伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤25例临床分析

目的 分析伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤的临床特点与诊断方法,以提高其诊断率.方法 回顾性分析2000-2007年北京大学第三医院确诊的有胸肺病变的淋巴瘤患者25例,收集患者确诊前的症状、体征、实验室检查结果、影像学资料、确诊方法和病理诊断.结果 25例患者中位年龄46岁,发热(13例)、6个月内体重减轻10%以上(11例)、咳嗽(10例)、气短(9例)、浅表淋巴结无痛性肿大(16例)是最常见的临床表现.72.7%的患者ESR增快;81%的患者血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)升高.25例患者中纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大者16例;影像学显示肺受累15例,包括斑片或实变表现、团块、多发结节、弥漫磨玻璃影、粟粒样病变;另外胸腔积液10例,心包积液4例,胸壁肿物2例;上述表现中有2种以上同时存在的患者18例.胸膜受累患者的胸腔积液外观呈黄色浑浊、血性或乳糜性,黏蛋白试验均阳性,比重1.031,白细胞6.72×10~9/L,淋巴细胞86%,中性粒细胞14%,蛋白31.4g/L,LDH 296 U/L,腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)67.4 U/L.外科手术活检确诊16例,其中浅表淋巴结活检确诊12例;超声或CT引导穿刺活检确诊5例;骨髓穿刺确诊1例;胸腔镜胸膜活检和纵隔镜纵隔肿物活检确诊各1例;经支气管镜黏膜活检确诊1例,而接受支气管镜气道黏膜活检和(或)经支气管肺活检(TBLB)确诊共8例.病理诊断除1例霍奇金淋巴瘤外,其余24例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤.结论 伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤患者临床表现缺乏特异性,同时存在浅表或纵隔淋巴结肿大较为多见,血清学检查、胸腔积液性质和影像学检查亦有一定特点.浅表淋巴结手术活检是确诊淋巴瘤简便易行的方法;微创活检方法如超声或CT引导下浅表肿物、胸膜、肺、肝、脾、深部淋巴结活检及胸腔镜和纵隔镜胸膜、肺、纵隔病变活检亦具有较好的诊断价值,而经支气管镜获取气道黏膜和肺组织确诊率低.     

40例纵隔及支气管旁淋巴结结核CT及气管镜检查特点分析

对40例经手术病理及气管镜活检病理检查等确诊的纵隔淋巴结结核患者的CT及气管镜检查特征进行回顾性分析.结果 CT示病灶不均匀强化、环形强化、分隔样强化,液化及钙化较少;气管镜示支气管腔内大小不等、高低不平结节灶,部分溃破有乳白色豆渣样脓性物,或伴管腔肿胀阻塞狭窄.认为纵隔及气管旁淋巴结结核在CT扫描及气管镜下有特征性表现,此有利于临床诊断与鉴别诊断.     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检对纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核的诊断价值

背景:结核病在中国的发病率居高不下,纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核由于临床表现的非特异性以及活检取材困难,确诊难度较大。目的:探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)对纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核的诊断价值。方法:选取襄阳市中心医院2013年7月至2014年1月疑诊淋巴结结核、肿大淋巴结位于纵隔或腹膜后的患者12例行EUS-FNA。穿刺物行组织学和细胞学检查,根据病理诊断结果予患者相应处理并随访。结果:肿大淋巴结回声呈多样性;12例患者经穿刺均得到理想的组织标本并获得组织学和(或)细胞学诊断,其中7例诊断为结核,4例为转移性腺癌,1例考虑孤立性纤维性肿瘤。无患者发生穿刺相关并发症。7例结核患者行抗结核治疗后疗效确切,4例转移性腺癌患者进一步检查均有阳性发现,1例孤立性纤维性肿瘤经手术证实。结论:EUS-FNA对纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核是一种安全、有效的诊断方法,对淋巴结结核与转移癌的鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

多层螺旋CT对纵隔淋巴结肿大的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨和分析纵隔淋巴结肿大的CT表现及特征。方法对62例经手术、淋巴结活检和临床治疗证实纵隔淋巴结肿大患者行CT分析。所有患者行胸部CT检查,其中40例同时做了增强CT检查。结果 62例中转移性淋巴结肿大22例,结核13例,恶性淋巴瘤11例,结节病15例,坏死性淋巴结炎1例。胸部CT平扫在62例中均能发现纵隔淋巴结增大的部位、数目、大小和形态。转移性淋巴结肿大多数与淋巴引流区分布有关且多无明显强化,结核性淋巴结肿大多数与引流区分布无明显相关,强化不明显或稍有强化,淋巴瘤引起的淋巴结增大多伴有融合,部分轻中度强化结节病引起的淋巴结肿大强化明显。结论多层螺旋CT检查是诊断纵隔淋巴结大小的首选方法,对纵隔淋巴结肿大具有重要的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。     

电视纵隔镜在纵隔疾病诊断及肺癌分期中的应用

目的探讨电视纵隔镜检查术（video-mediastinoscopy,VM）在纵隔疾病诊断和肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大术前分期中的价值。方法对41例CT等影像学检查发现有纵隔疾病患者和27例术前经胸部CT、PET、纤维支气管镜等检查诊断肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大患者进行纵隔镜检查,根据病理结果行诊断和分期。结果41例纵隔疾病患者39例经电视纵隔镜术后确诊,2例诊断不明或可能误诊,其中1例转院失访,另1例经开胸活检证实为肺大B细胞淋巴瘤;27例肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大患者经纵隔镜检查后,其中12例有纵隔淋巴结转移,15例无转移,后者经开胸手术病理确诊为肺癌无纵隔淋巴结转移。平均手术时间52min,平均出血40ml,术后无死亡,无切口感染,1例出血,3例喉返神经麻痹。结论电视纵隔镜术是纵隔疾病、肺癌术前病理分期的重要检查方法,具有诊断准确率高、安全可靠等优点。     

直径大于2.0厘米的成人纵隔淋巴结结核CT增强表现

目的 评价直径≥2.0 cm的成人纵隔淋巴结结核CT增强表现.方法 对21例经过手术、纵隔镜、穿刺活检证实的直径≥2.0 cm的纵隔淋巴结结核患者共76个淋巴结进行影像学分析,其中男13例,女8例,年龄16～60岁,中位年龄28岁.所有病例均做CT增强扫描.结果 根据病灶强化形态学特征分为5种强化类型：（1）不均匀强化27个（35.5%）;（2）环形强化共有23（30.3%）;（3）均匀强化15个（19.7%）;（4）无明显强化6个（7.9%）;（5）分隔样强化5个（6.6%）.21例纵隔淋巴结结核中12例（57.1%）淋巴结强化以2种或2种以上类型联合存在.其余9例（42.9%）是以单一强化类型表现.结论 直径≥2.0 cm的淋巴结结核依次以不均匀强化、环形强化、均匀强化和无强化为主要表现.当淋巴结环形强化、分隔样强化时应首先考虑为淋巴结结核.     

直径大于2.0厘米的成人纵隔淋巴结结核CT增强表现

目的评价直径≥2．0 cm的成人纵隔淋巴结结核CT增强表现。方法对21例经过手术、纵隔镜、穿刺活检证实的直径≥2．0 cm的纵隔淋巴结结核患者共76个淋巴结进行影像学分析,其中男13例,女8例,年龄16～60岁,中位年龄28岁。所有病例均做CT增强扫描。结果根据病灶强化形态学特征分为5种强化类型:(1)不均匀强化27个(35．5％);(2)环形强化共有23(30．3％);(3)均匀强化15个(19．7％);(4)无明显强化6个(7．9％);(5)分隔样强化5个(6．6％)。21例纵隔淋巴结结核中12例(57．1％)淋巴结强化以2种或2种以上类型联合存在。其余9例(42．9％)是以单一强化类型表现。结论直径≥2．0 cm的淋巴结结核依次以不均匀强化、环形强化、均匀强化和无强化为主要表现。当淋巴结环形强化、分隔样强化时应首先考虑为淋巴结结核。     

艾滋病颈部淋巴结结核的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨艾滋病(AIDS)患者颈部淋巴结结核(CTL)的CT诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析经颈部淋巴结取材活检证实病因的AIDS并颈部淋巴结肿大患者的颈部CT资料,总结AIDS并CTL的CT特征,提高对其CT诊断与鉴别诊断能力。结果 70例AIDS病人中CTL 39例,马尔尼菲篮状菌(TM)病4例,AIDS相关性淋巴结病4例,慢性淋巴结炎1例,AIDS相关性淋巴结病合并CTL、TM病1例,淋巴结转移瘤(LNM)10例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)10例,卡波西肉瘤1例。21/22CTL可出现环形强化;4例TM病均表现为稍低密度淋巴结肿大;4例AIDS相关性淋巴结病3例为均匀密度淋巴结肿大;LNM均匀软组织密度淋巴结肿大较CTL多见(fisher精确检验,P=0.04),且最大径常CTL(t=-2.228,P=0.05);NHL最大径常CTL(t=-3.78,P0.01),差异有统计学意义。增强扫描CTL出现环形强化率(21/22)较LNM(2/6)、NHL(1/6)高,差异有统计学意义(fisher精确检验,P0.01)。结论 AIDS并CTL的CT表现多样,增强扫描多为环形强化;肿大淋巴结的CT表现对AIDS并CTL的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要作用。     

经支气管镜针吸活检术诊断周围型肺癌及纵隔淋巴结肿大

目的评价经支气管镜针吸活检术在诊断周围型肺癌及纵隔淋巴结肿大中的作用。方法对39例周围型肺癌和24例经胸部CT检查提示有纵隔淋巴结肿大的患者进行针吸活检术,并常规活检和刷检,评价其有效性和安全性。结果常规活检和刷检确诊16例,其诊断阳性率25．40％,针吸术确诊50例,诊断阳性率为79．37％;两种方法联合确诊52例,诊断阳性率为82．54％。所有患者均未出现严重并发症,22例患者穿刺部位有少量出血。结论经支气管镜针吸活检术用于诊断周围型肺癌和纵隔淋巴结肿大具有有效、安全和简便等优点。     

肺结节病误诊原因分析

目的提高对肺结节病的认识和诊断符合率,减少误诊。方法对2002年2月～2010年2月经病理确诊为肺结节病22例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果22例患者年龄36～69岁,平均41岁,女性18例,男性4例,临床表现不典型,胸部CT表现为肺门（双侧为主）,纵隔淋巴结肿大,易误诊为肺结核或肿瘤,22例均行病理学检查确诊。结论肺结节病明确诊断需要结合临床表现,影像学,纤维支气管镜,纵隔镜／胸腔镜,皮肤黏膜、淋巴结活检进行病理检查。     

An adult case of mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis]

A 40-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with general fatigue and cough. Chest CT films revealed mediastinal lymphadenopathy with multiple low density areas, but no pulmonary lesions. There were no abnormal findings on neck, abdominal or pelvic CT. A PPD skin test was strongly positive, but M. tuberculosis bacilli were not found in the sputum. Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis was diagnosed histologically and bacteriologically from specimens obtained by mediastinoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy did not reveal tracheobronchial tuberculosis. Follow-up chest CT three months after the start of antituberculosis chemotherapy with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol hydrochloride showed that the mediastinal lymph nodes were decreased in size. Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults is rare, but the number of reports has increased. Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults must be distinguished from other causes of mediastinal masses. In this case, mediastinoscopy was very useful for differential diagnosis.     

Tuberculous lymphadenitis: a clinical study of 23 cases

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous lymphadenitis is a relatively rare disease in adults. In the absence of pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous lymphadenitis is very difficult to differentiate from other diseases. We described our experiences of patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. RESULTS: We diagnosed 23 patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis out of 207 patients with tuberculosis. Their ages ranged from 18 to 99 years (mean, 45.7 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 7:16. The most common complaints were cervical mass and fever. With the exception of two patients, all diagnosed patients had a strong positive skin test to tuberculin. Observing the site of affected lymph nodes, 16 patients had cervical node involvement, 3 patients had axillary node involvement, 7 patients had mediastinal node involvement, 3 patients had hilar node involvement, 3 patients had abdominal node involvement, and 1 patient had inguinal node involvement. Fifteen patients had neither hilar nor mediastinal node involvement. Eleven patients had no tuberculous lesions other than lymphadenitis. Seven patients underwent biopsy of the lymph nodes. Four of these patients had the evidence of acid-fast bacilli. The remaining three patients were also diagnosed histologically. Five patients underwent fine needle aspiration. Two of them had the evidence of acid-fast bacilli. Acid-fast bacilli were detected in 10 out of 16 sputum samples and in 1 out of 2 pleural effusion samples. Five patients were diagnosed clinically by image (Computed tomography etc.) and by therapeutic effect. Eleven cases underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the lymph nodes. Seven cases showed central low attenuation with peripheral rim enhancement, whereas the other four cases showed homogeneous attenuation. All patients received chemotherapy for a mean duration of 14.5 months (range, 6-30 years) with apparent improvement, but 1 patient relapsed. CONCLUSION: Tuberculous lymphadenitis remains one of important targets for the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy. It is essential that a peripheral lymph node biopsy be performed and examined either histologically and/or microbiologically. A tuberculin skin test and contrast-enhanced CT imaging should also be performed.     

儿童肺结核CT影像分析

目的 探讨儿童肺结核的CT平扫及增强的影像表现特征。 方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2011年8月在我院住院的69例结核病患儿,临床症状、PPD试验及影像学表现均符合结核病特征,经抗结核治疗后复查,患者临床症状及肺部病灶均有所好转。收集患儿的影像学资料,对其进行分析。 结果 69例患儿的CT不同影像表现为：原发性肺结核（8例）包括原发综合征（5例）和胸内淋巴结结核（3例）,原发综合征表现为肺内的原发结核病灶、结核性淋巴管炎及淋巴结炎,此型与胸内淋巴结结核的CT平扫均可见纵隔、肺门及腋窝多发肿大淋巴结,增强扫描不均匀强化或淋巴结中心干酪坏死区无强化,边缘环形强化的特点。原发性血行播散性肺结核（10例）表现为两肺大小、密度、分布均匀一致的粟粒状影合并纵隔淋巴结肿大。原发性肺内浸润性结核病灶和干酪性肺炎（43例）的影像表现为2个肺叶散在分布的结节状、斑片状影,还有甚至双肺多叶多段广泛分布的结核病灶,在结节状、斑片状、大片状结核病灶的基础上形成干酪性肺炎、空洞。结核性胸膜炎（8例）可见不同程度的渗出性胸腔积液及胸膜增厚粘连等表现。 结论 CT平扫及增强对于诊断儿童肺结核,明确肺内各种病灶形态,轻微病灶、隐匿病灶、微结节及干酪性肺炎等具有一定价值,可为临床诊断提供重要依据。     

应用纵隔镜检查术诊断纵隔淋巴结结核和结节病

目的寻找和探索一种区分良恶性纵隔淋巴结肿大,确诊纵隔淋巴结结核和结节病的有效方法。方法应用纵隔镜检查术对胸部ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ检查发现的纵隔淋巴结肿大、临床诊断不清疑为淋巴结结核或结节病者实施此检查,获取病理组织,做出明确诊断,以指导治疗。结果本组２５例患者接受纵隔镜检查,其中１６例被病理诊断为纵隔淋巴结结核,占６４％（其中增殖性结核１４例,占８８％;干酪性结核２例,占１２％）;８例诊为结节病,占３２％;１例难于确定为淋巴结结核或结节病,占４％。非典型的纵隔淋巴结结核与结节病在影像诊断上难于区别,而且在显微镜下也极易混淆。这两种疾病常与其他原因引起的纵隔淋巴结肿大（如恶性淋巴瘤、淋巴结转移性癌等）在影像检查中不易区分,极易误诊,造成误治。本组病例术前影像诊断及临床诊断大多考虑为恶性疾病,其中第一诊断为恶性疾病的占８４％（２１／２５）,有２例已在外院接受化疗。结论对于纵隔区域发现的肿大淋巴结,纵隔镜检查术是一种很有价值的确诊手段,治疗前应尽一切可能获取明确的病理诊断     

A case of tuberculous lymphadenitis diagnosed by the open abdominal lymph node biopsy

A 16-year-old female was admitted to our hospital six months ago. On X-ray examination of the test, swelling of lymph nodes in the right mediastinum was seen. CT scan showed multiple lymph node swelling in the neck, mediastinum and abdomen. On open abdominal lymph node biopsy, she was diagnosed as tuberculous lymphadenitis and liver tuberculosis. Antituberculous chemotherapy consisting of INH, RFP, EB and SM was started. After regular treatment, right mediastinal lymph nodes were markedly reduced in size on chest X-ray film. At present, she is in fine condition. Surprisingly, her condition has improved to a great extent within six months.     

Case of miliary tuberculosis with esophageal perforation and a tracheal inflammatory polyp secondary to mediastinal lymphadenitis causing massive hematemesis and hemosputum

A 62-year-old man with a history of left nephrectomy due to tuberculosis was referred to our hospital, because chest radiography showed diffuse miliary shadows in the bilateral lung fields, and acid-fast bacilli were detected from his hemosputum after steroid therapy for fever of unknown origin. Chest computed tomography showed mediastinal lymph node enlargement with partial calcification of these lymph nodes together with the presence of air. He was diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis and anti-tuberculosis drug therapy was started. Massive hematemesis occurred 11 days after the start of the treatment. Although gastroendoscopy was performed, the bleeding point could not be identified. The patient's symptoms improved after conservative therapy. Repeat gastroendoscopy showed a submucosal nodule with laceration of the esophageal mucosa, 30 days after admission for the examination of melena and progression of anemia. The episodes occurred because of esophageal perforation secondary to tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis. Bronchoscopic examination for hemosputum showed an inflammatory polypoid lesion in the left tracheal wall. These symptoms improved with anti-tuberculosis drug therapy. In our case, mediastinal lymphadenitis progressed to miliary tuberculosis because of endogenous reactivation. We report a rare case of esophageal perforation with a tracheal inflammatory polyp secondary to tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis. In cases of tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis, if hematemesis or hemosputum is observed, an endoscopic examination should be performed.     

Mediastinoscopy in the case of recurrent uveitis

INTRODUCTION: The authors report the case of a patient who presented for 4 years recurrent anterior uveitis accompanied by asymptomatic tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis. EXEGESIS: CT scan of the chest showed the existence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy (< 1 cm). Mediastinoscopy with biopsy of the right laterotracheal lymph node was performed. The culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thus permitting the diagnosis of tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: This case report stresses the advantage of extensive etiological assessment when faced with unexplained uveitis; particularly it emphasizes the importance of investigating potential tuberculosis. The existence of granulomatous uveitis, a positive skin test, the ethnic origin, and mostly results of chest CT scan, were the rationale for the use of mediastinoscopy with lymph node biopsy to help guide diagnosis.     

Computerised tomography does not predict N2 disease in patients with lung cancer

Background: Mediastinal node involvement in primary lung cancer determines the staging and prognosis of the patient, and as these nodes can be seen on the computerised tomography (CT) scan of the chest it is a temptation to diagnose malignant involvement if the nodes appear enlarged. However, initial experience with mediastinal node mapping at lung resection demonstrated this extrapolation to be unreliable and misinterpretation of enlarged nodes on CT may lead to misdiagnosis and prejudice the patient's management. Aim: To demonstrate that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the CT to detect malignant mediastinal nodes is too low to use size of node on CT as representative of malignant involvement. Methods: One hundred and fifty-three sequential patients with resectable lung cancer were studied with preoperative CT. Two radiologists determined the preoperative T and N status from these studies with nodes of 1.5 cm or larger diagnosed abnormal. These results were compared to the results of subsequent node mapping performed after lung resection. Results: Sensitivity was found to be 26% specificity to be 81% and overall accuracy 69%– too low to justify the diagnosis of N2 disease on size of 1.5 cm or larger. CT is not a valid means of diagnosing malignant involvement of mediastinal nodes. (Aust NZ J Med 1993; 23: 688–691.)     

CT平扫对结核性腹膜炎的诊断价值

目的 探讨结核性腹膜炎的CT平扫表现特征。方法 回顾性分析46例有CT扫描资料的结核性腹膜炎患者,其中经手术病理证实6例,腹腔穿刺证实2例,腹腔镜检证实4例,试验性治疗诊断34例。观察内容包括结核性腹膜炎累及壁腹膜、大网膜、肠系膜及腹膜后间隙的CT表现特征。结果 （1）壁腹膜增厚33例,其中均匀、光滑增厚27例,局部不规则增厚6例;（2）腹腔积液31例,其中20例为少量积液;（3）大网膜增厚26例,表现为污迹样增厚22例,饼状增厚2例;（4）肠系膜受累32例,其中9例合并小结节影：（5）淋巴结增大16例;（6）肠壁增厚1例,肠间距增宽2例。结论 结核性腹膜炎CT平扫的主要表现有少量腹腔积液、均匀性腹膜增厚、大网膜污迹样增厚,以及肠系膜、肠管受累与腹腔淋巴结增大,CT平扫能为结核性腹膜炎的诊断提供重要信息。