肝胆管结石病肝移植(附4例报告)

目的 探讨肝胆管结石终末期病变肝移植的适应证及术中技术和围手术期处理的改进方法。方法 回顾性分析我科近年来施行的肝胆管结石终末期病变肝移植4例。结果 3例均为肝胆管结石继发胆汁性肝硬化失代偿期。病例1行先转流后游离肝脏的原位肝移植，病例2、3行不转流的改良背驮式肝移植，病例4行不转流的原位肝移植。平均手术时间7．9h，失血800ml。4例手术均成功。病例1术后第6天出现消化道出血，经保守治疗痊愈；病例2术后第44天并发消化道出血和胆肠吻合口漏，经治疗痊愈；病例4术后第8天和第10天并发肝动脉吻合口出血，经再次手术治疗，痊愈出院。术后病理结果为胆汁性肝硬化。所有病例均随访，健康存活。结论 肝胆管结石继发胆汁性肝硬化失代偿期是肝移植适应证。先转流后游离肝脏及改良背驮式肝移植技术的应用可以减少术中出血、降低术后并发症。     

Liver transplantation for hepatocarcinoma

A total of 592 patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantation in the Cambridge/King's College Hospital series (January 1980 to May 1991). A total of 89 (15%) patients had either primary or secondary hepatobiliary malignancies. Of these, 66 were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 13 were cholangiocarcinoma. Of the HCC, 21 were cirrhotics and 45 were noncirrhotics. Eleven patients (12.6%) out of the total 89 died within 1 month without any evidence of recurrent tumor. The most common cause of death was due to postoperative hemorrhage. Of the patients with HCC, 21 (37.5%) had a recurrence of the original tumor and died of the malignancy from 2 months to 5 years after operation. At the time of writing, 18 patients are still alive and the overall 5-year survival rate was 18.6%. The 5-year survival recurrence in patients with HCC was 37.7% in cirrhotic livers. Some patients have been cured of primary malignancy of the liver. Our longest survivor has now survived for 17 years since undergoing transplantation. In 13 patients with cholangiocarcinoma, 6 (46.2%) died due to tumor recurrence and the 5-year survival rate was 23.8%. The indications for liver transplantation are therefore now rapidly expanding. Although the rate of recurrence is high and a long-term cure is rare, HCC remains an appropriate indication for liver transplantation.This report is the gist of a paper read by R.C. at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Japanese Surgical Society, Kyoto, Japan, 1991     

Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma

Liver transplantation following high dose neoadjuvant radiotherapy with chemosensitization achieves excellent results for patients with early stage, unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma arising in the setting of primary sclerosing cholangitis.     

肝胆管结石终末期病变与肝移植

肝内胆管结石合并反复发作的急性、慢性胆管炎 ,胆管狭窄、梗阻 ,胆汁淤滞 ,造成肝实质细胞损害 ,纤维组织增生 ,进一步发展为继发性胆汁性肝硬化、门静脉高压症。据报告 ,由胆管狭窄发展为胆汁性肝硬化的时间平均约 7年。此时病人在临床往往表现为黄疸、脾肿大、脾功能亢进、腹水、消化道出血、衰竭 ,并常伴胆道感染、发热。当肝内胆管结石合并胆汁性肝硬化、门静脉高压 ,已是胆管结石病发展的终末期病变。疾病发展到此阶段 ,治疗已十分困难 ,预后极差 ,我们认为这是肝脏移植的绝对适应证。1　病例报告肝移植治疗肝内胆管结石病在国际上只…     

布加综合征的肝移植

报告一例曾接受过脾肺固定术的布加综合征病例，因终末期肝硬化，下腔静脉阻塞而行原位肝移植术。术野局部粘连严重，侧支丰富，特别是第二肝门解剖困难，采用右房肝上下腔静脉吻合术，重建下腔静脉通道。行髂总静脉、门静脉至右房插管转流，使用ＷＭＯ液保存供肝５小时４５分。完成手术肝血液循环良好，当天即有胆汁排出。术后第１３天死于肝排斥反应脏肝动脉栓塞，肝、肾功能衰竭 。     

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest malignancies worldwide, and accounts for more than 1 million deaths annually. Identification of tumors early in the course of disease appears to be important for treatment, yet remains difficult to accomplish. Without treatment the prognosis is dismal with a median survival of 6-9 months. Partial hepatic resection is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for HCC with reported survival rates of up to 50% at 5 years. Unfortunately poor underlying liver function as well as tumor number or location preclude traditional hepatic resection in many cases. Total hepatectomy with transplantation (LT) has been advocated such cases, but the results have been variable. LT offers the advantage of radical tumor removal even in patients with multifocal disease or severe cirrhosis. Additionally, LT removes the possibility of metachronous lesions developing in the liver remnant and restores normal liver function. The critical limitation to advocating LT as primary oncotherapy in patients with HCC is the severe shortage of donor livers. Until organ availability improves, transplantation for HCC can only be offered to patients whose survival is predicted to be similar to that in patients transplanted for benign disease. This report reviews the current role and indications for liver transplantation as therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis

Abstract Because of the donor shortage, there are concerns for liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. We therefore analyzed patients transplanted for alcoholic cirrhosis at our center with respect to patient and graft survival, recurrence of disease, and postoperative complications. Out of 1000 liver transplantations performed in 911 patients, 167 patients were transplanted for alcoholic cirrhosis; 91 patients received CsA‐ and 76 patients FK506‐based immunosuppression. Recurrence was diagnosed by patient's or relative's declaration, blood alcohol determination, and delirium. Diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic rejection was performed as previously described. One‐ (96.8 % versus 91.3 %) and 9‐year patient survival (83.3 % versus 80%) compared well with other indications. Five of 15 patients died due to disease recurrence. Recurrence of disease was significantly related to the duration of alcohol abstinence prior to transplantation. In patients who were abstinent for less than 6 months (17.1 %), recurrence rate was 65 %, including four of the five patients who died of recurrence. Recurrence rate decreased to 11.8%, when abstinence time was 6‐12 months and to 5.5%, when the abstinence times was > 2 years. Next to duration of abstinence, alcohol relapse was significantly related to sex, social environment, and psychological stability. The incidence of acute rejection compared well with other indications (38.1%); CsA: 40.1% versus 33.3% in FK506 patients. In all, 18.2% of CsA patients experienced steroid‐resistant rejection compared with 2.6 % of FK506 patients. Seven patients (7.6%) in the CsA group and one patient (1.3%) in the FK506 group developed chronic rejection. A total of 57.1% developed infections; 5.7% were life‐threatening. CMV infections were observed in 14.3% (versus 25% for other indications). New onset of insulin‐dependent diabetes was observed in 8.6% and hypertension in 32.4%. In conclusion, alcoholic cirrhosis is a good indication for liver transplantation with respect to graft and patient survival and development of postoperative complications. FK506 therapy was favourable to CsA treatment. Patient selection is a major issue and established criteria should be strictly adhered to. Patients with alcohol abstinence times shorter than 6 months should be excluded, since recurrence and death due to recurrence was markedly increased in this group of patients.     

Liver transplantation for neuroendocrine tumors

Liver transplantation for the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is radical. Although cure is not impossible, it is improbable. The reported experience with transplantation for NETs is limited to less than 150 cases with widely varying results and few 5-year disease-free survivors. We reviewed our experience with transplantation for patients with NETs. Fourteen symptomatic patients with unresectable NET liver metastases who had failed medical management were listed for transplantation. Two patients listed for transplantation underwent prior right lobectomies. Three patients were listed but did not undergo transplantation: one was lost to follow-up, one died 14 months after listing, and one remains waiting over 4 years. Eleven patients underwent liver transplantation, three with living donor grafts. There were four men (36.4%) and seven women (63.6%) who had a mean age of 51.2 ± 6.3 years. Three patients had distal pancreatectomies and one patient had a Whipple procedure at the time of transplantation. There were six nonfunctioning tumors (54.6%), three carcinoid tumors (27.3%), and two (18.2%) Vipomas. In one patient, with fulminant hepatic failure, the NET was an incidental finding in the explant. The 1- and 5-year survival among transplanted patients is 73% and 36%, respectively, with a mean follow-up of 34 ± 40 months (range 0 to 119 months). Of the three patients surviving more than 5 years, only one was disease free. In carefully selected patients with metastatic NETs, liver transplantation may be an appropriate option. Presented in part at the Fourth Americas Congress of the American Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association, Miami, Florida, February 28, 2003.     

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been a major reason for liver transplantation (LT). Globally, LT for HCC is performed on the basis of the Milan criteria, and if performed within those criteria, then the outcome is not different from that of LT performed for other primary diseases. On the other hand, the scope of the Milan criteria covers only early-stage HCC, and many HCC patients do not meet the criteria even at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, over the last decade, efforts have been made to perform LT for patients whose clinical characteristics lie outside the Milan criteria. In Japan, more than 99% of LTs are living donor LTs (LDLTs) and more than 15% of LTs are performed in patients with HCC. The 1- and 3-year actual survival rates of LDLT for HCC in Japan are 82 and 79%, respectively. Efforts to extend the Milan criteria have also been made in Japan. To improve the outcome of LT for HCC, pre- and postoperative management of hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and immunosuppressant specific for this type of LT are still crucial issues. In this review, we provide an overview of current outcome, efforts to extend the Milan criteria, control of viral hepatitis, and immunosuppression for LT in patients with HCC.     

Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was accepted as an indication for liver transplantation at the beginning of the transplantation era. Owing to disappointing long-term results for this indication, and in parallel, encouraging results in patients with benign disease, hilar cholangiocarcinoma has generally not been accepted as an indication for liver transplantation in recent years. To improve results, more aggressive approaches have been used: “abdominal organ cluster transplantation” and “extended bile duct resection”, which lead to increased long-term survival rates. However, with improving results after conventional extrahepatic bile duct resection in combination with partial hepatectomy, extended procedures in combination with liver transplantation never became a real option in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, new awareness of liver transplantation in the treatment of this cancer has been raised for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma in the context of underlying liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which preclude liver resection. Current results show increased survival figures, in particular in well-selected patients with early tumor stages. Further improvements in long-term survival may be reached with new adjuvant and neoadjuvant protocols. Patients with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy show long-term results similar to those for liver transplantation for other indications. Also, photodynamic therapy and the use of new antiproliferative immunosuppressive agents may be an approach for further improvement of the long-term results. Currently, liver transplantation for the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be restricted to centers with experience in the treatment of this cancer and should be taken into consideration in patients with contraindications to liver resection.     

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumor of the liver and is considered an aggressive tumor with mean survival estimated between 6 and 20 months. Hepatitis B and C are the most common etiologies. Pathological, laboratory and radiologic imaging all aid in diagnosis but much controversy exists in the utilization of any given modality. Many treatment options exist for management of HCC, each has its own limitation. Liver transplantation offers the most reasonable expectation for curative treatment while simultaneously removing the burden of the diseased liver. Still, advancements in the field have thus far not yet matched its potential, although new immunosuppressive and chemotherapy regimen may allow transplantation to push the envelope once again.Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, heptatoma, liver transplantation     

Liver transplantation for variceal hemorrhage

At the present time, liver transplantation must be considered among the treatment options for patients with variceal hemorrhage. For a significant percentage of variceal bleeders throughout the world, however, transplantation is not a viable option either because the patient is not an appropriate transplant candidate or because of the etiology of the patient's portal hypertension. Sclerotherapy and portosystemic shunts remain the mainstay of therapy for these patients. The survival rates with liver transplantation are superior to those reported for other therapies for variceal hemorrhage in patients who have moderate or severe liver disease in addition to variceal hemorrhage. Child's C patients whose variceal hemorrhage is controlled medically should be evaluated for transplantation and receive chronic sclerotherapy while they wait on the transplant list. If the variceal hemorrhage cannot be controlled medically in a transplant candidate, then the patient should undergo an emergency shunt procedure. The shunt of choice is a large-bore H-graft mesocaval or mesorenal shunt. This shunt effectively controls the acute hemorrhage, is relatively simple to perform, does not adversely impact on the subsequent liver transplant, and can simply be ligated after the transplant is completed. Patients who experience variceal hemorrhage as the only manifestation of their liver disease should be treated initially with endoscopic sclerotherapy. For that small group of patients who are either not candidates for sclerotherapy or who rebleed despite sclerotherapy, the choice of shunt or transplantation is presently a difficult one, because both therapies provide excellent results in this group of patients. The choice of therapy should be made on an individual basis and only after consultation with both transplant and shunt surgeons. If a shunt is chosen, we prefer the DSRS because it maintains hepatic portal perfusion in many patients and does not require dissection of the porta hepatis. The management of patients with a prior portosystemic shunt at the time of transplantation depends on the type of shunt and the duration of time between the shunt and the transplant. Shunts not involving the hepatic hilum have little adverse impact on the performance of the transplant. There are insufficient data to assess accurately the effect of a prior portacaval shunt on the transplant. However, our clinical experience and that of other transplant groups indicate that the transplantation of these patients is technically more difficult than that of patients with shunts not involving the hilum. With the availability of other shunting procedures that do not involve extensive dissection of the hepatic hilum, there is little role for either end-to-side or side-to-side portacaval shunts in patients who are potential liver transplant candidates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Liver transplantation for biliary atresia

Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed 15 months to 20 years ago in 126 recipients, all of whom were under 18 years of age. Eighty-six of these pediatric recipients were treated before 1980 with azathioprine (or eyclophosphamide) and prednisone, to which antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) usually was added. One-year patient survival was 40%. In the last 40 cases, the new drug cyclosporine has been given with low doses of steroids. The one-year patient survival increased to 65%. Both in the pre-cyclosporine era and more recently, the survival of patients with biliary atresia has been lower than in the next largest category of patients, namely, those with liver-based inborn metabolic errors. The difficulty of operation in patients with biliary atresia has been greater than in recipients with other diagnoses, partly because of previous operations such as portoenterostomy (Kasai procedure). Hepatic portoenterostomy, worthwhile as it is, has posed technical difficulties for eventual liver transplantation, particularly when complicated Roux limb techniques or venting procedures have been applied. In our total experience the longest survival after liver replacement in a child whose original diagnosis was biliary atresia is 132/3 years.

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Resumen El transplante ortotópico de hígado fue realizado en 126 recipientes con edades menores de 18 años, en el período comprendido entre los pasados 15 meses a 20 años. Ochenta y seis de estos recipientes pediátricos fueron tratados con anterioridad a 1980 con azatioprina (o ciclofosfamida) y prednisona, a lo cual generalmente se añadió globulina antilinfocítica (ALG). La supervivencia a un año fue de 40%. En los Últimos 40 casos se ha administrado la nueva droga ciclosporina, junto con dosis bajas de esteroides. La supervivencia a un año aumentó a 65%. Tanto en la era preciclosporina como en la época reciente, la supervivencia de los pacientes con atresia biliar ha sido más baja que la de los pacientes de la siguiente categoría mayor, constituída por aquellos con defectos metabólicos congénitos del hígado. La dificultad operatoria en los pacientes con atresia biliar ha sido mayor que en los pacientes con otros diagnósticos, en parte debido a operaciones previas tales como portoenterostomías (procedimiento de Kasai). La portoenterostomía hepática, siendo un procedimiento valioso, ha presentado dificultades en cuanto a un transplante hepático eventual, especialmente cuando se han empleado técnicas de anastomosis de Roux-en-Y o procedimientos de descompresión. La supervivencia más prolongada después del reemplazo hepático en nuestra experiencia es de casi 14 años, en un niño cuyo diagnóstico original era atresia biliar.

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Résumé La transplantation orthotopique du foie a été pratiquée (depuis 25 ans jusqu'à 15 mois) chez 126 sujets âgés de moins de 18 ans. Quatre-vingt-six de ces sujets jeunes ont été traités avant 1980 par l'azathioprine (ou cyclophosphamide) et la prednisone ainsi que généralement par la globuline antilymphocytaire. La survie à un an fut de 40%. Dans les 40 dernières transplantations un nouvel agent, la cyclosporine, fut employé simultanément avec de faibles doses de stéroÏdes. Le taux de survie à un an s'est élevé jusqu'à 65%.Aussi bien au cours de la première période que lors de la seconde, le taux de survie des enfants qui ont subi une transplantation pour atrésie biliaire a été inférieur à celui de ceux qui ont été l'objet d'une transplantation pour des affections métaboliques hépatiques du nouveau-né. La difficulté de l'opération chez les sujets atteints d'atrésie biliaire résulte du fait que la transplantation est effectuée très souvent après échec de la porto-entérostomie ou opération de Kasai, de la présence d'une anse jéjunale montée en Y ou d'un ventousage. Le meilleur résultat des transplantations hépatiques pour atrésie biliaire que nous avons pratiquées répond à une survie de 13 ans et 8 mois.

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Supported by research grants from the Veterans Administration; and the National Institutes of Health Bethesda, grant AM-29961.     

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

The role of liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has evolved over the past two decades, and transplantation has become one of the few curative treatment modalities for patients with HCC. Early results were poor, but the current restrictive selection criteria can yield excellent results. This review will discuss recent issues in the field, including (1) factors affecting the recurrence of HCC after LT; (2) the effect of downstaging HCC before LT, including transarterial catheter chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA); and (3) living-donor versus deceased-donor liver transplantation for HCC patients. The most important factors that have been described to affect LT survival include the tumor size, vascular invasion, and the degree of tumor differentiation. Recently, tumor markers, including alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma carboxy prothrombin, were reported as predictors of HCC recurrence after LT. Furthermore, the experience accumulated with locoregional therapies such as TACE and RFA as bridging procedures to LT, along with the reduced waiting time under the HCC-adjusted MELD (model for endstage liver disease) system for organ allocation has led to improved outcomes. With the recent advances in adult living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT), there may be a marked change in the role of liver transplantation for hepatic malignancies, in particular for HCC.