基于X线片定制股骨柄假体的设计原理及方法

目的 介绍自编的基于X线片设计定制型股骨柄假体程序系统的设计原理及功能模块。方法 利用图像处理方法提取X线片上一些患者股骨解剖特征点（如小粗隆最高点、股骨头中心及转子间窝等）、2个规划的手术截骨位置点（大粗隆侧截骨边界位置点及截骨线最低点位置点）以及一些设计用关键位置点（如假体远端位置、假体颈干连接段最高点位置等）,以此预测患者股骨近端髓腔,并通过输入设计参数值（如颈干角、前倾角、预留的松质骨厚度、假体匹配段截面圆弧半径及假体过渡段高度等）设计出定制型股骨柄假体。并对设计出的定制股骨柄假体进行匹配区域多个截面的二维截面验证和三维的总体验证。结果 根据验证情况,调整设计参数重新生成股骨柄假体模型点云数据,使设计出的股骨柄假体与患者股骨腔相匹配,达到定制型假体设计要求。结论 介绍的程序系统可用于为患者设计定制型股骨柄假体,设计周期较短,成本较低,有利于促进定制型股骨柄假体在临床上的应用,进一步提高患者的生活质量。     

基于X光片的定制型人工髋关节股骨侧假体设计

介绍一种利用 X光片设计定制型人工髋关节股骨侧假体的方法。采用圆弧和直线形成髋关节股骨侧假体外形轮廓。通常髋关节股骨侧假体匹配段尺寸公差要求并不严格 ,加工这种髋关节股骨侧假体可不采用数控加工中心。利用自编的程序成功地设计了三根股骨的假体。根据一个股骨标准数据库重建了这几根股骨的大致髓腔模型 ,这些模型被用来检验设计出的假体。设计出的假体被加工了出来 ,并分别植入股骨。结果表明该设计髋关节股骨侧假体方法切实可行     

扭转力传递的非骨水泥髋关节假体设计、制作及实验分析

背景:人体股骨髓腔具有扭转的解剖结构,如果股骨髓腔的扭转结构被复制到假体的柄体上,当假体插入髓腔并在假体上加载力时,假体将加载的力转换成股骨髓腔对柄体的扭转力并将该力传递到股骨近端。目的:优化股骨近端的力传递,避免假体近端应力遮挡。方法:利用人股骨标本的CT图片重建股骨髓腔的3D模型,将该3D模型作为柄体的设计模型。将定制式柄体模型与标准假体的近端模型拼合,形成定制式假体。采用机器人磨削技术制作定制式假体,并将定制式假体与标本股骨髓腔匹配。利用有限元仿真和实验方法分析假体上加载的力与假体近端扭转微动的关系。结果与结论:仿真和实验结果表明,股骨髓腔与柄体匹配的扭转结构,可有效地将假体上加载力以扭转力的形式传递到股骨近端,假体近端的扭转微动与柄体的微动相关,而柄体的微动可通过改变柄体与髓腔的匹配区大小得到控制。     

CAD/CAM/Robotic集成方法设计与制作生物型股骨柄假体

背景:生物型股骨柄假体无菌松动是全髋关节置换失败的主要因素,减少无菌松动的先决条件是增加股骨柄假体在股骨髓腔中的填充率。目的:得到定制式股骨柄假体在髓腔中的填充率,验证计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造/工业机器人加工(CAD/CAM/Robotic)集成方法和机器人磨削的有效性。方法:利用CT数据重建股骨髓腔三维模型,在此三维模型基础上设计股骨柄假体的柄体,依据标准直柄股骨柄假体近端模型设计股骨柄假体的其余部分。将设计的股骨柄假体模型导入CAD/CAM/Robotic集成系统生成机器人磨削轨迹,利用该轨迹对股骨柄假体进行磨削加工。将加工好的股骨柄假体与股骨髓腔匹配,分析股骨柄假体在髓腔中的填充率。结果与结论:实验结果表明,定制式股骨柄假体在髓腔中有良好的填充率,髓腔的解剖结构可以阻止股骨柄假体的扭转,获得股骨柄假体在髓腔中的稳定固定。     

一种组合式个性化人工膝关节假体数字化设计方法

目的 提出一种组合式个性化人工膝关节假体结构,解决膝关节股骨肿瘤保肢手术由于截骨位置差异性较大,很难采用标准型人工膝关节假体满足个性化需求的问题。方法 首先将患部关节区域CT数据进行三维重建,并利用MRI增强扫描技术建立肿瘤的三维模型,再通过肿瘤模型与患部关节模型进行位置匹配,在三维模型上确定手术截骨位置,根据截骨尺寸设计个性化的股骨柄与标准股骨髁假体进行有效组合,形成一种组合式个性化人工膝关节假体。结果 根据本文设计方法的结果加工成型,骨科临床医生分析膝关节假体结构与人体膝关节生理结构相符,达到个性化假体设计要求,能够重建患者膝关节功能。结论 这种膝关节假体结构有利于降低个性化膝关节假体设计加工成本,缩短设计加工周期,有望提高患者生命质量。     

基于X线片三维重建股骨近端髓腔

本文提出利用X线片三维重建患者股骨近端髓腔,为患者设计定制型股骨柄.并根据80根股骨样本CT图像,构建了一个中国人股骨近端平均截面数据库.数据库的构建使利用X线片重建患者股骨近端髓腔成为可能.基于X线片三维重建股骨近端髓腔的软件已被开发出来,其中包括提取患者股骨腔数据以及构建出患者股骨近端髓腔数据库等.利用这个软件重建患者股骨近端髓腔较为方便,费时较少,同时可解决一些临床上无法用CT片重建患者股骨近端髓腔的问题.     

基于标准X线片的定制型股骨柄的设计与加工

目的研究基于标准X线片的定制型股骨柄设计与加工的方法。方法开发设计假体的软件，其中包括X线片的扫描，股骨腔的获得，假体设计，匹配程度分析，以及绘制二维加工图。利用CAM技术，可以加工设计出所需要的假体。结果在普通机床上加工出股骨柄假体，临床反映股骨柄假体与患者股骨骨髓腔匹配较好。结论临床结果以及理论分析均表明本文介绍的设计与加工股骨柄假体的方法切实可行。     

一种自动优选标准型股骨柄的方法

髋关节置换手术中采用标准型假体时,术前只能大致选取假体,术中还要预备多个假体,往往手术时间增长。为了解决这一问题,本文提出一种利用计算机优选标准型髋关节假体的方法。从X线片中获取患者股骨解剖数据。利用这些解剖数据和股骨近端截面平均数据库三维重建患者股骨近端,重建出的股骨近端模型使优选标准假体成为可能。理论分析表明,该方法切实可行。     

一种股骨头假体个性化设计方法研究

为解决人工髋关节置换手术后假体无菌松动等并发症,适应假体个性化快速设计和制造的需求,对假体设计方法进行研究.采用医用CT技术、计算机辅助设计和有限元计算分析相结合的方法,依据患者股骨髓腔解剖形状和置换要求设计髋关节假体;用有限元软件ANSYS建立股骨的三维有限元模型,并自主开发计算机程序计算得到股骨的材料参数,在股骨有限元模型中实现股骨材料的非均匀及各向异性描述;用计算机仿真植入了定制髋假体的股骨--假体系统后的接触问题;分析对比股骨在术前术后的应力、应变大小及分布,检验假体设计的合理性;定量地确定股骨在手术后所产生的应力遮挡效应的程度,研究结果表明这种假体设计和分析方法更为合理、可靠,为优化设计假体和评估假体植入后的长期稳定性提供了基本方法.     

人工髋关节置换术假体柄周围骨折的原因分析与防治对策

目的回顾性分析人工髋关节置换术假体柄周围骨折的主要原因,探讨论决定预防措施及治疗方法。方法对本院近年收治的人工髋关节置换假体柄周围骨折的6例病例进行回顾性分析, 结果术后随访8-32个月,骨折愈合,假体固定可靠。结论骨质疏松、股骨近端解剖结构异常、假体型号选择不当是造成人工髋关节置换时假体柄周围骨折的主要原因,Vancouver假体柄周围骨折分型标准及治疗方案是较好的指导原则,术中应常规植骨。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.