)ng/L(P <0 .0 5) ;高转移复发倾向组HCC病人血清VEGF(345 .68± 348.36)ng/L明显高于低转移复发倾向组 (2 2 4 .1 8± 1 39.2 6)ng/L(P <0 .0 1 ) ;HCC血清中的VEGF水平与肿瘤有无包膜、门静脉癌栓、复发转移密切相关 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　HCC患者介入治疗后VEGF明显升高 ,可能会增加HCC的转移潜能     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.