巨大垂体腺瘤的治疗策略

目的通过回顾性分析32例巨大垂体腺瘤病例的临床资料，探讨其治疗策略。方法男性17例，女性15例，平均年龄46．7岁，平均病程4．7年。其中垂体生长激素(GH)腺瘤1例，泌乳素(PRL)腺瘤6例，无功能腺瘤25例。采用经口鼻蝶窦入路手术24例，经额下人路手术1例，经蝶窦和经颅分期手术6例，药物治疗1例。结果手术显微镜下肿瘤全部切除20例，7欠全切除9例，部分切除2例；手术后放疗10例，药物治疗5例。术后死亡1例。随访6个月～4年，影像学检查显示肿瘤全部切除15例，次全切除14例，部分切除2例；肿瘤无复发。结论对巨大垂体腺瘤，应根据患者的临床表现、内分泌学检查和肿瘤的生长方式决定治疗方案；大多数巨大垂体腺瘤可以首选经蝶窦入路手术，并发症较少，死亡率低；对侵袭性生长的肿瘤，应采用手术、放疗和药物综合治疗。     

垂体大腺瘤经蝶显微手术84例

目的总结经蝶入路治疗垂体大腺瘤的手术经验. 方法 1999年1月～2003年12月采用经蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体大腺瘤84例,其中经右侧鼻腔-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路74例,经唇下-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路10例. 结果手术无死亡.术后MRI复查显示,近全切除(>95%)56例(66.7%),次全切除(>85%)18例(21.4%),部分切除(<50%)10例(11.9%).4例部分切除,术后1周再次行经额或经翼点入路手术切除肿瘤.65例随访6～48个月,平均24个月,除3例复发接受放射治疗外,余62例均恢复良好. 结论经蝶显微手术治疗垂体大腺瘤是一种安全、有效的手术技术,术后放疗可以控制肿瘤复发.     

单鼻孔-经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤70例报告

目的探讨显微神经外科技术经单鼻孔-鼻中隔根部-经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤手术入路的临床效果. 方法显微镜下长鼻镜辅助观察、扩张中鼻道,扩张器置入直达蝶窦前壁、骨性鼻中隔根部,将鼻中隔自根部折断连同对侧鼻黏膜一起推向对侧,余步骤同传统经蝶手术. 结果全组70例中,62例近全切除(>95%),6例大部切除(76%～95%),2例仅为部分切除(≤75%).无手术死亡.术后24例一过性尿崩,均于3周内自愈;8例脑脊液鼻漏,5例卧床2周自愈,3例行腰大池引流治愈.48例随访3个月～2年,平均7个月,2例复发. 结论单鼻孔-鼻中隔根部-经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤疗效满意,对手术通道即鼻部组织损伤小,不必分离鼻中隔及两侧黏膜,手术技术容易掌握,省时间,并发症少.     

大型垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨大型垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗方法。方法 根据肿瘤的部位、质地、内分泌测定和MRI检查T2信号特点选择手术入路切除肿瘤，其中82例经翼点入路，22例经额下入路，6例经蝶窦入路，3例行额下经蝶窦入路。术后全部进行放疗。结果 102例(90．3％)显微镜下全切，11例(9．7％)次全切除。术后死亡2例(1．8％)。术后视力视野改善98例(86．7％)，无变化15例(13．3％)。术后5年内复发6例(6．3％)。结论 采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路及综合治疗是提高大型垂体肿瘤全切率、降低死亡率和复发率的关键。     

扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤的有效性和安全性。方法根据鞍区显微解剖学研究结果,采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗64例侵袭性垂体腺瘤。结果肿瘤全部切除51例,次全切除13例。术后发生短暂性尿崩症26例,脑脊液鼻漏5例及急性腺垂体功能低下者1例,无死亡及颅内感染。8例患者术后给予放射治疗,6例予以溴隐亭治疗。随诊3个月至6年,未见肿瘤复发或继续生长。结论采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除巨大或不规则鞍外生长垂体腺瘤时,肿瘤显露满意,全切除率高,无明显手术并发症,是一种安全、有效的方法。对于那些肿瘤切除不彻底的患者,术后应密切随访,必要时给予放射或药物治疗。     

蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤后患者视力障碍恶化的原因及防治

目的：探讨经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤后视力障碍恶化的原因和防治方法。方法：对采用经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤,术后出现视力障碍恶化的14例患者的临床资料（病史、临床表现、影像学结果及手术所见)进行回顾分析。结果：本组患者出现视力障碍恶化的原因,5例为临床填放物过多、3例为残瘤卒中、2例可能为血管痉挛、2例为颅内压增高、1例为视神经管内视神经受损、1例原因不明。结论：经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤,术后患者视力障碍恶化是垂体腺瘤手术的严重并发症,及时发现和早期治疗可以显著改善患者视力。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术1137例手术要点及并发症分析

正垂体腺瘤(pituitary adenoma,PA)是颅内常见肿瘤之一,发病率仅次于胶质瘤。95%的垂体瘤(垂体微腺瘤及绝大多数垂体大腺瘤)手术可以通过经蝶窦入路完成,是目前最常用的鞍区病变手术入路~([1])。神经内镜下经鼻蝶手术切除垂体腺瘤的技术已经相当成熟,相比传统的显微镜经鼻蝶及开颅垂体腺瘤切除术,可以进一步降低手术创伤。内镜手术可缩短手术时间和住院时间,减少尿崩、鼻部不适、疼痛的发生率~([2])。我院自2006年8月~2015年8月采用神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路肿瘤切除术治疗1137例垂体腺瘤患者,报道如下。     

垂体腺瘤显微手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗方法。方法 PRL瘤14例，GH瘤8例，ACTH瘤5例，多分泌腺瘤10例，无功能瘤13例；经翼点入路48例，2例经右眉上锁孔入路。结果 全切除肿瘤35例，大部分切除9例，部分切除6例。MRI随诊3个月～2年，4例有复发。结论 翼点入路垂体腺瘤切除是治疗垂体腺瘤及复发垂体腺瘤的有效方法。     

单鼻孔经蝶显微手术切除垂体瘤的体会

目的探讨单鼻孔经蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用经鼻蝶入路显微手术切除的31例垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料,其中微腺瘤10例,大腺瘤15例,巨大腺瘤6例。结果肿瘤全切除22例,大部分切除8例,部分切除1例,手术无死亡病例,术后脑脊液漏3例,垂体功能低下1例,对症处理后均好转出院。结论经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除肿瘤彻底、创伤小、并发症较少,是治疗垂体瘤常用的术式。     

显微经蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术垂体功能的保护策略

目的总结垂体腺瘤经蝶窦手术,术中垂体柄和垂体组织的辨认与保护的体会。方法显微镜下经鼻蝶入路切除的垂体腺瘤病人50例,通过影像学资料和术中显微解剖,仔细辨认正常垂体组织、垂体柄与病变组织的关系,尽可能切除垂体腺瘤组织,保护垂体功能,减少术后并发症。结果肿瘤全切除40例(80. 0%,40/50),次全切除8例(16. 0%,8/50),大部分切除2例(4. 0%,2/50)。术中垂体柄及正常垂体组织均保留良好。术后暂时性尿崩者8例(16. 0%,8/50),无永久性尿崩;术后随访3～12个月,所有病人垂体功能均明显改善。结论显微经蝶窦手术中,术者对正常垂体、垂体柄及肿瘤组织的准确辨认,才能达到保留垂体功能的治疗目标。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.