胃癌术后早期肠内免疫营养的作用

目的:研究肠内免疫营养对胃癌手术后病人营养、免疫及炎症反应的影响. 方法:将96例胃癌病人随机分为肠内免疫营养组(研究组)和常规肠内营养组(对照组),分别于术后第2～8天给予等氮、等热量的肠内营养支持.于手术前1天、术后第1天和第9天分别检测总蛋白、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α等项目,用药期间留24 h尿、粪测定氮,计算氮平衡. 结果:研究结束时研究组前清蛋白、IgA、CD4、CD4/CD8均显著高于对照组,IL-6、TNF-α显著低于对照组. 结论:肠内免疫营养可减轻胃癌病人手术创伤后机体炎症反应,改善免疫功能.     

免疫增强型肠内营养对消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后免疫功能和炎症反应的影响

目的观察术后免疫增强型肠内营养对消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后免疫功能及炎症反应的影响。方法消化道恶性肿瘤病人42例,随机分为研究组、对照组,各21例。于术后1~8d,研究组使用含谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的免疫增强型肠内营养制剂,对照组使用常规的制剂能全力。观察术前1d、术后1d和术后9d:①免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8);②血清中细胞因子白介素(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)。结果研究组IgA、CD4水平及CD4/CD8显著高于对照组(p<0·05)。炎症反应指标,研究组IL-6、TNF-α显著低于对照组(p<0·05)。结论免疫增强型肠内营养可减轻消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后的机体炎症反应,改善免疫功能。     

老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养对改善老年胃肿瘤病人术后的营养免疫状况及减少并发症的作用.方法:将84例老年胃肿瘤病人随机分为肠内营养(EN)组及肠外营养(PN)组,于术后24 h开始予以相同热量及氮量营养支持,分别观察营养支持前后的营养和免疫指标及术后并发症.结果:两组的营养及免疫指标于营养支持后明显改善(P＜0.05),免疫指标EN组较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组与PN组相比,明显促进病人术后胃肠道功能恢复,减少并发症的发生及住院费用.结论:老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养是一种安全、有效、简便、经济和理想的营养治疗方法.     

肠内免疫营养在恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术后的临床应用

目的:观察肠内免疫营养对恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术后的临床应用效果.方法:该研究是前瞻、随机、单盲和对照的临床研究.将40例接受手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸病人,随机分为标准肠内营养组和肠内免疫营养组,每组20例.两组病人年龄、性别、手术方式等方面均有可比性.术中空肠造口,术后按125.52 kJ/(kg·d)给予等热量的肠内营养支持,连续应用10天以上.标准肠内营养组给予标准肠内营养剂,肠内免疫营养组给予肠内免疫营养剂(Supportan).分别于手术前2天,术后第4和第14天检测血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血清IL-6水平.结果:①术后第14天时,肠内免疫营养组血清清蛋白水平明显高于标准肠内营养组(P＜0.05).②术后第14天时,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶两组间无显著性差异.③术后第4天时肠内免疫营养组CD4/CD8比值明显高于标准肠内营养组(P＜0.01).与术前2天相比,术后第14天时肠内免疫营养组的CD4/CD8比值明显升高(P＜0.05),而在标准肠内营养组则无显著性差异.④术后第14天时,肠内免疫营养组血清IL-6水平明显低于标准肠内营养组(P＜0.05).结论:恶性梗阻性黄疸病人手术后应用肠内免疫营养能改善病人的营养状况,增强机体对肿瘤的免疫功能,调理急性炎症反应,改善预后.     

肠内免疫营养对烫伤大鼠免疫功能和炎症反应的影响

目的:研究肠内免疫营养物Stresson对烫伤大鼠免疫功能和炎症反应的影响及机制. 方法:致64只SD大鼠总体表面积(TBSA)30%的三度烫伤,随机分为肠内免疫营养(EIN)组及肠内营养(EN)组.分别于伤前、伤后1、4、7、10天抽取静脉血,检测血清免疫球蛋白、T淋巴细胞亚群、血清内毒素(LPS)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度. 结果:烫伤后EN组CD3 、CD4 CD8 、CD4 /CD8 均显著降低,EIN组在伤后7、10天CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 比值与EN组相比显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).烫伤后两组血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA的水平较伤前对照明显降低,但EIN组略高于EN组.EIN组和EN组血清内毒素、IL-6、TNF-α的水平较伤前对照显著升高(P<0.01),EIN组血清内毒素、IL-6、TNF-α的水平在伤后4、7、10天较EN组明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01). 结论:早期EIN可以改善烫伤后免疫功能的低下,减轻烫伤后炎症反应.     

肠内生态免疫营养在结直肠癌病人中的应用

目的探讨肠内生态免疫营养在结直肠癌病人中的应用价值。方法 119例结直肠癌,随机分为实验组(n=59),给予给予含精氨酸、ω-3不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质的肠内免疫营养液,加四联双歧活菌;对照组60例,普通肠内营养。观察两组的营养指标,不良反应及并发症。结果开始营养支持前1d两组之间Alb,PA,TRF,Hb均无统计学差异。开始营养支持后d7实验组TRF高于对照组为(P<0.05)。Hb,Alb,PA在两组间未显示统计学差异(P>0.05)。开始营养支持后d15实验组Hb,TRF,PA水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),Alb在两组间未显示统计学差异(P>0.05)。不论实验组还是对照组,d15与开始营养支持前,各项指标水平均有所升高(P<0.05)。实验组系统性感染的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论生态免疫营养可以有效的减少结直肠癌病人感染的发生率,并能改善病人的营养状况。     

生态免疫营养对消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后营养状况、炎症反应和预后的影响

目的研究生态免疫营养剂对消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后机体营养状况、炎症反应及预后的影响。方法将2003年6月～2006年6月在我院接受消化道恶性肿瘤手术的40例患者随机分为生态免疫营养组(A组)和常规肠内营养组(B组)。术后第2～8天给予等氮、等热能[125.52kJ/(kg.d)]的营养支持。分别于术前1天、术后9天测量体重、上臂围、肱三头肌皮褶厚度;术前1天、术后5、9天取外周血测血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白;术前1天,术后1、9天测血清IgG、IgM、IgA、IL-6、CRP、淋巴细胞总数等营养、免疫指标。并记录营养治疗期间术后并发症的发生率、肠功能恢复时间及住院天数。结果术后两组患者均出现各种血清蛋白和免疫球蛋白的下降及炎症因子的升高。经过一段时间的营养支持,两组患者的血清白蛋白都有升高,A组患者术后第5天和第9天显著高于B组(P<0.05);A组患者术后第9天的转铁蛋白也显著高于B组(P<0.05)。两组患者的血清IgG、IgA均逐渐上升,A组患者术后第9天的水平显著高于B组(P<0.05)。A组患者的IL-6、CRP水平术后第9天显著低于B组(P<0.05)。A组患者的肠功能恢复时间和住院天数均少于B组,但差异无显著性。结论生态免疫营养制剂较普通肠内营养能明显减轻消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后的炎症反应,可能有提高血清白蛋白合成速度、改善营养状况的功效,还可较好地保护肠黏膜屏障功能,促进肠功能恢复,提高机体免疫力。     

消化道肿瘤手术后早期应用免疫增强型肠内营养的作用

目的：评价免疫增强型肠内营养制剂对肿瘤病人手术创伤后代谢，炎症反应，免疫功能及预后的影响。方法：88例消化道恶性肿瘤手术病人随机分为常规肠内营养组（对照组）和免疫增强型肠内营养组（研究组）。手术后第1天开始等热量，等氮肠内营养支持1周。于术前，术后第1，4天和研究结束时分别检测免疫，炎症反应及营养指标。结果 ：研究结束时，研究组多数免疫指标均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）；而血IL－6，TNF－α）浓度及CRP水平则明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。研究期间两组白蛋白，每天及氮平衡无显著差异，术后第8天，研究组血浆前白蛋白，转铁蛋白浓度明显高于对照组。研究组术后4天以后的感染性并发症发生率明显低于对照组，平均住院时间也明显低于对照组。结论：免疫增强型肠内营养制剂可减轻肿瘤病人手术创伤后的应激和炎症反应程度，增强机体免疫功能，改善预后。     

益生菌联合早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者感染及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨益生菌联合早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者感染及免疫功能的影响。方法选取2015年3月-2017年3月于医院治疗的闭合性重型颅脑损伤患者116例为研究对象,根据治疗方法分为试验组61例与对照组53例,排除2例,其中对照组采用常规早期肠内营养治疗,试验组采用添加益生菌的早期肠内营养治疗。比较两组并发症、营养指标[白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TRF)和血红蛋白(Hb)]和免疫指标[CD_3~+、CD_4~+和CD_4~+/CD_8~+;免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM);白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]的变化。结果试验组患者感染、腹泻、呕吐、消化道出血、应激性溃疡等并发症11例少于对照组21例(P=0.011)。治疗后试验组营养指标ALB、PA、TRF和Hb分别为(40.36±2.58)g/L、(265.21±14.56)mg/L、(2.26±0.19)g/L和(114.61±3.52)g/L高于对照组(P0.05);免疫指标CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+、IgA、IgG、IgM分别为(68.14±7.42)%、(42.67±4.16)%、(1.96±0.29)、(2.98±0.62)g/L、(13.26±4.18)g/L、(2.19±0.71)g/L高于对照组(P0.05),IL-1β、IL-6、MIP-2和TNF-α分别为(10.58±2.57)μg/L、(30.32±3.96)μg/L、(70.32±3.89)μg/L和(40.32±6.14)μg/L低于对照组(P0.001)。结论益生菌联合早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者进行治疗,可减少并发症的发生,提高患者营养状况,改善机体免疫功能。     

全胃切除病人术后免疫增强型肠内营养的作用

目的:研究全胃切除病人术后早期免疫增强型肠内营养支持对机体免疫功能的影响.方法:选择进展期胃癌根治性全胃切除病人52例,随机分为免疫增强型肠内营养组(试验组)和常规肠内营养组(EN组).两组病人均从术后第1天起自营养管给予等热量、等氮量的肠内营养制剂.试验组使用免疫增强型肠内营养制剂Stresson,EN组使用常规的肠内营养制剂能全力,共7d.于术前及术后第1、8天分别抽取外周血,测定IgG、IgA、IgM及 T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8比值).结果:术后第1天,两组病人的各项免疫指标均有所下降,而术后第8天两组的IgG、IgM、IgA、CD3、CD4和CD4/CD8均明显回升,并高于术前水平,两组比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论:胃癌根治性全胃切除病人术后早期免疫增强型肠内营养支持,可有效地改善病人的免疫功能.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.