外伤性泪囊炎CT造影多平面重组的初步研究

目的探讨外伤性泪囊炎CT造影多平面重组的检查方法,研究外伤性泪囊炎CT造影的特点。方法采用泪道CT碘化油造影多平面重组的方法,分析40例外伤性泪囊炎的CT检查和结果。结果泪道CT良好地显示了泪囊的大小、泪囊与鼻泪管的关系、泪道阻塞的部位及其周围组织的情况,其中诊断泪囊向外向前移位19例,泪囊向后移位2例,泪囊扩大3例,泪囊萎缩5例。骨性鼻泪管骨折20例,骨性鼻泪管重度狭窄5例,鼻泪管上段阻塞10例。伴有面部骨折情况36例,伴有鼻部病变8例。结论外伤性泪囊炎CT造影表现复杂多样,泪道CT造影多平面重组能较清晰地显示泪道外伤及其周围组织的情况,可用于指导手术。     

泪道阻塞的数字减影泪道造影评价

目的：探讨数字减影泪道造影（DSDCG）对泪道阻塞的诊断价值。材料和方法：选择189例患者253只眼,临床表现为溢泪4－5级。采用数字减影机进行数字减影泪道造影,根据数字减影泪道造影的表现,将泪道阻塞分为泪小管阻塞、泪总管阻塞、泪囊颈部以上的泪囊阻塞及泪囊颈部以下的鼻泪管阻塞,并结合泪囊扩大情况及阻塞的程度进行分析。结果：253例患眼的DSDCG检查均获成功,成功率100％。其中泪小管阻塞12只眼（4．7％）,泪总管阻塞22只眼（8．7％）,泪囊颈部以上阻塞24只眼（9．5％）,泪囊颈部以下阻塞195只眼（77．1％）,其中泪囊明显扩大67只眼（26．5％）,泪囊颈部以下不完全性阻塞39只眼（15．4％）。结论：数字减影泪道造影可清晰地动态显示泪道全程,应作为泪道阻塞患者术前的常规诊断手段。     

激光泪道成形术联合支架植入治疗慢性泪囊炎

目的：观察激光泪道成形术联合鼻泪管支架植入对慢性泪囊炎的治疗效果。方法：慢性泪囊炎患者61例（69眼），男性5例（5眼），女性56例（64眼）；病程6个月至20年。将特制的空心泪道探针插至泪道阻塞处，从空心插入光导纤维，以功率为8－14W的KTP激光击射阻塞处1－3次。待泪道通畅后从鼻腔逆行置入带有小孔蘑茹头和引流管的鼻泪管支架。术后追踪9－33个月。结果：56眼溢泪完全消失，9眼溢泪减轻，总有效率为94．2％。无并发症发生。结论：激光泪道成形术联合鼻泪管支架植入是治疗慢性泪囊炎安全、有效的方法。     

慢性泪囊炎泪囊鼻腔吻合术护理体会

慢性泪囊炎为常见眼病，是泪囊粘膜的卡他性或化脓性炎症。此病多发于成年和老人，女性多于男性。临床表现为泪囊、眦角和结膜囊内有较多黏液性或脓性分泌物。我们对25例28眼慢性泪囊炎进行泪囊鼻腔吻合术，（即泪囊鼻腔造口的手术），在泪囊与鼻腔之间建立新的通道，代替阻塞的鼻泪管以引流泪液，把泪囊和鼻粘膜直接吻合，使分泌物和沮液由泪囊直达中鼻道，使泪道通畅减轻患者痛苦。本组25例患者经泪囊鼻腔吻合术及泪道冲洗护理后无溢泪、溢脓，泪道冲洗通畅，痊愈出院。出院后每周一次冲洗泪道，一月后每月一次复诊，随访6月，患者无溢泪、溢脓症状。现将护理体会介绍如下。     

泪囊注药B超显像在泪道术式选择中的应用

泪道手术是眼外科常见手术。其中,因鼻泪管狭窄或阻塞致慢性泪囊炎而需手术者最为多见,常用术式为泪囊鼻腔吻合术、泪囊摘除术、泪道插管术。我院自1999年11月～2005年3月对68例患者(80只眼)泪道手术者术前行泪囊内注入庆大霉素前后B超显像动态观察,指导术式选择,效果满意。1对象和方法1.1对象本组共68例(80只眼),均为本院门诊慢性泪囊炎及泪囊粘液囊肿拟行泪道手术患者。其中男26例,女42例,双眼患者12例,年龄19～72岁,平均56岁。1.2主要仪器采用BME-200眼科B型超声诊断仪。1.3方法未注入庆大霉素注射液前,B超测量泪囊低回声区左右径及前…     

表现为泪道阻塞泪囊黏膜皮肤样变异1例

1病例报告患者男,47岁。因右眼流泪10余年入院就诊。查体：右眼泪囊区皮肤无红肿,无皮下包块,右眼上下泪小管距离泪点8mm处遇软性抵抗,加压均不能突破软性抵抗至泪囊内侧骨壁。冲洗液上冲下返,下冲上返,均不能入咽。泪道CT造影三维重建提示鼻泪管阻塞,泪囊大小正常,未见泪囊肿物影。     

医源性泪小管炎误诊为慢性泪囊炎2例

例1，女，64岁。右眼溢泪2年、流脓1年4个月，曾多次就诊于当地医院，均行泪道冲洗，诊断为慢性泪囊炎（右），后来我院就诊，于下泪小点行泪道冲洗见脓性物自下泪小点反流，诊断为慢性泪囊炎（右）。并建议手术。术前检查：于上泪小点冲洗泪道通畅，于下泪小点行泪道冲洗见脓性物自下泪小点反流，下泪小管腔隙增大，触及假道。更正诊断为泪小管炎（右），予庆大霉素8万单位，行下泪小点冲洗泪道，2次／d，克拉霉素0．5g，口服，2次／d，氧氟沙星、舒目眼宝、的确当眼药水点眼治疗。1周后溢泪及流脓症状消失，再次行下泪小点冲洗泪道通畅。     

泪小点进路鼻内镜下Nd∶YAG激光泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎

目的探讨泪小点进路鼻内镜下激光泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎的方法及疗效。方法鼻内镜下Nd∶YAG激光光纤由泪小点进路行泪囊鼻腔造孔治疗慢性泪囊炎患者37例38只眼。术前均行泪道探查,排除泪小点、泪小管及泪总管阻塞及闭锁。随访6个月。结果 37例38只眼慢性泪囊炎患者,治愈32只眼(其中包括1例双眼患者),治愈率为84.2%;好转5只眼,占13.2%;无改善1只眼,占2.6%。总有效率达97.4%。结论泪小点进路鼻内镜下Nd∶YAG激光泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎具有操作简便,定位准确,创伤小,出血少,疗效好、费用低等优点,是一种新型微创术式。     

泪小点进路鼻内镜下Nd:YAG激光泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎

目的 探讨泪小点进路鼻内镜下激光泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎的方法及疗效.方法 鼻内镜下Nd:YAG激光光纤由泪小点进路行泪囊鼻腔造孔治疗慢性泪囊炎患者37例38只眼.术前均行泪道探查,排除泪小点、泪小管及泪总管阻塞及闭锁.随访6个月.结果 37例38只眼慢性泪囊炎患者,治愈32只眼(其中包括1例双眼患者),治愈率为84.2%;好转5只眼,占13.2%;无改善1只眼,占2.6%.总有效率达97.4%.结论 泪小点进路鼻内镜下Nd:YAG激光泪囊鼻腔造孔术治疗慢性泪囊炎具有操作简便,定位准确,创伤小,出血少,疗效好、费用低等优点,是一种新型微创术式.     

美宝湿润烧伤膏在治疗慢性泪囊炎的应用

目的：观察美宝湿润烧伤膏(MEBO)在治疗慢性泪囊炎的应用价值。方法：对87例102只慢性泪囊炎采用泪道探通手术与MEBO置留治疗。常规泪点表面麻醉，扩张泪点，用生理盐水或氯霉素眼水冲洗鼻泪管、泪囊、泪小管，再用无菌注射器装入5ml MEBO，用5号自制泪道冲洗针沿泪道方向插入，直达泪囊推药，使鼻泪管、泪囊、泪小管内充满MEBO，一周后继续上述方法治疗，一般连续治疗2—5次。结果：治疗总有效率为100％，随访6个月，无一例复发。结论：在泪道探通手术后随即留置MEBO治疗慢性泪囊炎，临床效果良好，操作简单方便，经济有效，值得临床推广应用。     

螺旋CT在泪道阻塞性疾病诊断中临床应用

目的:探讨螺旋CT在泪道阻塞性疾病诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:搜集86例泪道阻塞病例,分别进行螺旋CT扫描及X线泪道造影。按阻塞位置的检出准确率及并发疾病分别进行统计学分析。结果:76例中单纯泪小管阻塞者11例,CT无法检出,由X线泪道造影检出7例;单纯泪囊阻塞者18例,螺旋CT检出5例,泪道造影检出15例;单纯鼻泪管阻塞者45例,螺旋CT检出41例,泪道造影检出38例;有两种阻塞情况并存的7例,三种阻塞情况并存的5例,均通过二者联合检出。而对其中63例并发其他疾病的检出中,螺旋CT检出为57例,泪道造影为24例。统计学分析,螺旋CT在前两种阻塞情况与泪道造影相比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05),而在鼻泪管阻塞,二者相比差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。对并发疾病的检出,螺旋CT明显优于泪道造影(P<0.05)。结论:螺旋CT在泪小管及泪囊水平的阻塞检出率较差,而在鼻泪管阻塞的检出率中与泪道造影相近,但在并发疾病的检出率明显高于泪道造影,二者互补检出率则明显提高。     

64层螺旋CT曲面重组技术对胆管梗阻的诊断价值

目的：研究胆管梗阻64层螺旋CT曲面重组（CPR）技术的操作方法、临床应用价值及其局限性。方法：搜集本院2008年7月～2009年3月阻塞性黄疸患者资料47例,全部采用GE公司Light Speed64层螺旋CT行上腹部平扫及四期增强扫描,后将其0.625mm薄层扫描轴位源像（ASI）传到工作站进行后处理,行扩张胆管曲面重建成像,作任意曲面以清晰显示梗阻部位及梗阻上段胆管的扩张情况,对胆管梗阻原因进行定位和定性诊断,并与手术所见及术后病理结果进行对比。结果：10例肝外胆管结石患者,术前64层螺旋CT曲面重组（CPR）技术定位、定性诊断准确率达到94%及87%。37例胆管、胰头肿瘤或先天性疾病患者（25例为肝门部、肝外胆管癌或胆管炎症,3例为壶腹部癌,胰头癌8例,先天性胆总管囊肿1例）中,36例准确定位,32例得到正确诊断,术前64层螺旋CTCPR定位、定性诊断准确率分别达到97%及86%。结论：64层螺旋CT曲面重建技术（CPR）能直观显示胆管病变,对诊断胆管梗阻具有重要价值。     

MR鼻泪管成像的临床应用

目的 探讨MR鼻泪管成像技术和诊断价值.方法 对8名健康志愿者(16侧正常泪道)和17例泪溢患者(32侧泪溢泪道)进行MR检查,检查前向双侧结膜囊滴入无菌盐水,扫描序列为MR三维快速反转自旋回波泪道成像(3D-FRFSE MRD)序列,泪溢患者还加做了横断面及冠状面快速回复快速自旋回波T2WI序列.在MRI后3 d内对泪溢患者进行泪道内镜检查,并将MRD结果与内镜所见对照分析.结果 16侧正常泪道中有8侧泪囊及鼻泪管全程显影.32侧有泪溢症状的泪道经内镜证实为鼻泪管慢性炎症改变,黏膜增厚呈灰红色,阻塞处为灰白色无弹性的膜状物附着.泪溢组3D-FRFSE MRD序列判断的阻塞部位与内镜的符合率为78%(25/32),表现为阻塞部位以上的泪道呈含水的高信号,其以下的泪道不显影.泪溢侧的鼻泪管在FRFSE T2wI序列上均有阳性改变,阻塞部位以上的泪囊和(或)鼻泪管腔内可见长T2液体信号充填,其以下的管腔内可见等或稍长T2的软组织信号影充填,管壁黏膜增厚.结论 鼻泪管滴注无菌盐水后MRI可以显示正常鼻泪管,而且具有对鼻泪管阻塞定位、定性的诊断价值.     

64层螺旋CT对指导儿童人工耳蜗植入术的临床意义

目的探讨64层螺旋CT对面神经隐窝径路解剖通道术前影像学评估在儿童人工耳蜗植入术中的临床价值。方法对49例双耳重度感音性耳聋拟行人工耳蜗植入术患儿行64层螺旋CT容积扫描,对外耳、中耳、内耳解剖结构行MPR及VR立体重建,模拟显示面神经隐窝手术路径,分别测量面神经管垂直段距外耳道后壁及面隐窝底距面神经管的距离。结果MPR清晰显示听小骨长轴,半规管、前庭、前庭窗、耳蜗、蜗窗和内听道的骨性解剖结构;MPR图像可同层显示面神经管的鼓室段和垂直段;VR三维立体图像直观显示半规管、前庭、前庭窗、耳蜗、蜗窗、面神经、面神经隐窝和内听道的膜性立体图像。在MPR图像上面神经管垂直段距外耳道后壁的平均距离左、右侧分别为4．46mm、4．53mm;面隐窝底距面神经管的平均距离左、右侧分别为1．02mm、1．03min。结论64层螺旋CT扫描可清晰显示人工耳蜗植入术面神经隐窝径路重要解剖学标志,面神经隐窝周围解剖结构测量结果可为临床手术提供重要参考数据,对人工耳蜗植入术具有极佳的临床指导价值。     

Simultaneous dacryocystography and dacryoscintigraphy using SPECT/CT in the diagnosis of nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Epiphora, an abnormal overflow of tears, is commonly caused by tear drainage system anomalies including nasolacrimal duct obstruction. To assess morphologic abnormalities, dacryocystography by CT is used when CT contrast material is syringed into the lacrimal drainage system. To evaluate the function of the system, dacryoscintigraphy is the most readily available noninvasive method. In the case presented, a 43-year-old man was referred to our clinic with an 8 months' history of indefinite left side epiphora. After performing dacryoscintigraphy, we acquired SPECT/CT images during dacryocystography by CT to establish the surgical indication.     

Congenital lacrimal system obstruction: treatment with balloon dilation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of balloon dilation for the treatment of congenital lacrimal system obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation was attempted in 20 eyes of 16 patients with an age range of 12-78 months (mean, 33 mo) for congenital lacrimal system obstruction. Fifteen eyes had complete obstruction at the valve of Hasner, three eyes had completely obstruction at the junction between the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct, and two eyes had partial obstruction at the nasolacrimal duct. Under general anesthesia, a ball-tipped guide wire was introduced through the superior punctum into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and pulled out through the naris with use of a hook. A deflated 3-mm-diameter balloon catheter was then advanced in a retrograde direction and the balloon was dilated. Every patient underwent an ophthalmic evaluation before the procedure and was scheduled to be followed with office examination at 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. RESULTS: There were no major complications. "Technical success" was defined as free passage of contrast medium through the entire lacrimal system to the nasal cavity. The procedure failed in one eye. After balloon dilation, all 19 eyes in which technical success was achieved showed improvement of epiphora. During the follow-up period of 2-33 months (mean, 16 mo), all eyes maintained improvement of epiphora and needed no further treatment. CONCLUSION: Balloon dilation is a safe and effective therapeutic technique for the treatment of congenital lacrimal system obstruction.     

Die Bedeutung bildgebender Diagnostik und interventioneller Therapie bei Erkrankungen der ableitenden Tränenwege

Epiphora (continuous watering of the eyes) is frequently caused by obstruction of the lacrimal draining system. Radiographic imaging of the tear ducts after contrast injection with the DSA (digital subtraction angiography) dacryocystography technique is still the gold standard in patients with severe epiphora which does not respond to conservative therapy. Recent techniques, such as 3D rotational dacryocystography, MRI and CT are able to show the anatomic surroundings in addition to the ductal structures and are especially useful for planning endoscopic operations. Dacryocystographically assisted interventions, such as balloon dilatation or stenting of tear duct stenoses are technically feasible. Balloon dacryocystoplasty is especially successful in patients with incomplete or short distance obstructions of the nasolacrimal duct. Stenting may improve procedural success and patency rates. Minimally invasive interventional therapy is useful as an initial treatment in selected cases, however, long-term success rates may be limited and operative dacryocystorhinostomy still plays an important role. Comparative studies for evaluation of different therapeutic options are necessary.     

CT泪道造影方法研究(附36例分析)

目的:探讨CT泪道造影中对比剂及扫描体位的合理选择方法。方法:36例(49侧)溢泪患者行CT泪道造影检查,分别选用300mgI/ml泛影葡胺、40%碘化油行CT横断面、冠状面扫描,观察CT对泪道、阻塞平面及周围结构的显示效果。结果:CT泪道造影对49侧泪道中的48侧(98%)获得满意效果,均显示了泪道的全程或阻塞平面以上扩张部分,明确了泪道阻塞的部位和程度。结论:CT泪道造影应根据病情或观察目的选择适宜的对比剂和扫描体位。     

Nasolacrimal polyurethane stent: Complications with CT correlation

Purpose: To evaluate initial results in patients with epiphora secondary to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct treated by placement of a polyurethane stent, and to discuss the technical problems and complications arising during the procedure, with visualization of the anatomy of the drainage apparatus using computed tomography (CT). Methods: We inserted 20 polyurethane Song stents under fluoroscopic guidance after dacryocystography in 19 patients with grade 3–4 epiphora caused by idiopathic obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. CT scans were obtained following stent placement in all patients. Results: We focus on the technical problems and complications that arose during these procedures. During negotiation of the guidewire past the obstruction at the level of the junction of the duct with the lacrimal sac, the guidewire created a false passage in a posterior suborbital direction in two cases and towards the posterior midline in another. In all cases the guidewire was withdrawn and reinserted through the proper anatomic route without further difficulty or complications. In two cases the stent was improperly positioned wholly or partially outside the nasolacrimal system (one medially, one posteriorly). In one case the stent was removed and reinserted; in the other it remains in place and functional. CT was performed in all these cases to ensure proper anatomic alignment and determine what had gone wrong. The epiphora was completely resolved in 13 cases and partially relieved in four; there were three cases of stent obstruction. Epistaxis of short duration (1 hr) occurred in seven patients and headache in one. Conclusions: Treatment of epiphora with polyurethane stents is a technique that is well tolerated by patients and achieves a high success rate, yet problems in placement may be encountered. Though no major consequences for patients are involved, cognizance of such difficulties is important to avoid incorrect positioning of stents.     

64层螺旋CT对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析我院经血管内栓塞治疗成功的ICCF共16例,所有患者均经64层螺旋CT及DSA检查。结果 CT主要表现：所有患者患侧眼球突出、海绵窦扩大、眼上静脉扩张,部分患者眼下静脉、内眦静脉、面静脉、小脑半球上表面外侧脑膜静脉扩张,岩上、下窦扩张,眼外肌肿胀,眼球壁增厚。利用高级血管处理软件显示直接型瘘10例,间接型瘘6例。结论 64层螺旋CT克服了常规CT对颈动脉海绵窦瘘直接征象的显示并不满意的弱点,可清楚显示颈动脉海绵窦瘘瘘口的位置和大小,同时可以有效地评价Willis环的功能,可为颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断、治疗及疗效评价提供有价值的信息。