不典型蛛网膜下腔出血首发症状与误诊分析

蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)是常见的出血性脑血管病之一,急性期病死率较高,部分患者缺乏典型的临床表现和体征,易误诊和漏诊,故早期诊断、及时处理是降低不典型SAH病死率的关键。现将我院2000～2005年诊治的不典型SAH46例的首发症状及误诊情况进行分析,以提高其早期诊断水平。临床资料1、一般资料男30例,女16例,年龄46～81岁,平均61岁。既往有高血压病史13例,糖尿病史2例,心绞痛病史1例,吸烟史11例。发病情况:活动中发病17例,情绪波动12例,劳累8例,饮酒3例,用力排便2例,不明诱因4例。2、首发症状及临床表现以抽搐为首发症状者10例;以精神障碍…     

老年人蛛网膜下腔出血120例临床分析

目的 研究老年人蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床特点并分析误诊原因.方法 将78例老年SAH患者和42例非老年SAH患者进行对比,分析其临床特点.结果 2组患者在起病形式、首发症状以及首次就医的误诊率方面有明显差异.结论 老年SAH的起病形式和临床表现常不典型,导致延缓就诊及误诊.     

以腰痛为首发症状患者误诊分析

目的分析以腰痛为首发症状患者6例的临床特点,以提高临床早期确诊率。方法对1996—2008年收治的6例以腰痛为首发症状患者的临床资料回顾性分析,分析其不典型的临床表现,诊断过程和误诊原因。结果6例被误诊,最后确诊为:白血病、主动脉夹层、再生障碍性贫血、肝癌、腰椎结核、肺癌骨转移各1例。结论以腰痛为首发症状患者临床会出现误诊,应提高临床早期确诊率。     

以短暂性脑缺血发作为首发症状的蛛网膜下腔出血1例报告

蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH)是一种致死率极高的脑血管疾病,约占所有脑卒中的5%~10%,其中动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoidhemorrhage, aSAH)约占所有SAH 的80%[1],及时识别和早期治疗可改善患者临床预后。此类疾病通常表现为突发剧烈头痛并贯穿整个病程,可伴有恶心呕吐、颈项强直、局灶性神经功能障碍等症状。但是在部分患者中,临床表现并不典型,因此常常被误诊而延误病情。以类似短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack, TIA)为首发症状的非动脉瘤性SAH 在国内外已有报告[2-3]。但目前以此为首发症状的aSAH在国内外尚未见报告,现报告1 例以TIA 为首发症状的aSAH 病例,为非典型表现SAH的诊断提供一定借鉴。     

特发性甲状旁腺机能减退症的神经精神症状及误诊分析

特发性甲状旁腺机能减退症（ＩＨＰ）病因未明,可能与自体免疫反应有关,临床表现复杂多样,诊断须与神经精神病鉴别。本文对１２例ＩＨＰ临床资料进行分析,显示以癫痫为首发症状者５例、有精神症状者７例、有肢体麻木者７例;误诊为癫痫５例、神经症２例、血管性痴呆２例、精神分裂症１例,总误诊率８３％。作者认为误诊原因有神经精神症状首发、对ＩＨＰ认识不足、症状发现不典型等。     

蛛网膜下腔出血诊断中易犯的错误

美国某医院1970年1月至1978年1月间收治182例蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),其中41例转入该院前曾误诊1—27天。初期误诊以全身性感染疾病;偏头痛;高血压脑病居多数。文章就误诊患者的症状和诊断中的有关问题进行了分析。经脑脊液检查、血管造影、手术或尸检证实,182例患者均系动脉瘤破裂继发SAH。41例误诊者病     

蛛网膜下腔出血误诊原因分析

不典型蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）病例并非罕见，据统计占SAH总数的10％以上[1]，最高达对．29.1％[2]。我科1984－1998年共收治SAH病人83例，其中11例初诊时因首发症状不典型而被误诊，误诊率为13％，现按其不同的误诊原因和代表病例分析报道如下，共同道借鉴。1因脑脊液中白细胞增多而被误诊为“炎症”1．1病例摘要李某，女，28岁。晚饭后突然头痛伴恶心呕吐，渐剧难忍，随去某医院就诊，拟诊为“上感”因急诊室观察治疗，次日头痛加重，呈嗜睡状。应用抗生素、高渗糖、消炎痛治疗，病情逐渐好转，但仍感轻度头痛、乏力，病后第10天腰穿检…     

不典型蛛网膜下腔出血误诊24例分析

目的 探讨不典型蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的诊断.方法 对我院近10年来SAH患者76例临床资料分析,其中24例因临床表现不典型被误诊,分析误诊原因.结果 误诊为原发性高血压6例,椎基底动脉供血不足5例,血管性头痛3例,脑梗死3例,颈椎病3例,病毒性脑炎2例,急性胃肠炎、癔症各1例.结论 有些SAH临床表现不典型,脑膜刺激征阴性,CT正常,不能轻易排除,应详细询问病史,尽早作腰穿,有条件可行DSA检查.     

麻痹性痴呆误诊的原因分析

目的探讨麻痹性痴呆易被误诊的可能原因,提高临床诊断率。方法回顾性分析14例曾被误诊的麻痹性痴呆患者的临床资料。结果以不典型的精神症状群首发而被误诊为功能性精神障碍10例,其中误诊例次率最高的是精神分裂症占47．3％,其次是躁狂症占31．6％;以进行性加重的痴呆为主要首发症状而被误诊为阿尔兹海默病的2例及血管性痴呆1例;以酒依赖伴有痴呆样症状为主被误诊为酒精所致精神障碍的1例。〈40岁的占总数的28．5％。否认或故意隐瞒治疗史9例,根本不知情5例。误诊时处于发病早期无神经系统的阳性体征8例;处中晚期有神经系统阳性体征且呈不同程度表现的共6例,其中仅1例伴有特异性阿-罗氏瞳孔特征。14例辅助检查均不够完善,均未及时进行相关梅毒血清学检查。结论麻痹性痴呆易被误诊的首要原因是首发精神症状不典型,其次是冶游史易被隐瞒、早期神经系统阳性体征不明显或中晚期缺乏阿-罗氏瞳孔特异性体征、辅助检查不够完善和及时。     

以中枢神经系统症状为首发的AIDS患者临床误诊分析

目的探讨11例以中枢神经系统症状为首发的人类获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者的临床特征。方法回顾分析11例以中枢神经系统症状为首发的人类获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者的临床资料。结果 11例患者门诊以中枢神经系统感染6例,其中结核性脑膜炎3例,病毒性脑膜炎2例,化脓性脑膜炎1例,其次急性脑梗死2例;多发性脑梗死合并痴呆2例;慢性酒精中毒性脑病1例,门诊均误诊。结论以中枢神经系统症状为首发的AIDS临床并非少见,临床表现复杂多样,且容易误诊神经系统原发疾病而延误诊治。     

梯度回波T2*成像在蛛网膜下腔出血诊断中的应用

目的探讨MRI的梯度回波T2^＊成像（GRE-T2^＊WI）在蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）诊断中的作用.方法对12例SAH患者进行CT和MRI的比较分析,MRI常规使用T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR和GRE-T2^＊WI.结果（1）急性期SAH患者,48 h内MRI检查FLAIR和GRE-T2^＊ WI均可见异常信号,而T1WI、T2WI检出率分别为66.6%和50.0%;（2）亚急性期（发病7～20 d）,CT已为阴性,MRI的T1WI、T2WI和FLAIR均不敏感（检出率为0～25.0%）,GRE-T2^＊ WI仍可见信号丢失;（3）不典型SAH,腰穿显示阳性结果,CT和MRI的FLAIR序列均为阴性,GRE-T2^＊WI可有阳性发现.结论MRI可应用于急性和亚急性SAH的诊断,其中GRE-T2^＊ WI是诊断SAH最敏感的序列,且对亚急性期和不典型SAH的诊断优于CT.     

磁共振成像常规检查序列对计算机断层扫描阴性的不典型蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断价值

目的 分析总结常规M RI 序列（T1WI 、T2W I、F L A I R、D W I）对C T阴性的不典型蛛网膜下腔出血 （subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析2016年1月1日-2019年10月30日于安徽医科大学第一附属医院神经内科住院治疗, CT结果为阴性但腰椎穿刺证实为SAH,且进行了头颅MRI辅助诊断患者的临床资料。 结果 本研究共入组5例患者,男性3例（60.0%）,年龄范围14～53岁。基于临床表现,最初诊断高 度怀疑SAH 1例（20.0%）,不除外出血3例（60.0%）,怀疑非出血性疾病1例（20.0%）。MRI假阴性1 例（20.0%）、误报转移瘤1例（20.0%）;在FLAI R、DWI 、T2WI 、T1WI序列上显示SAH阳性的例数分别为4 例（80.0%）、1例（20.0%）、0例、0例。出血病因分析中感染性心内膜炎1例（20.0%）,不明原因型4例 （80.0%）,5例患者出院时均预后良好（mRS评分≤2分）。 结论 常规MRI检查在CT阴性的不典型SAH中有良好的显示率,其中FLAIR序列阳性率最高。神经科 或影像科医师需要重视MRI在SAH中的诊断价值,并能正确识别其异常信号。     

Effects of meteorological factors on the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage: A time-series analysis

Previous studies have suggested a possible association between meteorological factors and the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We aimed to investigate the relationship between the onset of SAH and meteorological factors based on an hourly time-series analysis. We collected hourly data on transportation of patients with SAH using the ambulance records of the Tokyo Fire Department from January 1 to December 31, 2005. We also collected hourly meteorological data for Tokyo from the Japan Meteorological Agency during the same period. We performed a time-series analysis using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to control for autocorrelations in the time-series data. There were 1729 patients with SAH (mean age 63.3 years; 60.2% women). We identified two circadian patterns in the onset of SAH: a daily peak at 10 am (p<0.001) and a seasonal peak in February (p<0.001). Based on the ARIMA time-series analysis, significant risk factors associated with the onset of SAH included: low temperature on the previous day (lag time 17h; p=0.005) and on the onset day (lag time 0h; p<0.001); high barometric pressure on the onset day (lag time 0h; p=0.001). Humidity was not associated with the onset of SAH. Among meteorological factors, low temperature and high barometric pressure may be risk factors for the onset of SAH.     

Epidemiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the Yaeyama Islands, an isolated subtropical region of Japan most frequently affected by typhoons: A population-based study

Objective

The present study analyzed epidemiological data for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a subtropical region of Japan that is the most frequently affected by typhoons.

Patients and methods

The medical records of hospitalized patients who had been diagnosed as having SAH at Okinawa Prefectural Yaeyama Hospital during a 13-year period were reviewed. Demographic and epidemiological data including date and time of onset and activity at onset and clinical data were collected. Meteorological data for typhoon's approaches to the Yaeyama Islands were obtained from the web-site of the Japan Meteorological Agency. In addition, patients who had developed SAH during a period of 3 days before and after the closest approach of a typhoon (CAT) were examined.

Results

A total of 94 patients were identified. A monthly peak in August, a weekly peak on Monday, and two daily peaks in the evening and morning were observed. The incidence of SAH during a period of 3 days before and after the CAT was approximately twice as high as that on other days, and a statistically significant difference was found.

Conclusion

Periodic patterns of SAH onset revealed unusual monthly and circaseptan variations and the usual circadian variation. SAH onset was associated with typhoon's approaches.     

磁共振液体反转恢复序列、梯度回波T2*加权像、质子密度加权像对蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振液体反转恢复(FLAIR)序列、梯度回波T2*加权像(GRE-T2*WI)、质子密度加权像(PdWI)对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的诊断价值.方法 对50例临床上经症状、体征、CT或腰穿确诊为SAH的患者进行研究.根据头颅磁共振成像(MRI)检查距发病的时间,将50例SAH患者分为急性期SAH组(≤4 d)和亚急性、慢性期SAH组(＞4 d)[1],分析比较MRI的FLAIR、GRE-T2* WI、PdWI不同序列、序列组合和CT对SAH的检出率及其诊断价值,探讨MRI诊断SAH的最佳序列组合.结果 (1)急性期SAH组:26例患者经头颅CT、MRI的FLAIR、GRE-T2* WI、PdWI各序列均诊断为SAH,检出率均达100％,差异无统计学意义;(2)亚急性、慢性期SAH组:24例患者头颅MRI的FLAIR、GRE-T2* WI、PdWI序列检出率均为100％,头颅Cr检出率为62.5％,经统计学分析表明磁共振FLAIR、GRE-T2* WI、PdWI不同序列、序列组合对亚急性、慢性期SAH的诊断优于CT;(3)不典型SAH:其中1例亚急性期SAH患者(发病8d)临床表现不典型,入院当天查头颅CT误诊为脑梗死,于入院第2天行头颅MRI检查明确为少量SAH患者,DWI上显示了少量SAH后迟发性脑血管痉挛所致的急性梗死灶;(4)对MRI诊断SAH进行了序列优化,选用FLAIR和GRE-T2*WI序列组合.结论 (1)磁共振FLAIR、GRE-T2* WI、PdWI各序列、序列组合和CT对急性期SAH均有较高的敏感性;(2)磁共振FLAIR、GRE-T2* WI、PdWI各序列、序列组合对亚急性、慢性期和不典型SAH的诊断明显优于CT,弥补了CT的不足;(3)磁共振FLAIR、GRE-T2*WI是诊断SAH的最佳序列组合.     

Atypical causes of nontraumatic intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background

To analyze the management and outcome of patients presenting with atypical causes of intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods

We performed a review of our last 820 nontraumatic-SAH patients and analyzed the management and outcome of patients where the SAH origin was not a ruptured aneurysm. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess outcome 3 months after event.

Results

Thirty-two patients had atypical causes of SAH. In 15 patients with Hunt and Hess (H&H) scores from 1 to 3 without focal neurological deficit (FND), 8 perimesencephalic nonaneurysmatic SAH, 4 blood coagulation disorders, 1 sinus thrombosis, 1 vasculitis, and 1 unknown-origin-SAH (UOS) were diagnosed. Fourteen (93%) of these 15 patients were conservatively treated. In 17 patients with H&H scores from 3 to 5 and FND, 8 tumors, 1 cavernoma, 1 sinus thrombosis, 1 arteriovenous malformation, 1 blood coagulation disorders, 2 UOS, and 3 dural fistulas were diagnosed. Fifteen (88%) of these 17 patients were interventionally treated. The neurological condition 3 months later was good (GOS 4 and 5) in 12 of the 15 cases (80%) admitted with low-H&H scores, as well as in 13 of the 17 cases (76%) admitted with high-H&H scores. Three patients died and four developed a severe disability.

Conclusions

Patients presenting with atypical causes of SAH and high-H&H scores at admission are likely to harbor an intracranial organic process producing the bleeding. Despite this poor initial condition, their 3-month outcome can be similar to those of patients with low-H&H scores if the origin of the bleeding is properly treated.     

Vertebrobasilar dissection: a possible role of whiplash injury in its pathogenesis

We reviewed 29 patients with vertebrobasilar dissections (VBD) to investigate the correlation between minor trauma and VBD and the clinical features of this trauma-related condition. Mean age was 43 years, with a male predominance (male/female ratio was 25/4). Seventeen patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and 12 with ischemic symptoms. Two patients presenting with ischemia had extracranial VBD (V3 segment). Angiographically, aneurysmal dilatation was observed in most SAH patients (13 patients) in contrast to narrowing or occlusion in most ischemic patients (10 patients). Among the 12 SAH patients treated with coil embolization or conservatively, five died, whereas all ischemic patients recovered well with anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet therapy. Seven patients had received minor or trivial head/cervical trauma, due to whiplash injury, minor fall, or during exercise, which were identified to precede with the lapse of some time (a few minutes or days) the onset of symptoms. All of these patients presented with ischemic symptoms, and they were younger than the other ischemic or SAH patients. The site of vertebral artery dissection was intracranial in four cases, extracranial in one case, and combined in two cases at the level of the V3 segment and the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. However, no SAH occurred. These clinicopathological findings, i.e. ischemia and angiographic narrowing/occlusion, suggest that dissections were subintimal. Therefore, it is believed that this minor or trivial trauma may primarily cause subintimal dissection with luminal compromise, leading to ischemic symptoms, rather than subadventitial or transmural dissection with aneurysmal dilatation, leading to SAH. This lesion may also occur in younger patients with a favorable outcome. Careful note should be made of patient for the early recognition of this disorder.     

Acute confusional state as presenting feature in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and characteristics

In many patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) there is a delay between the onset of symptoms and admission to hospital. An important cause for the delay is an initially erroneous diagnosis. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of acute confusional state (ACS) as a presenting symptom of SAH and to describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of these patients. We studied all 717 patients registered from January 1989 to July 1997 in the SAH database of the University Medical Center Utrecht. For patients who presented with ACS we reviewed the computed tomography scans for baseline characteristics: the amount of cisternal blood, intraventricular or intracerebral hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus. Details about features of onset were known for 646 patients. Nine patients (1.4%) presented with ACS. In five patients ACS was either preceded by a period of loss of consciousness or accompanied by severe headache. Subtle focal deficits were found at initial neurological examination in four patients. Computed tomography demonstrated a frontal hematoma in three patients and hydrocephalus in four. The site of the ruptured aneurysm was at the anterior communicating artery in four patients, at the internal carotid artery in two, and at the basilar artery in two. In our series, one per 70 patients with SAH presents with ACS. Keys to early diagnosis of SAH in patients presenting with ACS are a preceding period of loss of consciousness and severe headache on neurological assessment. Received: 5 May 1999/Received in revised form: 16 August 1999/Accepted: 9 October 1999     

Hallervorden?Spatz病:三例报告并文献复习简

目的探讨Hallervorden—Spatz病之临床和影像学特点。方法与结果回顾分析3例Hallervorden—Spatz病患者临床资料。其中2例临床表现为锥体外系症状,影像学符合典型“虎眼征”,诊断明确;1例阳性体征为痉挛步态伴严重构音障碍,锥体外系症状不典型,缺乏不自主动作,T2WI显示典型“虎眼征”,20年后复查时双侧苍白球前内侧高信号区明显缩小,符合不典型Hallervorden—Spatz病。结论典型Hallervorden—Spatz病儿童期发病、病程短,可根据以锥体外系症状为主的临床体征和T2WI显示典型“虎眼征”而获得早期诊断;非典型Hallervorden．Spatz病青少年期发病、病程长,锥体外系症状可不典型,T2WI“虎眼征”可随病程出现动态变化。     

Solitary Ruptured Aneurysm of the Spinal Artery of Adamkiewicz with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to solitary spinal aneurysm is extremely rare. A 45-year-old female patient visited the emergency department with severe headache and back pain. Imaging studies showed cerebral SAH in parietal lobe and spinal SAH in thoracolumbar level. Spinal angiography revealed a small pearl and string-like aneurysm of the Adamkiewicz artery at the T12 level. One month after onset, her back pain aggravated, and follow-up imaging study showed arachnoiditis. Two months after onset, her symptoms improved, and follow-up imaging study showed resolution of SAH. The present case of spinal SAH due to rupture of dissecting aneurysm of the Adamkiewicz artery underwent subsequent spontaneous resolution, indicating that the wait-and-see strategy may provide adequate treatment option.