锁骨下静脉及静脉角部的功能解剖学

在30具(60侧)成人防腐尸体上,对锁症下静脉及静脉角交汇部,除长度、直径和位置外,特别对内腔结构——瓣膜和内膜嵴进行了细致的观测,并由此提出了其对血液动力学影响的看法。     

新生儿锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术的应用解剖

目的为新生儿锁骨下静脉穿刺提供应用解剖学基础。方法对15具30侧新生儿尸体的锁骨下静脉及相关结构进行解剖观测。结果锁骨下静脉属支腋静脉与锁骨中线交点距锁骨中点下缘(6.2±1.7)mm;锁骨下静脉与锁骨下缘交点指数为39.0±4.5,提示交点在锁骨中内1/3交点稍偏外侧。静脉角位于锁骨上缘距胸锁关节外侧(10.0±2.4)mm处。上述三点相连,即为新生儿锁骨下静脉的体表投影。结论沿锁骨下静脉体表投影穿刺进针可获较高的穿刺成功率,穿刺应首选右侧,穿刺插管长度不超过5.8cm(右)或4.7cm(左)。     

经锁骨下路锁骨下静脉穿刺的应用解剖

本文解剖观察了32例成人男性锁下静脉的锁骨下段。锁骨下静脉与锁骨的交叉点位于肩峰或肩锁关节至胸锁关节连线的内,中1/3稍外侧。在交叉点与环状软骨和胸骨颈静脉切迹连线的中点之间作一连线,此连线在锁骨下方的延长线即是锁骨下段的体表投影。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺入路的应用解剖

为了提供锁骨下静脉穿刺的应用解剖资料,在40侧标本上对锁骨下静脉、动脉及胸膜的穿刺点、穿刺角度和深度进行了观察。结果表明:通过锁骨下入路穿刺锁骨下静脉,最佳角度是针与额状面夹角约为20.5°,针与水平面夹角约为28.3°,深度约为2.6cm。而通过锁骨上入路最佳角度是针与额状面的夹角约为-8.3°针与水平面的夹角约为40.3°,深度约为2.3cm。本文同时讨论了临床应用要点。     

右锁骨下静脉的应用解剖学研究

病人的急救、长期输液、肠外营养、心导管检查、介入治疗、中心静脉压测定等项目时，采用最多的是中心静脉穿刺置管，而锁骨下静脉口径大，右锁骨下静脉口径粗，管壁和周围组织密切融合，位置固定，借前斜角肌作为安全保护层与其深面的锁骨下动脉、臂丛隔开，位置恒定表浅，具备这些条件为中心静脉的穿刺之首选静脉。本研究的目的是为l临床上行锁骨下静脉穿刺提供应用解剖学资料。     

小儿头皮静脉穿刺的应用解剖

一、选择的部位1.滑车上静脉:在颅冠状缝处起于静脉网,汇成滑车上静脉后,沿额骨表面近中线处垂直下降,与对侧同名静脉并行,至眉的侧端续于内眦静脉,与滑车上神经伴行。该静脉是头皮静脉中较大的一支,粗短而较直,不滑动,易固定;小儿头皮较薄,故暴露较明显。 2.颞浅静脉:起始于颅的顶部和侧面的静脉网,汇成颞浅     

经锁骨下路锁骨下动脉穿刺插管的应用解剖

目的：为经锁骨下路锁骨下动脉穿刺插管提供解剖学基础。方法：对２４侧成人标本锁骨下动脉的走行、毗邻结构进行了解剖学观察,测量了经锁骨下路行锁骨下动脉和胸膜穿刺的角度和深度。结果：锁骨下动脉经过锁骨中点偏内约０．５ｃｍ处,或胸锁关节与喙突连线中点偏外１．５ｃｍ处。当在锁骨中外１／３下２．５ｃｍ处穿刺锁骨下动脉时额状面最佳角度为２３．３°±６．３°,横断面为１１．３°±５．３°,深度为４．１±０．８ｃｍ,与刺入胸膜顶有显著性差异。结论：经锁骨下路行锁骨下动脉穿刺插管是可行和安全的     

手背静脉穿刺的临床应用解剖

目的探讨手背浅静脉、皮神经的解剖特点,为临床手背静脉穿刺提供解剖学参考。方法选取18具36侧成人手背标本,进行解剖学观察与测量。结果手背皮肤较薄,平均厚度1.2mm,在皮下组织内,皮神经行于浅静脉的深层,血管与神经的行程有三种情况:①阶段性伴行,占34.52%;②前后交叉,静脉在前、神经在后,占45.18%;③不伴行、不交叉,占20.30%。手背浅静脉横断面内径的横径大于纵径。结论在静脉穿刺时,快速刺入皮肤和血管,并从血管上方进针,可避开与血管伴行或交叉的神经干,以减轻疼痛;针尖斜面应向上刺入血管,以与血管横径相适应,可避免斜面刃边对血管壁造成再损伤。     

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的：为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法：观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型，肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率，肝短静脉的数量，大小，及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果：肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65．4％、26．9％、7．7％。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67．3％。肝短静脉出现率为32．6％，肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2．Ocm以内者占80．7％。结论：本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础，提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。     

African-Americans with End Stage Renal Disease in the Early Years of Kidney Transplantation

Introduction. The first successful kidney transplant in humans was performed in 1954. In the following 25 years, the biomedical, ethical, and social implications of kidney transplantation were widely discussed by both healthcare professionals and the public. Issues relating to race, however, were not commonly addressed, representing a “blind spot” regarding racial disparities in access and health outcomes. Methods. Through primary sources in the medical literature and lay press, this paper explores the racial dynamics of kidney transplantation in the 1950–1970s in the United States as the procedure grew from an experimental procedure to the standard of care for patients in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Results & Discussion. An extensive search of the medical literature found very few papers about ESRD, dialysis, or renal transplant that mentioned the race of the patients before 1975. While the search did not reveal whether race was explicitly used in determining patient access to dialysis or transplant, the scant data that exist show that African-Americans disproportionately developed ESRD and were underrepresented in these early treatment populations. Transplant outcome data in the United States failed to include race demographics until the late 1970s. The Social Security Act of 1972 (PL 92-603) extended Medicare coverage to almost all Americans with ESRD and led to a rapid increase in both dialysis and kidney transplantation for African-Americans in ESRD, but disparities persist today.