人类博卡病毒感染所致细支气管炎的临床特点

目的探讨人类博卡病毒(HBoV)所致细支气管炎的临床特点。方法收集因细支气管炎于2007年6月-2008年5月住院治疗的271例患儿的呼吸道标本(鼻咽分泌物或咽拭子),应用多重PCR技术检测其HBoV,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),腺病毒(ADV),鼻病毒(RhV),流感病毒A、B型(FluA、FluB),副流感病毒1、3型(PIV1、PIV3),人类偏肺病毒(hMPV)9种病毒。随机选取RSV感染阳性患儿28例作为对照组。分析HBoV感染组与对照组患儿的临床特点。结果271例标本中,病毒阳性标本163例(60.1%)。其中HBoV阳性21例(12.9%),RSV阳性61例(37.4%);HBoV并其他病毒感染8例(38.1%),与RSV、FluA合并感染各3例,与ADV、RhV合并感染各2例,与hMPV合并感染1例。HBoV感染组与对照组患儿临床资料除在流行季节上有差异外,在性别、发病年龄、临床症状、肺部体征、辅助检查、住院天数、病情严重程度方面比较均无差异。结论HBoV是小儿细支气管炎的另一重要病原体,与RSV感染者在临床表现上无明显差异。HBoV细支气管炎的临床症状较轻,呼吸功能均属于轻中度受损,且以轻度为...     

重庆地区人类偏肺病毒感染与小儿毛细支气管炎

目的探讨人类偏肺病毒(human metapneumovirus，hMPV)在重庆地区小儿毛细支气管炎中的感染情况，比较hMPV与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染引起的毛细支气管炎的临床特点。方法用免疫荧光快速诊断方法，检测80例毛细支气管炎患儿鼻咽分泌物中RSV、腺病毒(Ado)、流感病毒(Flu)A、B、副流感病毒(Para)1、2、3七种常见呼吸道病毒，采用RT-PCR的方法检测上述患儿鼻咽分泌物中hMPV的L基因和M基因。结果80例毛细支气管炎患儿鼻咽分泌物中病毒检出率为65％，在病毒阳性检出标本中RSV感染占63．4％(33／52例)，Flu-B(3／52例)和Para-3(3／52例)均占5．77％，Para-1占1．92％(1／52例)，Flu-A与Flu-B混合感染占3．85％(2／52例)；80例患儿的鼻咽分泌物中发现10例为hMPVL和M基因同时阳性，其中单独hMPV阳性7例，3例为RSV与hMPV合并感染，hMPV阳性占病毒阳性检出标本的13．46％(7／52例)，hMPV与RSV合并感染为5．77％(3／52例)。结论RSV仍然是引起毛细支气管炎的首位病原，约为41．25％；hMPV感染在重庆地区小儿毛细支气管炎中居第二位，约占8．75％(7／80例)，仅从临床表现上很难鉴别hMPV感染与RSV感染。     

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目的 了解儿童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)病毒病原学特点.方法 2007年3月至2008年2月,在北京儿童医院内科就诊及住院治疗的临床诊断为ALRTI的患儿共572例.对每例患儿在就诊当日或次日采集鼻咽吸取物1份,采用逆转录(RT)-PCR方法进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(RV)、副流感病毒(PIV)1～4型、甲型及乙型流感病毒(IFA、IFB)、腺病毒(AdV)、肠道病毒(EV)、冠状病毒(HCoV)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)及博卡病毒(HBoV).结果 572例患儿标本中,444例检出至少1种病毒,总检出率77.6%.各种病毒中,RSV检出率最高,占48.3%,其次是RV(27.1%)和PIV(13.3%).不同年龄组病毒的总检出率差异有统计学意义,<3岁组检出率较高,≥5岁组病毒检出率明显降低.不同年龄组JLRTI病原谱有所不同,<5岁各组主要是RSV、RV、PIV,而≥5岁组则主要为RV、IFV、RSV.572例中,158例(27.6%)检出2种或2种以上病毒,<1岁惠儿混合感染率最高,为40.2%,随年龄增长混合感染率逐渐下降,≥5岁患儿混合感染率仅为14.0%.结论 就诊于北京儿童医院的ALRTI患儿中,5岁以下者ALRTI的主要病毒病原是RSV、RV、PIV;≥5岁则主要为RV、IFV、RSV.     

1165例急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童的病毒病原学分析

目的：了解长沙地区急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI) 住院儿童中常见呼吸道病毒的流行特点,为本地区儿童ALRTI的防治提供依据。方法：收集2007年9月至2008年8月诊断为ALRTI的住院患儿鼻咽抽吸物标本1165份,采用RT-PCR方法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(HRV)、流感病毒A(IFVA)、流感病毒B(IFVB)、副流感病毒1~3(PIV1~3)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)、冠状病毒NL63(HCoV-NL63)及冠状病毒HKU1(HCoV-HKU1);PCR方法检测腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV);巢式PCR方法检测多瘤病毒WU(WUPyV）和多瘤病毒KI(KIPyV)。并对阳性标本进行基因测序以证实。结果：1165份标本中有871份检出了病毒,总检出率74.76%,其中RSV最为常见,检出率为27.03%,其次为HRV（17.33%）、PIV3（13.73%）及新发现病毒HBoV(8.67%)和hMPV(6.52%)。病毒总检出率在男女之间差异无统计学意义,但男性PIV3、hMPV和HBoV的阳性检出率高于女性。病毒阳性检出率在各年龄组之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.934,P=0.027）,以6个月至1岁以内年龄组检出率最高。病毒总检出率在四季分布差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.307,P=0.006）,以冬季检出率最高。结论：病毒病原在长沙地区儿童ALRTI中占重要地位,其中RSV、HRV及PIV3是主要病毒病原,近年新发现的HBoV和hMPV也占较高比例;病毒检出率以6个月至1岁以内年龄组最高;冬季病毒总检出率高于其他季节。     

太原地区急性呼吸道人偏肺病毒和人博卡病毒感染患儿临床特征分析

目的了解太原地区急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童人偏肺病毒(hMPV)与人博卡病毒(HBoV)的感染情况及其临床和流行病学特征。方法采集2012年11月—2013年5月及2013年11月—2014年5月就诊的ARTIs患儿549例,采集咽拭子标本,应用实时PCR方法检测hMPV与HBoV。结果 549例患儿的咽拭子标本中hMPV阳性56例(10.2%),HBoV阳性15例(2.7%)。其中2012年11月—2013年5月hMPV与HBoV检出率分别为12.3%和2.0%,2013年11月—2014年5月hMPV与HBoV检出率分别为6.5%和4.0%,两时间段hMPV检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同月份hMPV、HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。hMPV与HBoV均在2岁组中检出率最高。hMPV在喘息性支气管炎与毛细支气管炎患儿中检出率最高。结论太原地区hMPV和HBoV与部分儿童尤其是婴幼儿ARTIs有关,hMPV是诱发部分婴幼儿喘息性疾病的重要病原体之一。     

儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒感染特点分析

目的分析儿童急性呼吸道感染患儿腺病毒(AdV)感染特点。方法 2009年5月至2009年6月北京儿童医院门诊急性呼吸道感染患儿共492例,入选患儿在就诊当日采集咽拭子标本1份,采用逆转录(RT)-PCR方法进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),鼻病毒(RV),副流感病毒(PIV)1-4型,流感病毒甲型及乙型(IFA、IFB),腺病毒(AdV),肠道病毒(EV),人冠状病毒(HCoV),人偏肺病毒(HMPV)及人博卡病毒(HBoV)。AdV核酸扩增阳性片段进行克隆测序,对序列进行Blast和进化分析以对AdV进行分型。结果 492例急性呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子标本中,165例检出至少1种病毒,总阳性检出率为33.5%。其中53份检出AdV,检出率为10.8%,在所有检出病毒中阳性率最高。53份AdV阳性标本中共检出3个亚组,7个血清型,以3型(23/53)为主,其次是7(8/53)型和1型(7/53)。结论 2009年春季北京地区AdV有多个血清型流行,以3型为主。AdV仍然是儿童呼吸道感染的重要病原。     

100例重症社区获得性肺炎住院儿童的病毒病原学分析

目的了解重症社区获得性肺炎(CAP)儿童中常见呼吸道病毒的流行特征。方法收集2007年9月至2008年8月诊断为重症CAP的住院患儿鼻咽抽吸物标本100份,采用RT-PCR方法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(HRV)、流感病毒A(IFVA)、流感病毒B(IFVB)、副流感病毒1～3(PIV1～3)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)、冠状病毒NL63(HCoV-NL63)及冠状病毒HKU1(HCoV-HKU1),PCR方法检测腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV),巢式PCR方法检测多瘤病毒WU(WUPyV)和多瘤病毒KI(KIPyV),并对阳性标本进行基因测序以证实。结果 100份重症CAP住院患儿鼻咽抽吸物标本中病毒总检出例数为82例(82.0%),其中RSV检出率最高,为37.0%,其次为HBoV 25.0%和HRV 18.0%。病毒总检出率在男女之间差异无统计学意义;HBoV阳性检出率女性高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他病毒检出率男女比较差异无统计学意义。阳性检出率在各年龄组之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.676,P<0.01),尤以0～6月龄组检出率最高。病毒总检出率在四季分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.729,P=0.021),以秋冬季检出率最高。有2种及以上病毒协同感染率为32.0%,RSV的协同感染率最高,依次是HBoV、HRV、PIV-3。结论病毒感染是重症CAP患儿的重要病因,其中RSV是最常见病毒病原,其次为HBoV和HRV;病毒检出率以0～6月龄组最高;秋冬季病毒总检出率高于其他季节;且病毒协同感染率较高。     

重庆地区冬季小儿下呼吸道感染病毒病原学研究

目的了解重庆地区冬季小儿急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)中病毒病原学构成,探讨其鼻咽分泌物病毒抗原与血清ELISA病毒抗体检测对ALRI的临床诊断价值。方法对2813例ALRI住院患儿中875例取鼻咽分泌物标本免疫荧光检测7种呼吸道病毒抗原(RSV、ADV、IA、IB、PIV1、PIV2、PIV3),1938例用ELISA方法检测3种病毒(RSV、ADV、CMV)血清IgM或IgG抗体。结果875例病毒抗原检测阳性358份(40.91%),其中RSV阳性318份(36.34%),PIV3阳性32份(3.66%),ADV为6份(0.69%),IA为2份(0.23%),IB、PIV1、PIV2均为0份;1938例血清ELISA病毒抗体检测阳性824份(42.52%),RSV_IgM阳性139份(7.17%),ADV_IgM阳性82份(4.23%),CMV_IgM阳性289份(14.91%),CMV_IgG阳性679份(35.04%)。结论重庆地区冬季小儿ALRI中病毒感染率高,抗原与抗体阳性检出率分别为40.91%与42.52%,抗原检测显示RSV感染居第1位。病毒抗原免疫荧光检测与临床诊断符合率高,对临床病原诊断更有意义。     

急性下呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学分析

目的了解昆明地区小儿急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)患儿病毒病原谱及病毒病原学流行特点。方法对昆明市儿童医院内科2005-10—2006-09,临床诊断为急性下呼吸道感染712例住院患儿鼻咽分泌物,应用直接免疫荧光法进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、流感病毒(IVA、B型)、副流感病毒(PIV1、2、3型)7种病毒抗原检测,并对呼吸道病毒流行特点进行分析。结果712例ALRI患儿中检出阳性病例206例,阳性率28.93%。新生儿、婴儿占阳性病例的77.18%。阳性标本中检出RSV177株,占阳性标本的85.92%(177/206),其次为PIV2、ADV各9株分别占4.37%(9/206),检出PIV35株占2.43%(5/206)、IVA、PIV1各3株占1.46%(3/206),一年中未检出IVB病毒株。206例阳性患儿中新生儿、婴儿、幼儿RSV感染阳性率分别为27.18%、42.23%、16.51%,年龄组间RSV阳性率比较,差异存在统计学意义。婴儿组中检出混合感染阳性病例3例,其中RSV合并ADV感染2例,PIV2合并ADV感染1例。RSV高峰流行季节在每年7月至次年2月,流行季节持续近8个月,3～6月病毒感染阳性率呈下降趋势,呼吸道病毒感染流行具有明显季节性。结论RSV是昆明地区婴儿ALRI的主要病原,呼吸道病毒类型及病原流行季节存在地区差异。     

2003-2007年重庆地区急性下呼吸道感染患儿病毒监测情况

目的 分析重庆地区急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)患儿2003-2007年病毒病原学构成及变化情况,探讨鼻咽分泌物(NPS)病毒抗原检测与血清病毒抗体检测对ALRI患儿病原学诊断的价值.方法 2003年4月-2007年10月从2 529例ALRI住院患儿吸取了 NPS标本,采刚免疫荧光法检测7种常见的呼吸道病毒抗原:呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、A型流感病毒(IA)、B型流感病毒(IB)、副流感病毒1、2、3型(PIV1、PIV2、PIV3),采用EIJSA方法检测55 887例ADV病毒血清IgM抗体,其中45 159例采用同样方法检测了 RSV病毒血清IgM抗体.结果 2 529例呼吸道病毒抗原检测阳性778份(30.76%).其中RSV阳性668份(85.86%),PIV3阳性75份(9.64%),IA阳性20份(2.57%).ADV阳性15份(1.93%),PIV1阳性仪1份(0.13%),且与RSV协同阳性.病毒血清RSV-IgM检测各年阳性率为0.9%～15.2%,ADV-IgM检测各年阳性率为0.6%～10.6%.RSV感染主要在冬春季节好发.结论 重庆地区ALRI中病毒感染仍然是小儿ALBI的最常见病原,且仍以BSV感染居首,有明显季节性,以冬春季节为著.2007年1-10月均能检测到RSV病原,阳性率在2月可达50%,提示2007年可能是RSV流行的高峰年.而PIV3、IA、ADV及PIV1感染率较低,IB及PIV2近5 a来均未发现.ILSV病毒抗原免疫荧光检测既快速又准确,与临床诊断较符合,优于抗体检测.实用儿科临床杂志,2009,24(10):768-770     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.