司氟沙星CHL细胞体外染色体畸变试验

目的:检测司氟沙星对CHL细胞染色体致畸变作用。方法:用体外方法检测司氟沙星在23.63～189.00μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内,代谢活化组(含S_9mix)及非活化组(不含S_9mix)CHL 细胞的染色体畸变率。结果:司氟沙星的代谢活化组(含S_9mix)及非活化组(不含S_9mix)的染色体畸变率均低干5%。结论:司氟沙星对CHL 细胞染色体畸变实验结果为阴性。     

地红霉素对中国仓鼠肺细胞体外染色体畸变的影响

目的:检测地红霉素对中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL细胞)染色体致畸变的影响.方法:用体外方法检测地红霉素在12.50～50.0μg·mL-1浓度范围内,代谢活化组(含S9mix)及非活化组(不含S9mix) CHL细胞的染色体畸变率.结果:地红霉素的代谢活化组(含S9mix)及非活化组(不含S9mix)的染色体畸变率均低于3%.结论:地红霉素对CHL细胞染色体畸变实验结果为阴性.     

白芍总甙致突变研究

以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ames试验,中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)染色体畸变试验和ICR小鼠骨髓微核试临,检验白芍总甙的遗传毒性。药物浓度为每皿1～10000μg时Ames试验无论代谢活化与否结果均为阴性。药物在12.3～111.1μg/ml时对CHL细胞呈现可疑染色体畸变;加入代谢活化系统,高至333.3μg/mlCHL细胞的染色体畸变率仍在正常范围内。微核试验结果阴性。     

PT-141染色体畸变试验

目的采用中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)进行染色体畸变试验,评价PT-141在体外有无致突变性,为临床应用提供安全依据。方法CHL细胞用含质量浓度为20%的小牛血清和双抗(青霉素、链霉素的总浓度分别为100U/ml、100μg/ml)的1640培养液于37℃,恒温培养。(1)细胞毒性试验:采用苔盼蓝染色检测CHL细胞接触PT-14148h的半数细胞生长抑制浓度(IC50),作为剂量选择的依据。(2)染色体畸变试验:以CHL细胞进行加与不加S9的染色体畸变试验。不加S9时,培养瓶内加入4.95ml细胞培养液,50μl受试物,培养24和48h;加S9时,培养瓶内加入4.45ml细胞培养液,50μl受试物,0.5mlS9混合物,培养6h后,弃培养液,PBS洗涤3遍,再加入1640细胞培养液5ml,继续培养至24和48h。分别于收获前4h加入终浓度为0.2μg/ml的秋水仙碱。实验设PT-141高,中,低3个剂量组、并设阴性对照组,阳性对照组分不加S9试验阳性对照组(MMC0.25μg/ml)和加S9试验阳性对照组(CP20μg/ml,作用6h)。收获细胞后,常规低渗、固定、制片和Giemsa染色,每个剂量组油镜下观察分裂中期相细胞100个,记录畸变类型,计算细胞染色体畸变率(%)。各试验剂量均作平行样3份。结果细胞毒性实验显示,PT-141各剂量组,细胞数未发生显著差异,说明PT-141在高剂量5mg/ml未显示毒性反应。故正式实验选择高剂量为5mg/ml、按等比倍量稀释法,中、低剂量分别设定为1mg/ml、200μg/ml。染色体畸变结果显示,阳性对照组的畸变率明显高于阴性对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),畸变类型以断裂、缺失、交换为主;CHL细胞接触PT-1412448h,加S9还是不加S9,各剂量组的染色体畸变率与阴性对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论PT-141在体外CHL细胞染色体畸变试验中结果为阴性,在本实验条件下,未发现其具有潜在的致突变性。     

赤苷脉通注射液的致突变研究

目的探讨中药制剂赤苷脉通注射液的致突变性。方法采用鼠伤寒沙门氏组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株回复突变实验(Ames实验)、中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)染色体畸变实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验来检测赤苷脉通注射液的致突变作用。结果 Ames实验中,赤苷脉通注射液在312.5～5 000μg.皿-1剂量范围内,无论加或不加S9,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102和TA1535 5株菌的回复突变菌落数均未出现剂量依赖性的增加;染色体畸变实验中,非活化条件或代谢活化条件下,药物质量浓度为1 200,600和300μg.mL-1时,细胞的染色体畸变率均未出现剂量依赖性增加;微核实验中,在1 150,575和287.5mg.kg-1剂量组中均未见骨髓中含微核的嗜多染红细胞数增加。结论在该实验室条件下,Ames实验、CHL细胞染色体畸变实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验结果均为阴性,即中药制剂赤苷脉通注射液无潜在的遗传毒性。     

补血益母丸遗传毒性研究

目的 对补血益母丸干膏粉进行遗传毒性试验,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法 采用组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97a、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535进行细菌回复突变（Ames）试验,采用中国仓鼠肺成纤维（CHL）细胞进行体外染色体畸变试验,采用ICR小鼠进行骨髓细胞微核试验综合评估补血益母丸干膏粉的遗传毒性。其中,Ames试验设50、150、500、1 500、5 000μg·皿-1 5个剂量;体外细胞染色体畸变试验设125、250、500μg·mL-1 3个剂量;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验设500、1 000、2 000 mg·kg-1 3个剂量,每天给药1次,连续给药3 d。结果 在代谢及非代谢活化条件下（+S9/-S9）,Ames试验结果显示,补血益母丸干膏粉对各菌株均无明显或可重复的诱变性及抑菌性;体外CHL细胞染色体畸变试验结果显示,补血益母丸干膏粉对CHL细胞染色体结构畸变率未见有意义的升高;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验结果显示,补血益母丸干膏粉对ICR小鼠骨髓细胞微核率无明显影响。结论 补血益母丸干膏粉未见潜在的遗传毒性。     

石房蛤毒素致突变性研究

摘 要：目的 通过Ames试验以及体外哺乳类细胞染色体畸变试验探索石房蛤毒素是否存在致突变性。 方法 通过Ames试验,选用组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102菌株,经过菌株鉴定及菌株毒性试验,在有无代谢活化系统存在的情况下分别对石房蛤毒素0.04、0.2、1.0 μg/皿三个剂量组进行试验,了解其是否具有致突变性。通过体外哺乳类细胞染色体畸变试验,采用MTT法检测石房蛤毒素对CHL细胞毒性,依据IC50,确定试验剂量后染毒,制片、吉姆萨染色,镜下观察染色体畸变数量及类型,计算畸变率,评价其致突变性。 结果 在有无S9活化系统条件下,在0.04、0.2、1.0 μg/皿测试浓度范围内,石房蛤毒素对测试菌株诱发产生的回变菌落数未达到溶剂对照组回变菌落数的2倍,且无剂量反应关系。石房蛤毒素对CHL细胞毒性测定结果显示,有S9时,其IC50值为1.20 μg/mL;无S9时,其IC50值为1.34 μg/mL。石房蛤毒素对CHL细胞染色体畸变作用的研究结果显示,各剂量组分别在加入S9混合液和未加S9混合液条件下染色体畸变数及畸变率与阳性对照组比较,存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;与阴性对照组比较,均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论 在本试验条件下,石房蛤毒素未见致突变性。     

NatA-50的遗传毒性试验

目的检测NatA-50是否具有潜在的遗传毒性,为临床应用提供安全性依据。方法采用小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、Ames试验和中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)染色体畸变试验,分别从基因水平和细胞水平进行评价。结果小鼠微核试验显示,小鼠经口按5.0、2.5和1.25g/kg连续7d灌胃给予NatA-50,未见小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核数目增加;NatA-50的5个剂量组5000、2500、500、250和25μg/皿的Ames试验结果表明,加和不加大鼠干微粒体酶(S9)代谢活化剂,都未引起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、98、100和1024菌株突变菌落数目的增加或减少;体外CHL染色体畸变试验采用11.40、5.70、2.85、1.43和0.71μg/ml4个浓度,有无S9代谢活化剂参与,对CHL细胞均未发现明显的染色体损伤效应,结果均为阴性。结论在本试验条件下,未观察到NatA-50有遗传毒性。     

9-[2-(膦酰甲氧基)乙基]腺苷-钠盐的致突变性研究

目的评价9-[2-(膦酰甲氧基)乙基]腺苷-钠盐(PMEA-Na)的致突变性。方法采用组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验(Am es试验)、中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验,观察PMEA-Na的致突变性。结果PMEA-Na在50~5000μg.皿-1剂量范围内,加与不加S9活化系统条件下,对TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102四种菌株的回变菌落数均未超过自发对照的2倍,即Am es试验结果为阴性;染色体畸变试验中,当药物浓度为48、24、12、6 mg.L-1时,活化条件下各浓度细胞的染色体畸变率均低于5%。在非活化条件下,药物浓度为48 mg.L-1培养48 h时,染色体畸变率为10%,因此染色体畸变试验结果为阳性;小鼠静脉注射PMEA-Na剂量为1 000、500、250 mg.kg-1时,骨髓中含微核的嗜多染红细胞数明显增加,即微核试验结果为阳性。结论在本实验条件下,PMEA-Na具有潜在的致突变性。     

紫杉醇遗传毒性研究

目的探讨紫杉醇的遗传毒性作用。方法进行Ames试验,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验,对中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL细胞)进行细胞毒性试验,并根据细胞毒性试验结果,在加和不加代谢活化系统的条件下,用CHL细胞进行体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验。结果 Ames试验结果为阴性;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验中,30.0 mg/kg·BW剂量组雌、雄小鼠微核率分别为20.4‰和20.0‰,与阴性对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);细胞毒性试验中,5 000、1 667、556、185、62、21和7μg/ml剂量组RGR值分别为56.7%、63.6%、72.7%、73.2%、82.5%、89.2%和93.2%,显示紫杉醇有细胞毒性;在加和不加代谢活化系统的条件下5 000、1 667和556μg/ml剂量组致CHL细胞染色体畸变率分别为42.33%、27.67%、22.33%;39.33%、26.00%和20.33%,与阴性对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论紫杉醇对原核细胞未显示致突变作用,在真核细胞体内和体外实验中均显示对染色体具有损伤作用。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.