三硝基甲苯接触者尿中4项指标的检测分析

以兰州市某化工厂从事ＴＮＴ作业的５１名工人为接触组，不接触ＴＮＴ的１１次大学生为对照组进行分析。接触组尿中ＴＮＴ及ＤＮＡＴ的含量远随车间空气中ＴＮＴ浓度的增高呈上升的趋势（ｒＴＮＴ＝０．８４０６，ｒＤＮＮＴ＝０．８１２４）并且尿中ＤＮＡＴ的含量随接触工龄的延长也明显增加（ｒ＝０．９８７０，Ｐ〈０．０５），认为尿中ＤＮＡＴ含量的检测，更适合作为职业接触生物监测指标。     

人血中三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物的结构鉴定和定量分析

建立高效液相色谱定量测定三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）加合物的方法，并用于分析人的Ｈｂ加合物。结果表明，ＴＮＴ在体外可与人Ｈｂ反应形成加合物，并发现至少有两种类型：酸不稳定型和稳定型。前者占所有ＴＮＴ－Ｈｂ加合物的７１％。接触ＴＮＴ工人的Ｈｂ水解后，用液相色谱／质谱／质谱（ＬＣ／ＭＳ／ＭＳ）首次鉴定出了个４－氨基－２，６－二硝基甲苯（４Ａ），但未检测出在大鼠实验中所发现的２－氨基－４，６－二硝基甲苯（２Ａ）；接触组加合物浓度范围为０．０１４～０．７９２μｇ／ｇＨｂ。对照组未检出Ｈｂ加合物。     

三硝基甲苯作业工人和HBsAg阳性者血清铜蓝蛋白和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的变化

对河南省某化工厂职业接触ＴＮＴ作业工人现场劳动卫生学调查和健康监护结果表明，车间空气中ＴＮＴ浓度绝大多数超过ＭＡＣ（１ｍｇ／ｍ３），作业工人皮肤污染严重。ＴＮＴ接触组与对照组血清ＧＰＴ活性升高和ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性检出率两组间无显著性差异，表明这两组人群肝功能属于正常范围。同时发现，ＴＮＴ接触组和ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组血清铜蓝蛋白和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均极显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０２，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组这两项指标极显著低于ＴＮＴ接触组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０２）。表明ＴＮＴ和ＨＢＶ诱发的肝损伤机理可能部分归因与活性氧生成有关。     

抗原斑点法检测三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物的研究

抗原斑点试验是一种半定量测定ＴＮＴ－Ｈｂ加合物的新技术，具有比较灵敏、特异、简便和经济快速等特点，适用于现场调查或初筛试验。其最低检测限为２４．３ｎｇ４Ａｍｇ／Ｌ，最小检出值０．１５μｇ４Ａ／ｇＨｂ；１８份ＴＮＴ接触工人样品均检出４Ａ－Ｈｂ加合物，而６份对照样品未检出，两者差别具有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

三硝基甲苯作业工人和HBsAg阳性者血清铁含量的变化

对河南省某化工厂三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）作业现场劳动卫生学调查结果发现，车间空气中ＴＮＴ浓度多数超过国家最高容许浓度（ＭＡＣ＝１ｍｇ／ｍ３），ＴＮＴ作业工人皮肤污染严重。血清铁测定结果表明，ＴＮＴ接触组与ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组极显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００００５），ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组显著高于ＴＮＴ接触组（Ｐ＜０００２５）。推测ＴＮＴ与ＨＢＶ诱发的肝损害部分机理可能与机体处于氧化应激状态有关。     

主观全面营养评价法在腹膜透析患者中的应用

目的与方法：用主观全面营养评价（ＳｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅＧｌｏｂａｌＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ，ＳＧＡ）结合部分生化指标对３３例持续性不卧床腹膜透析（ＣｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓＡｍｂｕｌａｔｏｒｙＰｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌＤｉａｌｙｓｉｓ，ＣＡＰＤ）患者进行了５５例次营养评价。结果：营养良好的患者血清白蛋白、氮表现率相当蛋白（ＮｏｒｍａｌｉｚｅｄＰｒｏｔｅｉｎＥｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｏｆＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎＡｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅＲａｔｅ，ＮＰＮＡ）较高。各组间上臂围、三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围无明显差别。ＳＧＡ评分与血清白蛋白（ｒ＝－０．７１，Ｐ＜０．０１）、转铁蛋白（ｒ＝－０．３２，Ｐ＜０．０５）、前白蛋白（ｒ＝－０．３６，Ｐ＜０．０５）浓度和ＮＰＮＡ（ｒ＝－０．４３，Ｐ＜０．０５）明显相关。Ｋａｐｐａ检验发现ＳＧＡ与血清白蛋白浓度评价结果比较一致（Ｋａｐｐａ＝０．５４１，Ｐ＜０．０５）且ＳＧＡ能够发现早期的营养不良。     

儿童血压与尿中TXB_2、PGI_2排出量关系的探讨

采用病例－对照的研究方法，对济南市区６所小学的８～１０岁血压偏高的儿童进行了４ｈ尿中血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）、前列环素（ＰＧＩ２，放射免疫法）排出量的对比观察。结果发现，血压偏高组儿童尿中ＴＸＢ２排出量高于血压正常组，而ＰＧＩ２排出量则低于血压正常组。单因素相关分析结果，儿童血压（收缩压）与尿中ＴＸＢ２排出量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．２２，Ｐ＜０．０５）与ＰＧＩ２的排出量呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．２５，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示儿童血压与尿中ＴＸＢ２、ＰＧＩ２排出量有着重要关系。     

烹调油烟对饮食从业人员血中脂质过氧化物的影响

本文通过对３６名烹调油烟接触者和３０名非接触者血浆脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平进行研究，结果表明：烹调油烟接触者血浆ＬＰＯ含量高于非接触者（Ｐ＜００５），并与油烟浓度呈正相关（ｒ＝０６４９７，Ｐ＜００５），而红细胞ＳＯＤ活性低于非接触者（Ｐ＜００５），并与接触油烟浓度呈负相关（ｒ＝－０６７０４，Ｐ＜００５）。提示烹调油烟可诱导机体产生自由基，导致血浆ＬＰＯ增多，红细胞ＳＯＤ降低。烹调油烟的致突变性和细胞遗传毒性可能与其引起的自由基代谢紊乱有关     

煤尘,矽尘对血液中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的影响

采用血细胞组织化学方法，对接触煤尘，矽尘工人及尘肺病人血液中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）进行测定，结果显示，煤尘和矽尘均可致血液中性粒细胞的ＡＫＰ升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）ＰＯＸ降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），接触煤尘和矽尘工龄与ＡＫＰ和ＰＯＸ的相关分析表明，接尘工龄与ＡＫＰ和ＰＯＸ呈负相关关系（煤尘ｒ＝－０．３７７４，ｒ＝－０．２６９９，矽尘ｒ＝－０．２４０１，ｒ＝－０．２２７２     

氯化镍对大鼠离体肝脏的毒性研究

应用大鼠离体肝灌流技术，研究了氯化镍对大鼠离体肝脏的毒性损害。结果发现：在１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ氯化镍染毒组即可导致离体大鼠肝脏某些生化指标异常改变，流出液丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）活性显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），总蛋白（ＴＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬＢ）的含量显著低于对照组（（Ｐ＜０．０１）。不同剂量染毒组间的ＡＬＴ酶活性呈现明显的剂量－效应和时间－效应关系（ｒ＝０．７４２７，ｒ＝０．５４２１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＴＰ、ＡＬＢ含量也呈现明显的剂量－效应关系（ｒ＝－０．７７４９，ｒ＝－０．７４０３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。病理学检查发现，肝细胞明显浊肿变性，并有不同程度的灶性细胞坏死，表明较低剂量的氯化镍即可对离体大鼠肝脏产生毒性作用。     

三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物与接触剂量的关系

介绍了利用血红蛋白加合物这一生物标志物对三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）的生产现场进行的调查结果，调查中采用了适合我国国情的两种人体ＴＮＴ与血红蛋白加合物的方法，其中包括化学的高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）和免疫学的竞争抑制笥酶联免疫吸附实验法（ＣＩ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）。在现场调查中，除了验证方法的敏感性和可用性之外，主要证实了ＴＮＴ－Ｈｂ这一生物标志物是生物监测比较好的一个指标，它能反映近几个月内工作接触ＴＮＴ的程度     

三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物与接触量的关系

目的：探讨反映三硝基甲苯（TNT）接触水平的生物标志物，研究TNT作业工人体内的血红蛋白加合物与接触量的关系。方法：使用GC－MS法测定25名TNT作业工人血液中TNT血红蛋白加合物（4A－Hb、2A－Hb）的含量，观察其与接触量的相关性。接触水平以空气污染量和皮肤污染量表示。结果：血红蛋白加合物4A－Hb、2A－Hb与总接触水平相关，尤其与皮肤接触量相关性更强；其中4A－Hb与总接触水平的回归曲线和血红蛋白加合物总量（4A－Hb 2A-Hb)与总接触水平的回归曲线的斜率（F＝0．03）及截距（F＝0．11）的差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：血红蛋白加合物4A-Hb、2A－Hb均可用于评价TNT总接触水平，其中4A－Hb更适宜评价TNT的接触水平。     

Dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among primary aluminium workers.

Large amounts of PAH's are released in the electrode production departments of pre-bake cell aluminium reduction plants. Emission sources are mixing, shaping and baking of the anode (paste plant and bake oven) and pot relining operations. A study was performed to quantify the importance of dermal uptake of PAH's among exposed workers. Twenty workers in the anode production departments (paste plant (N = 8) and bake oven (N = 5)) and the pot relining department (N = 7) volunteered for the study. Monitoring was performed over a period of 5 consecutive days using personal air sampling, dermal contamination sampling and biological monitoring. Pyrene concentrations measured in the respirable air samples, ranged up to 320 micrograms/m3. Dermal contamination of pyrene was monitored at three skin sites (wrist, jaw/neck and groin) using exposure pads as pseudo-skin. The skin contamination with pyrene ranged up to 375 ng/cm2. Contamination of the groin skin site, although covered by work clothes ranged up to 106 ng/cm2. The concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in pre and post-shift urine ranged up to 27 mumol/mol creatinine and showed an increase during the day and a decrease during the night. Pyrene in air and pyrene on the skin were tested for significance of correlation with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in samples taken at several moments: end-of-shift, pre-shift next morning and weekly increase. The correlation coefficients between dermal contamination and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene were equal or higher than the correlation coefficient between pyrene air concentration and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. The total skin contamination in exposed workers is estimated to be more than three times higher than the intake via the respiratory tract. The contribution of dermal exposure to the total PAH body burden of exposed workers therefore appears to be significant.     

三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物与白内障的关系

利用三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物这一生物标志物对三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）的生产现场进行了分子流行病学调查，目的在于观察加合物水平与白内障发生率之间的关系。     

三硝基甲苯血红蛋白加合物生成机理的初探

体外实验证实三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）在完全没有肝脏酶的参与下也可以和血红蛋白共价结合形成血红蛋白加合物（ＴＮＴ－Ｈｂ）。但是通过给予Ｐ４５０抑制剂１－Ａｍｉｎｏｂｅｎｚｏ－ｔｒｉａｚｏｌｅ（ＡＢＴ）的体内试验，盾到Ｐ４５０酶系对ＴＮＴ－Ｈｂ的生成还是起到一定的作用。这对血红蛋白加合物的生成机理提供初步意见。     

TNT作业工人和HBsAg阳性者血清甘油三酯和胆固醇水平变化

对河南某化工厂ＴＮＴ作业工人劳动卫生调查结果发现，车间空气中ＴＮＴ浓度多数均超过国家最高允许浓度（ＭＡＣ＝１ｍｇ／ｍ３），工人皮肤污染严重。ＴＮＴ接触组血清甘油三酯含量极显著低于对照组，而胆固醇含量极显著高于对照组。然而，ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量与对照组比较无明显差异，表明ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性者，对肝脏脂肪代谢无影响，可考虑以血清甘油三酯和胆固醇水平的变化，作为评价ＴＮＴ早期肝损伤的指标。     

Estimation of individual dermal and respiratory uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 12 coke oven workers.

Twelve workers from a coke plant in The Netherlands participated in an intensive skin monitoring programme combined with personal air sampling and biological monitoring during five consecutive eight hour workshifts. The purpose of the study was to make a quantitative assessment of both the dermal and respiratory intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Pyrene was used as a marker compound for both dermal and respiratory exposure to PAHs. The biological measure for the internal exposure to PAHs was urinary 1-OH-pyrene concentration. Measurements on exposure pads at six skin sites showed that mean total skin contamination of the 12 workers ranged between 21 and 166 micrograms pyrene a day. The dermal uptake of pyrene ranged between 4 and 34 micrograms/day, which was about 20% of the pyrene contamination on skin. The mean concentration of total pyrene in the breathing zone air of the 12 coke oven workers ranged from 0.1 to 5.4 micrograms/m3. The mean respiratory uptake of pyrene varied between 0.5 and 32.2 micrograms/day. Based on the estimates of the dermal and respiratory pyrene uptake it is concluded that an average 75% (range 28%-95%, n = 12) of the total absorbed amount of pyrene enters the body through the skin. Because of the difference in the pyrene:benzo(a)pyrene ratio between the air samples and the skin contamination samples, the dermal uptake of benzo(a)pyrene was also estimated. This was about 51% of the total absorbed amount (range 8%-92%, n = 12). The total excreted amount of urinary 1-OH-pyrene as a result of exposure to PAHs during the five consecutive workshifts varied between 36 and 239 nmol. A multiple regression model of the mass balance between pyrene dose (both dermal and respiratory) and 1-OH-pyrene excretion confirmed the relevance of the dermal exposure route. The variation in urinary 1-OH-pyrene excretion was determined more by the dermal pyrene dose than by the respiratory dose. The model showed an estimate of the percentage of the absorbed amount of pyrene that is metabolised and excreted as 1-OH-pyrene in urine. For the 12 workers this percentage varied between 13% and 49% depending on smoking habits and consumption of alcohol. The results of this study indicate that among coke oven workers, the skin is the main route of uptake of PAHs. Preventive measures to reduce exposure to PAHs should be focused more on the reduction of dermal contamination by PAHs than on the reduction of inhaled dose.     

对苯二甲酸作业工人皮肤污染量调查研究

选择４３名对苯二甲酸（ＴＰＡ）作业工人进行动式个体采样,并于下班前按区域比例取样法测定ＴＰＡ的皮肤污染量,留取其当日工前工后尿样,分析尿ＴＰＡ,工后对调查对象进行肺功能—通气量的检查。结果显示,ＴＰＡ粉尘是一种分散度较高的有机粉尘,ＴＰＡ的皮肤污染量与空气ＴＰＡ浓度呈双对数线性相关,工人尿ＴＰＡ负荷与其ＴＰＡ的吸入总量呈对数相关,而尿ＴＰＡ负荷与ＴＰＡ皮肤污染量及ＴＰＡ暴露总量无明显的相关性。从人群角度说明,ＴＰＡ经皮肤吸收不是吸收的主要途径。