HBsAg和抗-HCV两次酶联免疫检测方法与血液病毒核酸筛查技术的关联

目的采用酶联免疫方法对抗-HCV、HBa Ag进行检测,以此探讨与分析两次酶联免疫检测措施和NAT技术对HCV、HBV检测的相关性。方法根据酶免检测试剂说明书严格操作,通过ELISA方式常规酶联免疫血液筛查门诊血液标本的抗-HCV与HBs Ag。结果50份HBs Ag阳性血清学筛查标本中,HBs Ag进口与国产酶免检测阳性标本26例,进口阳性标本7例,国产阳性标本6例;48份抗-HCV阳性血清学筛查标本中,进口与国产酶免检测阳性标本13例,进口阳性标本2例,国产阳性标本1例。HBs Ag的单一进口与单一国产试剂ELISA阳性率为0.07%、0.04%,进口与国产双试剂ELISA检测阳性率为0.35%;抗-HCV的单一进口与单一国产试剂ELISA阳性率为0.1%、0.06%,进口与国产双试剂ELISA检测阳性率为0.18%。国产与进口联用试剂检测阳性率明显高于其他两组,P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论进口和国产抗-HCV、Hbs Ag的ELISA试剂阳性差异性不明显,而进口国产双试剂的酶联免疫检测和核酸检测具有较高相符率。     

七厂家抗—HCV试剂盒的比较研究

目的：观察国产丙型肝炎（HC）酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）诊断试剂假阳性产生的原因,方法：用ELISA方法把七家国产第三代抗－HCV试剂已经判为阳性的标本,分别留取60份,并以进口试剂复检,再进一步用聚合酶链反应方法（PCR）确证。结果：国产抗－HCV试剂的假阳性率个别厂家达46．7％,结论：国产抗－HCV试剂假阳性率高,特异性有待于提高。     

广元市无偿献血者抗-HCV检测情况分析

目的 通过对无偿献血者进行抗-HCV检测,防止HCV经血液传播,提高血液质量,确保输血安全.方法 对2006年1月～2010年9月广元市82875名无偿献血者的血液标本,用国产进口抗-HCV试剂盒进行初检和复检,对2种试剂同时阳性或1种试剂为阳性结果者,直接进行血液报废.结果 本组结果显示广元市的HCV感染率较低.结论...     

ELISA法抗-HCV阳性献血者分片段试剂和RT-PCR法检测结果分析

目的观察无偿献血者标本中ELISA法抗-HCV检测的假阳性问题以及ELISA法对HCV不同抗原片段的反应性。方法留取本站无偿献血者中抗-HCV阳性（两种试剂检测阳性）样本56份和可疑样本（单试剂检测阳性）90份,分别使用抗-HCV分片段试剂和RT-PCR试剂进行检测,对使用分片段抗-HCV试剂检测单片段和两个以上片段（≥2个片段）阳性的样本再进行RT-PCR的确证检测。结果56份抗-HCV阳性的样本中分片段试剂两个片段以上阳性45份（80.4%）,RT-PCR阳性19份（42.2%）;单试剂抗-HCV检测阳性样本90份中分片段抗-HCV双片段以上阳性12份（13.3%）,RT-PCR阳性0份（0%）;单试剂抗-HCV检测阳性样本90份中分片段抗-HCV单片段阳性20份（22.2%）,RT-PCR阳性1份（1.1%）;154份阴性样本分片段抗-HCV试剂单片段阳性3份,RT-PCR检测全部阴性。结论目前采用两种抗-HCV试剂对献血者进行抗-HCV筛选,能够保证血液安全;抗-HCV试剂检测的假阳性率偏高,导致一些献血者的检测结果被误判;单试剂抗-HCV检测存在一定的漏检率,对献血者进行抗-HCV进行检测时应选择恰当的配伍试剂。     

丙型肝炎病毒抗体试剂检测结果的可信度观察

目的对丙型肝炎病毒抗体试剂检测结果的可信度进行分析探讨。方法留取无偿献血筛查中因HCV项目报废的血浆样本400份样本,用国内2家和国外2家公司生产的4种抗HCV试剂进行检测。若4种试剂检测结果不一致,需做进一步验证,所使用的试剂为HCV RIBA和HCV RNAPCR。验证后对总体分析结果进行综合性地分析探讨。结果 2种经国家批准合格的国产LZ、GBI试剂与国际上第三代主流试剂及国外进口试剂检测阴性符合率及总符合率大于96%,差异无统计学意义。4种抗HCV检测试剂阳性符合率大于97%。有5份样品经4种抗HCV试剂检测结果不一致,用HCV RIBAHCV3.0和HCV RNAPCR试剂做进一步验证。结论国产抗HCVEIA试剂检测灵敏度和特异性较好,在阳性样品的筛查检测上优于国外的检测试剂。     

选用优质试剂提高抗-HCV检测质量

目的　选用优质试剂确保抗- HCV检测质量。方法　用国家抗- HCV阴阳性血清盘及阳性特殊片段血清等对进口及国家多抗- HCV酶标试剂进行质量评价,用评价后的优质试剂对2 35 8例患者血清是行抗- HCV检测。结果　11家国内外试剂盒其阳性符合率为78.2 6 %～95 .6 5 % ,阴性符合率为95 .5 2 %～10 0 %。抗- HCV检测其阳性率为4 .15 % (98)例,经重复试验全为阳性。结论　国内外试剂盒特异性较好但敏感性差异较大,特别是非结构区抗原性较弱,纯度不够,片段不全是造成漏检的主要原因,某些国产试剂已达到进口抗- HCV试剂水平。用评价后的优质试剂检测患者抗- HCV,门诊患者阳性率比住院患者高,乙肝重叠感染丙肝者为4 .3% ,肝硬化为6 .1% ,消化道出血患者为13.8% (女性多于男性)     

丙型肝炎病毒核心抗原检测的临床应用

目的探讨HCV核心抗原(HCV-Ag)ELISA法检测的方法及临床价值。方法采用ELISA法检测77份疑为HCV感染患者血清中的HCV-Ag,并将HCV-Ag检测与HCV-RNAPCR法和抗-HCV检测相比较。结果 HCV-RNAPCR、HCV-Ag、抗-HCV阳性率分别为42.86%、44.16%、38.96%;同HCV-RNA检测结果比较,HCV-Ag检测符合率90.91%、假阳性率3.90%、假阴性率5.19%;抗-HCV检测符合率84.42%、假阳性率6.49%、假阴性率9.09%。结论 ELISA法检测HCV-Ag敏感性和特异性较好,与PCR检测的符合率较高。方法简捷、价廉,早期检测可明显缩短窗口期,适合大规模筛查和多数基层医院。     

第3、4代丙型肝炎病毒抗体ELISA检测试剂在血站血液检测中的作用分析

目的 探究分析第3、4代丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)抗体酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测试剂在血站血液检测中的作用。方法 选取150份无偿献血者中经过第3、4代ELISA试剂检测后至少1种试剂检测结果为阳性的样本,并采用重组免疫印迹试验(RIBA)进行验证检测。分析HCV ELISA试剂检测结果 ,对比假阳性与真阳性标本的S/CO值,分析假阳性标本的RIBA条带。结果 150份标本中, 2种ELISA试剂检测结果均为阳性的标本125份, 1种试剂检测结果阳性的标本25份,其中第3代ELISA试剂检测结果阳性150份,第4代ELISA试剂检测结果阳性125份。125份2种ELISA试剂检测结果均为阳性的样本经过RIBA验证,确定阳性样本120份,阳性率为96%;20份第3代ELISA试剂单独检测结果阳性的标本经RIBA验证,确定阳性1份,阳性率为5%(1/20);5份第4代ELISA试剂单独检测结果阳性的标本经RIBA验证,确定阳性2份,阳性率为40%(2/5)。说明2种ELISA试剂对HCV检测均为阳性的检测准确率较高。150份标本经RIBA验证,假阳性标本25份,真阳性标本125份。真...     

献血员中的HCV感染:抗HCV核心IgM抗体与血清中HCV RNA的关系

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)是输血后散在非 甲非乙型肝炎的主要原因.作者用4种第3代HCV 酶免疫法(EIA)对47名第2代HCV EIA阳性、但丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平持续正常的献血员检测血清抗HCV IgG.用Abbott抗HCV核心IgM EIA试剂盒检测抗HCV核心lgM,同时用3种市售免疫印迹试剂盒确证.另外用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测HCV RNA.结果表明,47名经Abbott第2代试剂盒检测抗-HCV阳性的献血员,用第3代Abbott EIA检测IgG阳性率为95.7%.其他3种试剂盒的阳性率为:Sanofi 59.6%,Ortho 63.8%,Murex 72.3%.这4种试剂盒有61.7%的一致性.用免疫印迹法检测:Ri-ba3的抗体阳性率为44.7%,Deciscano为     

ELISA方法与NAT方法检测HIV结果分析

目的比较第3代HIV抗体检测试剂、第4代HIV（1＋2）抗原抗体联合检测试剂及HIV核酸检测试剂的检测效果。方法分别用无偿献血者血标本、国家参考品、卫生部临检中心室间质评样本、抗-HIV质控血清考评4种ELISA试剂的灵敏度、特异性、假阳性率、精密度、符合率及最低检测限;对经ELISA初筛合格的血标本进行NAT筛查。结果 4种ELISA试剂对无偿献血者标本进行HIV初复检,特异性分别为99.92%,99.86%,99.87%,99.91%,灵敏度均为100%;检测国家参考品的符合率均达到国家要求;检测室间质评样本的符合率均达100%;国产试剂D对质控品检测的灵敏度较弱;2010年NAT检测未发现HIV RNA阳性标本。结论 4种ELISA国产、进口试剂对HIV抗体检测的特异性和敏感性没有显著性差异;目前本中心NAT检测尚未检出HIV窗口期标本。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.