高效液相色谱法测定利福喷丁胶囊的含量

目的　测定利福喷丁胶囊的含量。 方法 　高效液相色谱法 ,C8柱 (5 μm.4.6× 15 0 mm) ,流动相为甲醇 -乙腈 -0 .0 75 mol·L- 1磷酸二氢钾溶液 -1.0 mol·L- 1柠檬酸溶液 (2 80∶ 2 80∶ 2 60∶ 40 ) ,流速 1.0 ml· min- 1 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 　利福喷丁在 2 0～ 180 μg·ml- 1范围内呈良好线性关系 (r=0 .99999) ,重现性良好 RSD=0 .3 77% (n=10 ) ,平均回收率 99.7% ,RSD=0 .19(n=5 )。 结论 　本法操作简便 ,结果准确 ,重现性好。     

RP-HPLC测定利福昔明的含量及有关物质

目的　建立测定利福昔明含量及有关物质的方法。方法　采用C18色谱柱 (5 μm ,15 0mm× 4.6mm) ,流动相为甲醇 -乙腈 - 0 .0 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 - 0 .5mol·L-1枸橼酸溶液 (5 0∶2 5∶2 0∶5 ) ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果　利福昔明在 5 0～ 2 0 0 μg·ml-1浓度范围内 ,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系 (r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 99.9%。结论　所建方法简便 ,专属性及重复性好 ,可用于利福昔明的含量及有关物质的测定。     

柱前衍生化RP-HPLC测定5-氨基水杨酸壳聚糖胶囊中5-ASA的含量

目的　采用RP -HPLC测定 5 -氨基水杨酸 (5 -ASA)壳聚糖胶囊的含量。方法　衍生化使样品中 5 -ASA乙酰化 ,色谱柱为Nucleosil1 0 0 - 5C1 8,流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液 -乙腈 -四氢呋喃 (85∶1 0∶5 ) ,流速 0 .9ml·min-1 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果　 5 -ASA在 0 .78～ 5 0 μg·ml-1 范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9993) ,RSD =1 .2 6 % (n =5 )。结论　所用方法可测定 5 -ASA壳聚糖胶囊的含量     

梯度洗脱HPLC法测定皮科血毒清胶囊中栀子苷的含量

目的建立梯度洗脱HPLC法测定皮科血毒清胶囊中栀子苷含量。方法采用Nova PakC18(4 6mm× 2 5cm ,5 μm,Waters)色谱柱 ;流动相为乙腈 水 ,从 5 % (φ)～ 5 0 % (φ)的二元梯度洗脱 ;检测波长为 2 38nm。结果该方法的线性为 10 1～ 81 0mg·L-1(r =0 9995 ) ,平均回收率为98 1% ,RSD =2 2 % (n =9)。结论方法可用于皮科血毒清胶囊中栀子苷的含量测定     

RP-HPLC法测定马来酸伊索拉定口腔崩解片药物含量

目的建立马来酸伊索拉定口腔崩解片中药物含量测定方法。方法采用RP HPLC法。Spherisorb C8柱( 4 6mm×2 5 0mm ,10 μm,大连依利特) ;流动相为甲醇 水 冰醋酸(体积比6 0∶4 0∶0 5 6 ) ,柱温为室温;流速1mL·min-1,紫外检测波长2 5 0nm。结果在选择的色谱条件下马来酸伊索拉定与辅料及溶剂峰分离良好,马来酸伊索拉定质量浓度在5 0～2 5 0mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r =0 9998,n =5 ) ,回收率在99 5 %～10 1 3%之间,日内RSD及日间RSD均小于2 % (n =5 )。结论该方法可用于马来酸伊索拉定口腔崩解片中药物含量测定。     

醋柳黄酮缓释胶囊中总黄酮及槲皮素、异鼠李素的含量测定

目的　建立醋柳黄酮缓释胶囊中的总黄酮、槲皮素和异鼠李素的含量测定方法。方法　采用分光光度法分别测定胶囊中的总黄酮含量 ,RP -HPLC法分别测定胶囊中的槲皮素和异鼠李素的含量。结果　分光光度法测定总黄酮时 ,在 2 .12～10 .6 0 μg·ml-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 99.9% ;RP -HPLC法测定槲皮素和异鼠李素时 ,槲皮素在 1.0 32～ 4 .6 4 4 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9998)、异鼠李素在 1.94 1～ 8.735 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9999)的浓度范围内线性关系良好 ,槲皮素的平均回收率为 10 0 .7% ,异鼠李素为 10 0 .4 %。结论　所用方法简便准确 ,可用于醋柳黄酮缓释胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定心痛康胶囊中芍药苷含量

目的　测定心痛康胶囊中芍药苷含量。方法　选用HypersilODS - 2分析柱(2 5 0mm× 4 6mm,5 μm),乙腈 -磷酸盐缓冲液(10∶6 5)为流动相,检测波长为 2 30nm,流速为 1 0ml·min-1,柱温为室温;结果　线性范围为 1 12～ 6 72 μg(r =0 9998),平均回收率为 98 6 5 %,RSD为 0 78%(n =5),结论　该法简便、灵敏、准确。     

用HPLC法测定复方对乙酰氨基酚胶囊4组分的含量

目的 :采用HPLC法同时测定复方对乙酰氨基酚胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸伪麻黄碱、咖啡因、和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法 :色谱柱为ODSC18,15 0mm× 4 .6mm ;流动相 :甲醇 - 0 .0 5mol/L磷酸二氢钾 三乙胺 (15∶85∶0 .0 2 ) ,用磷酸调pH至 3.4 ,检测波长 2 15nm。结果 :线性范围分别为 :对乙酰氨基酚 5 0～ 35 0 μg·mL-1(r =0 .9997)、盐酸伪麻黄碱 6 .0～ 4 2μg·mL-1(r=0 .9938)、咖啡因 6 .0～ 4 2 μg·mL-1(r =0 .9998)、马来酸氯苯那敏 0 .6～ 4 .2 μg·mL-1(r =0 .9999)。平均回收率分别为 :对乙酰氨基酚 10 2 .3%、盐酸伪麻黄碱 10 0 .9%、咖啡因 10 1.8%、马来酸氯苯那敏 10 1.5 %。结论 :本法分离度好 ,快速 ,简便 ,可同时测定该胶囊中的四组分。     

氧氟沙星胶囊含量测定HPLC法的改进

目的　采用HPLC法改进的流动相系统测定氧氟沙星胶囊中氧氟沙星的含量。方法　色谱柱 :TechsphereC1 8ODS柱(1 5 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相 :0 0 5mol·L-1 枸橼酸 -乙腈 -四乙胺 (70∶2 8∶2 ) ,流速 :0 8ml·min-1 ,UV检测波长 :2 93nm。结果　氧氟沙星在 2 0 4～ 1 0 2 0mg·L-1 范围内 ,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好 (r =0 9999) ,日内RSD =1 0 7% (n =5 ) ,日间RSD =1 2 3% (n =3)。平均回收率为 99 98% (n =5 )。结论　改进后方法简便、快速、结果准确 ,可用于氧氟沙星胶囊的质量控制     

HPLC测定心可宁胶囊中原儿茶醛的含量

目的　采用高效液相色谱法测定心可宁胶囊中原儿茶醛的含量。方法　InertsilC1 8柱 (5 μm ,1 5 0mm× 4 .6mm) ;流动相为甲醇 - 0 .0 5mol·L-1 磷酸二氢钾缓冲液 (磷酸调pH 3.0 ) (2 0∶80 ) ;检测波长为 2 80nm。结果　原儿茶醛进样量在 0 .0 5 5 3～2 .2 1 30 μg范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9999) ;平均加样回收率为 99.7% (n =9) ;方法精密度RSD =0 .5 0 % (n =6 )。 结论　本方法操作简便、准确、重复性好 ,可作为该制剂中原儿茶醛的含量测定方法     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.