低剂量γ-射线及香烟对仔鼠发育和反射行为的影响

母鼠暴露于低剂量γ－射线（照射源６０Ｃｏ,剂量为０、０．２５、０．５、１．０ＧＹ）及香烟烟雾水溶物（浓度为０、０．５、１．０、１．５、２．０支／只）,可使子代小鼠发育（开眼、张耳、生毛、出牙）及反射行为（平面翻正、空中翻正、视觉定向、听觉惊愕）出现不同程度的延迟。并且低剂量γ－射线与香烟烟雾水溶物还有极显著的协同效应。     

我国食品等公共卫生监管体系存在的问题及其对策

本文从食品等公共卫生监管体系存在的问题入手，结合2008年爆发的多起食品安全事件，剖析了我国食品监管等公共卫生监管体系面临的新挑战，从立法、运行机制、监管模式等方面提出了进一步深化改革的对策和建议。     

The growth of micro-organisms in intravenous fluids

The growth of four micro-organisms in 12 different intravenous fluids at room temperature was studied. Gram-negative organisms grew better than Gram-positive, and lipid solutions were most favourable to microbial growth. Microbial growth was inhibited in solutions with osmolalities over 500 mosmol/l; Staphylococcus epidermidis was inhibited by inocula with Gram-negative bacilli, while the growth of Gram-negative bacilli generally was not affected. Candida albicans was inhibited by Gram-negative bacilli in lipid and 5% dextrose solutions.     

Emergency/outpatient satellites serve as rural outposts

Physician recruitment problems and sudden population growth placed a severe strain on several New Hampshire communities until civic and hospital leaders pooled resources to develop combined emergency/outpatient satellites. Range of services, staffing, operations, financing, and impact of the satellites are discussed in detail.     

Evaluation of the effect of arginine-enriched amino acid solution on tumor growth

To investigate the effect of arginine-enriched solution on tumor growth and metastasis, rats were infused with solutions containing 5.5 and 0.66% arginine for 8 days. Infusions were started at the same time of subcutaneous transplant of Yoshida sarcoma. Arginine-rich solution suppressed tumor growth at an early stage and prevented metastases to the liver and kidney. In addition, arginine supplements enhanced the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. It also resulted in maintenance of a positive nitrogen balance and prevented the increases in the levels of several amino acids observed in the control group. The suppressive effect of arginine-enriched solution on tumor growth may be due to its activation of the immunologic system, in which the phagocytic activity of macrophages probably participates.     

Infection control of parenteral nutrition solutions

Microbial contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions is a preventable cause of in patients receiving nutrition support. The components of the parenteral nutrition solutions have variable microbial growth potential. Crystalline amino acid and dextrose solutions are poor growth media for bacteria but may support fungal growth. Lipid emulsions provide an excellent medium for growth of bacteria and fungal species. Total nutrient admixtures will support microbial growth better than standard parenteral nutrition solutions will but less well than will lipid emulsion alone. Control of infection related to contaminated infusate depends on compounding procedure, quality control, appropriate storage, and procedures to prevent in-use contamination. Guidelines are presented for the preparation and administration of parenteral nutrition infusates that will minimize microbial contamination.     

Responses of Cynara cardunculus L. to single and combined cadmium and nickel treatment conditions

A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out to study the responses of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) to cadmium and nickel. Three groups of 12 pots each were planted with cardoon plants and spiked with single and combined cadmium and nickel aqueous solutions. The bioavailable metal concentrations, measured in soil, ranged widely and were up to 246.7 mg kg⁻¹ for Cd and 61.1 mg kg⁻¹ for Ni. Under Cd treatment, cardoon growth remained unaffected, while increased Ni soil concentrations inhibited plant growth and were lethal to the highly treated plants. In the combined Cd and Ni treatments, an antagonistic effect was observed between the two metals. Cadmium and nickel concentrations in cardoon tissues rose with increasing metal concentrations in the soil. Cadmium and nickel contents in shoots reached 169.3 and 342.3 mg kg⁻¹ in the single treatments while, under the combined Cd and Ni treatments, they were up to 235.0 and 440.7 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Generally, mean contents of both metals in the shoots were higher than in the roots and the translocation factor was greater than 1. A possible enhancing effect of nickel on cadmium uptake was observed. Cardoon showed characteristics of a Cd accumulator.     

The uptake of TcO-4 by plants: a mathematical description

A model describing the uptake of TcO-4 by spinach plants was developed. The equation relates both plant and soil parameters (e.g., growth, metabolism, concentration of TcO-4 and composition of the growth medium) to the concentration of Tc in the shoot of the plant. As the soil solution is the medium from which plants obtain nutrients and non-nutrients, the modeling parameters have been obtained from uptake experiments using nutrient solutions (= simulated soil solutions) as the growth medium. Two important model assumptions are: 1) that an equilibrium exists between TcO-4 in the plant and the growth medium and 2) that the leaf TcO-4 metabolism is a pseudofirst order reaction occurring in a non-constant volume.     

模拟克山病病区低钙饲料对大鼠生长、代谢的影响

本文研究了模拟克山病病区易感人群膳食组成的饲料及在这种饲料中补充钙和硒对大鼠生长、代谢的影响。结果表明,模拟病区膳食的饲料中除低硒外低钙特别突出,所饲大鼠血清钙水平及全血GSH-Px酶活性明显低于常规饲料组;大鼠的生长状态、血清总蛋白及血清和心肌几种酶(GOT,GPT,LDH,α-HBDH,CK)活性均偏离常规饲料组。在模拟病区膳食的饲料中单纯补充钙可明显改善大鼠的生长状态和酶活性的偏移,呈规律性趋向常规饲料组。表明低钙在喂养病区膳食的大鼠所造成的生长迟缓、代谢偏移中起重要作用。补充钙同时补充硒效果更好。结合流行病学资料表明在低硒环境下合并有明显的低钙,可引起克山病发病。     

Reducing the loss of vaccines from accidental freezing in the cold chain: The experience of continuous temperature monitoring in Tunisia

Accidental freezing of vaccines is a growing threat and a real risk for national immunization programs when the potency of many vaccines can be compromised if these are exposed to sub-zero temperatures in the cold chain. In Tunisia, this issue is compounded by using sub-standard domestic cold chain equipment instead of equipping the program with medical refrigerators designed specifically for storing vaccines and temperature sensitive pharmaceuticals. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the findings of a demonstration project conducted in Tunisia in 2012 that tested the impact of introducing several freeze prevention solutions to mitigate the risk of accidental freezing of vaccines. The main finding is that, despite the continued use of underperforming domestic refrigerators, continuous temperature monitoring using new technologies combined with other technological interventions significantly reduced the prevalence of accidental exposure to freezing temperatures. These improvements were noticed for cold chain storage at regional, district and health center levels, and during the transport legs that were part of the demonstration conducted in the regions of Kasserine in the South-Eastern part of Tunisia. Subsequent to introducing these freeze prevention solutions, the incidence of freeze alarms was reduced and the percent of time the temperatures dropped below the 2 °C recommended threshold. The incidence of freeze alarms at health center level was reduced by 40%. Lastly, the solutions implemented reduced risk of freezing during transport from 13.8% to 1.7%. Although the solution implemented is not optimal in the longer term because domestic refrigerators are used extensively in district stores and health centers, the risk of accidental freezing is significantly reduced by introducing the practice of continuous temperature monitoring as a standard. The management of the cold chain equipment was strengthened as a result which helps protect the potency of vaccines to the areas of most difficult access.     

Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations

BACKGROUND: In a randomized, controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial on the effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise, a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass was observed. Alterations in leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were previously reported from this study. OBJECTIVE: We examined the separate and combined effects of a 1-y exercise and diet intervention on several adipokines; adiponectin, interleukin-6 and -8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, hepatocyte growth factor, nerve growth factor, C-reactive protein, and resistin. DESIGN: One hundred eighty-eight men with several risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease were randomly allocated to 4 groups: diet, exercise, combined diet and exercise, and control. RESULTS: Plasma adiponectin concentrations remained unchanged, whereas body mass index and fat mass decreased after dietary changes and an increase in physical activity. In the control group, adiponectin concentrations were reduced. Analyzed according to the factorial design, only diet intervention had a significant (P = 0.03) positive effect on plasma adiponectin relative to control, and this effect was largely explained by changes in fat mass. After adjustment for change in percentage body fat, there were significant positive effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in all 3 intervention groups (P = 0.01 for the diet group, 0.03 for the exercise group, and 0.05 for the combined diet and exercise group). Minor changes were observed for the other adipokines. Neither baseline concentrations of nor changes in adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly correlated to the other adipokines, whereas concentrations of and changes in the other adipokines were significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: Diet intervention had a significant positive effect on adiponectin concentrations, which is largely explained by a reduction in fat mass.     

Zinc supplementation and growth

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To analyse information about the effects of zinc supplementation on the growth of infants and children, and also the effects of maternal supplementation. RECENT FINDINGS: Two (of 12) studies have recently reported significant weight increments in the zinc supplemented group, and only one study found positive effects on height. One study providing multimicronutrients, including zinc, also showed positive effects on weight. In the majority of studies, zinc supplementation lasted for 6-7 months. Two studies found that the significant positive effects of zinc on growth is not seen if zinc is provided combined with iron. SUMMARY: Supplemental zinc provided to healthy non-zinc-deficient, non-stunted individuals does not induce growth effects. Additional zinc provided to nutritionally less privileged children over a substantial period of time produced beneficial effects on height or weight in some, but not all, studies. The magnitude of the effects depends on several factors beyond the initial anthropometric and zinc status condition, which are not fully known. Growth is a complex process in which several nutritional and non-nutritional factors play roles and interact, and the extent and consequences of such interactions are still not completely understood. Maternal zinc supplementation yielded conflicting results on intrauterine growth effects.     

Glutamine or glutamic acid effects on intestinal growth and disaccharidase activity in infant piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition.

This study was designed to measure the effect of free glutamine or glutamic acid supplementation on small intestinal growth and disaccharidase enzyme activity in 7-day-old miniature piglets. The piglets received one of three total parenteral nutrition solutions exclusively for 7 days. All three solutions were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, and glutamine or glutamic acid was included at physiological levels (5% of the total amino acid content) in two of the three solutions; the third (control) contained neither glutamine nor glutamic acid. No differences were seen between groups in plasma glutamine or glutamic acid concentrations. Similarly, no effect was observed on small intestinal protein or DNA content or on the specific activities of lactase, sucrase, or maltase. These data demonstrate that in the healthy miniature piglet, parenteral glutamine or glutamic acid supplemented at physiological doses does not influence small intestinal growth and development.     

Integrating PHC services: evidence from Narangwal, India

Integration of services within primary health care is a concernwhich continues to be debated. The current advocacy for introducingselective and vertically organized health care interventionsis the latest in a series of swings in the balance between integratedand vertical approaches. This paper reviews the findings fromNarangwal in North India, where several experimental packagesof primary health care services were introduced into differentsets of villages. Significant reductions occurred in morbidityand mortality in children, their growth improved and familyplanning use increased, all at a combined cost of about $US2.00 per capita (1971 prices). Integrated or combined servicesgenerally performed at least as well as more selective approachesand because of their integrated nature were often more efficient.The major advantage of integrated services was that they providedmultiple benefits, an important consideration in areas withmany competing causes of morbidity and mortality. Although itwas not demonstrated conclusively that either women's and children'shealth services or family planning services improved the utilizationof the other, the results lend support to the value of integratingthese services. It was concluded that Narangwal demonstratedthe potential of an incremental approach to integration, basedon a process of learning by experience and supported by a continuousfeedback of information from both formal and informal assessments.     

Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks

A soy-protein isolate diet that was deficient in methionine (Met), zinc (Zn), riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline for chick growth (Assay 1) was used to study individual or multiple deficiencies of several of these nutrients. In all cases, adding all three deficient nutrients together resulted in growth responses that were superior to those resulting from supplementation with any pairs of deficient nutrients. In Assay 2, single addition of Zn but not of methionine or riboflavin produced a growth response, but the combination of either Zn and Met or Zn and riboflavin resulted in growth responses that were greater than the response elicited by Zn alone. Assay 3 involved individual or multiple deficiencies of choline, riboflavin and vitamin B-6, and individual additions suggested that choline was first limiting. Choline + riboflavin supplementation, however, produced marked growth and gain:food responses that were far greater than those resulting from supplemental choline or riboflavin alone. Moreover, the growth response to a combination of choline + pyridoxine (PN) was also greater than that obtained from any of the three nutrients fed alone; even PN + riboflavin (in the absence of choline) produced responses greater than those observed with the unsupplemented negative-control diet. In Assay 4, chicks responded to individual additions of riboflavin, PN or Met, and in Assay 5, to either riboflavin or PN; all two-way combinations resulted in growth rates that were far greater than those occurring with any single addition. The data from these experiments show that unlike the situation with three deficient amino acids, the expected responses to first-, second- and third-limiting B-vitamins or deficient vitamins combined with deficient levels of Zn or Met do not follow the expected pattern of response to first-, further response to first- and second- and an even further response to first-, second- and third-limiting nutrients.     

城市混合污泥发酵处理对小麦幼苗生长的影响

通过研究城市污水处理厂原污泥和消化污泥的混合污泥好氧发酵前、后提取液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响，说明好氧发酵处理前的混合污泥提取液对小麦种子的萌发、幼苗和根系的生长，以及对叶绿素的含担均产生了明显的毒性影响，而发酵处理后混合污泥提取液对其毒性影响不明显。二者之间存在显著的差异性。     

Cadmium Uptake by Cuttings of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Impatiens walleriana</Emphasis> in Response to Different Cadmium Concentrations and Growth Periods

Impatiens walleriana (I. walleriana), a potential cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, can propagate by cuttings, which are less expensive to grow than seedlings. Different growth periods for cuttings, however, may lead to different physiological characteristics. In this study, I. walleriana cuttings were hydroponically grown in Cd-containing solutions (1.0–10.0 μM) for various growth periods (10–60 days). Experimental results showed that the Cd treatments had negative effects on growth compared to the controls that were not spiked with Cd. The extension of the growth period promoted most of the growth exhibitions of I. walleriana, except for SPAD readings for cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions. The accumulation of Cd also increased over time, except in the roots of the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions. The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd showed that I. walleriana developed better tolerance and detoxification capacities in the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions than in the cuttings grown in the other two Cd treatments.     

Growth of various bacteria and yeasts in a peptide and an elemental diet

Solutions of a peptide and an elemental diet were artificially contaminated with several bacterial and yeast strains. Their growth was measured after eight and 24 h incubation at 4 ° and 22 °C. At 4 °C no increase in colony count could be observed in either diet within 24 h. At 22 °C a significant increase of all but the campylobacter strains was obtained after 24 h in the peptide diet. In the elemental diet only the pseudomonas and the yeast strains showed a small increase, the campylobacters were reduced and the colony count of all the other test strains remained constant. As such diets are administered continuously for up to 24 h via a tube into the duodenum for severe intestinal disorders it is suggested (i) that they should be prepared under sterile conditions (ii) that peptide diets should be given for no longer than 8 h and (iii) that solutions of both diets should not be stored for longer than 24 h in the refrigerator.     

早期卵裂与胚胎形态学和生长速率联合评分预测胚胎发育潜能

目的:探讨早期卵裂、胚胎形态学和生长速率联合评分预测胚胎发育潜能的价值。方法:96个IVF-ET周期分为两组:第1组包括35个IVF-ET周期,该组第3日(移植日)胚胎形态学和生长速率作为选择胚胎移植的标准(下称简单评价法);第2组包括61个IVF-ET周期,该组于受精后25~26 h对胚胎早期卵裂情况进行第1次评价,第3日对胚胎形态学和生长速率再次进行评价,两次评价的综合结果作为选择胚胎移植的标准(下称联合评价法),比较两种方法的胚胎种植率和妊娠率。结果:发生早期卵裂的胚胎在移植日的优质胚胎率显著高于未发生早期卵裂的胚胎(P<0.001);联合评价法所选择胚胎的临床妊娠率和胚胎种植率均明显高于简单评价法(P<0.05)。结论:早期卵裂是预测胚胎发育潜能的一个有价值的指标,胚胎发育的联合评价有助于提高助孕成功率。     

Use of human growth hormone combined with nutritional support in a critical care unit

The administration of growth factors may potentially accelerate recovery during critical illness by reducing body protein catabolism, enhancing wound healing, and improving skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this phase 1 study was to evaluate the safety and initial efficacy of a recombinant growth factor, human growth hormone (GH), combined with nutritional support in a critical care unit. Following an initial control week, 11 individuals received GH (10 mg/day) daily for 1-6 consecutive weeks. Near constant nutrient intake was provided via parenteral and/or enteral feedings throughout the study period. Vital signs and other clinical parameters, blood values, and nutrient excretion were monitored daily. GH administration was not associated with clinically significant adverse effects. During the first 2 weeks of study, nitrogen excretion decreased from 1356 +/- 157 mmol/day (19.0 +/- 2.2 g/day) during control to 899 +/- 107 mmol/day (12.6 +/- 1.4 g/day) with growth hormone (p less than 0.002) in association with markedly reduced urea generation. Significant reductions in potassium excretion (control 100 +/- 11 mmol/day vs 69 +/- 6 with GH; p less than 0.01) and phosphorus excretion (31 +/- 5 mmol/day vs 18 +/- 3; p less than 0.025) also occurred during GH. The protein-conserving effects of GH were sustained during several weeks of treatment. Growth hormone enhanced the efficiency of administered protein and facilitated nitrogen retention without clinically significant adverse effects in this small patient group. Controlled trials are indicated to determine whether use of this anabolic hormone reduces hospitalization time and improves other clinical outcomes in severely injured patients when combined with appropriate nutritional support.