感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的：报告感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法：７６例感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎患者，男５８例，女１８例，平均年龄３７．８±１１．３（１２～６０）岁。其中动脉血培养阳性４１例，阴性３５例。２７例（急性活动期）因急性心力衰竭或严重败血症等并发症而急症手术，４９例（慢性静止期）在抗生素治疗６周后择期手术。本组７６例患者行主动脉瓣替换术７４例；应用带瓣管道行主动脉根部、主动脉瓣替换和冠状动脉移植术２例。同期处理动脉导管未闭３例、佛氏窦瘤破裂＋心室间隔缺损６例、心室间隔缺损３例、二尖瓣关闭不全１１例和三尖瓣关闭不全５例。结果：７６例患者术后早期死亡５例（６．６％）：急性活动期２例，慢性静止期３例。术后平均随访４．１５年（１０个月～１０年），晚期死亡４例，其中２例死于人工瓣膜性心内膜炎。结论：感染性主动脉瓣心内膜炎手术时机的掌握对治疗效果至关重要，急症手术并不增加手术死亡率。     

感染性心内膜炎并瓣膜功能障碍的外科治疗(附13例报告)

报告１３例感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）伴瓣膜毁损患者。其中病变在主动瓣７例,二尖瓣３例,三尖瓣３例;瓣膜置换术后感染性心内膜炎４例,其他原因（或无原因）发生的感染性心内膜炎伴瓣膜毁损９例。１３例均在低温体外循环下行病灶清除术＝瓣膜置换术,术后死亡１例,认为手术是挽救ＩＥ的有效方法,对ＩＥ的诊断、手术时机、处理原则及抗生素应用进行讨论。     

孤立性主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎的临床特征

本文对我院１９８６～１９９０年期间心内、外科住院的３２例孤立性主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎作了回顾性分析。结果显示，孤立性主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎占同期感染性心内膜炎７６．１％，预后极差，心力衰竭发展早而重，虽经正规的内科治疗，仍不能阻止心力衰竭的进行性恶化。３例外科急诊手术换瓣者，疗效较佳。因而，我们认为孤立性主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎应急诊手术换瓣。     

心脏瓣膜替换术122例分析

本院自１９８４年３月至１９９２年１２月，应用侧倾碟瓣、牛心包生物瓣和Ｓｔ．Ｊｕｄｅ瓣施行心脏瓣膜替换１２２例。除１例外，病因均为风湿性病变。二尖瓣替换９６例，双瓣膜替换１７例，主动脉瓣替换９例。心功能（ＮＹＨＡ）Ⅲ级者７８例，Ⅳ级者２１例。术后１个月内死亡１５例（１２．３％）。死亡原因主要为心室颤动，细菌性、霉菌性心内膜炎，低心输出量综合征等。８３例随访６～９６个月，晚期死亡５例。余均症状改善，多数已恢复工作。本文还就换瓣手术指征，心室颤动的原因，重症患者机械呼吸的应用，术后心内膜炎等问题进行讨论。     

重症感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 评价重症感染性心内膜炎手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年6月手术治疗的复杂性心内膜炎患者33例临床资料,均为原发性心内膜炎,其中感染侵犯二尖瓣16例、主动脉瓣11例、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣6例.术中发现瓣叶严重毁损27例、主动脉瓣周脓肿1例、均有瓣膜赘生物形成.脓肿清除后遗留残腔采用间断褥式缝合1例、主动脉瓣替换术11例,二尖瓣替换术16例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣替换术6例.结果 早期无死亡,术后3个月心功能(NYHA分级)恢复Ⅰ级33%(11/33)、Ⅱ级66%(22/33).结论 重症心内膜炎瓣膜及瓣环受损重,积极手术,彻底清除赘生物,病灶创面的恰当处理是影响手术本身能否成功以及术后近期效果的关键.     

感染性心内膜炎并发主动脉瓣穿破16例分析

对近１１年来收住院经超声检查或手术、尸检证实有主动脉瓣穿破的１６例感染性心内膜炎进行了分析。结果显示：病程中有１５例发生急性左心衰，１３例主动脉瓣区有新出现的返流性杂音，１２例血培养阳性，其中金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）７例；多普勒超声动态观察均发现有主动脉瓣赘生物和新出现的主动脉瓣下舒张期返流频谱；内科治愈３例，好转２例，手术治愈２例，死亡９例，其中６例死于难以控制的急性肺水肿。因此，对主动脉瓣损害严重的病例，应及早行手术换瓣治疗     

急诊心瓣膜置换的临床体会

本文报告１０例急诊心脏瓣膜置换术。急诊手术原因：重度心衰心源性休克２例，重度心衰并发急性肾衰２例，大咯血１例，感染性心内膜炎并心衰１例，心导管检查或介入性治疗致心脏穿孔心包填塞４例。行二尖瓣置换术８例，主动脉瓣置换１例，双瓣置换１例。术后２例死亡，８例随访１月～２年心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级７例，Ⅲ级１例。对急诊瓣膜置换手术指征进行了讨论。     

二尖瓣狭窄闭式扩张术后的瓣膜替换术

目的：介绍二尖瓣闭式扩张术后的瓣膜替换术经验。方法：我院自１９７７年１１月至１９９３年１２月期间共行二尖瓣闭式扩张术后瓣膜替换术２２９例（男１４８例，女８１例）。瓣膜替换时平均年龄４３．９５±６．６０岁。其中急诊手术５例，择期手术２２４例，两次手术间隔为１２．９６±６．７９年。均在低温体外循环下手术，其中二尖瓣替换术２０８例（９０．８３％）；二尖瓣及主动脉瓣双瓣替换术２１例（９．１７％）。结果：总手术死亡率７．４２％，１９８７年前死亡率为２３．６８％，而近３年死亡率仅０．８８％（１／１１３）。结论：掌握好手术时机；注重心肌保护；避免广泛游离心包粘连；采用右房、房间隔切口显露二尖瓣，连续缝合法替换二尖瓣，使手术时间缩短；以及正确的术后处理等，均是降低死亡率的重要因素。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的回顾分析感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗效果,为临床治疗提供指导依据。方法研究1995年至2004年6月56例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗方式及转归,其中行主动脉瓣置换21例,二尖瓣置换18例,双瓣置换11例,主动脉窦瘤修补合并主动脉瓣置换2例,室间隔缺损修补合并主动脉瓣置换1例,室间隔缺损修补合并主动脉瓣成型1例,室间隔修补合并三尖瓣成形1例,动脉导管缝扎1例。结果手术死亡2例(36%)。其余54例手术成功,术后心功能恢复良好。结论感染性心内膜炎内科治疗效果差,在抗生素治疗无效且有外科手术指征时,早期手术治疗可以取得良好的效果。     

二尖瓣替换术后生物瓣衰败的再手术治疗

二尖瓣替换术后生物瓣衰败的再手术治疗山东省立医院（２５００２１）袁贵道马家驹郭兰敏范全心邹承伟王安彪１９９２～１９９６年，我们共为１１例二尖瓣替换术（ＭＶＲ）后生物瓣衰败患者行再次换瓣手术，现报告如下。１临床资料本组男７例，女４例；年龄３０～５３岁，...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.