Esophageal cancer associated with primary early gastric cancer

We treated 114 Japanese patients with primary esophageal cancer during a period between 1965 and 1981; and 5 (4.4 per cent) were associated with simultaneous primary gastric cancer. Four of the 5 patients were treated surgically and all of the coexisting gastric cancers were in the early stage. The presence of gastric lesions was correctly diagnosed preoperatively in two of four patients. Surgical reconstruction was done to prepare a new route for food ingestion using a segment of ileo-ascending colon. In the other two patients, gastric tube was prepared, because gastric cancers were detected by chance in the resected specimens in these patients. Based on our experiences, we wish to stress the importance of detailed preoperative gastric examination and of careful intraoperative inspection of the gastric mucosa in patients with esophageal cancer whose preoperative gastric examination provides inconclusive evidence due to the presence of esophageal stenosis.     

Acute phase proteins and infectious complications after surgery for esophageal cancer

Severe septic complications are the major cause of operative mortality in patients with esophageal cancer. We examined the levels of acute phase proteins together with infection-related complications after surgery in a large number of patients with esophageal cancer and compared them with a group of patients with gastric cancer and healthy controls. Elevations in α₁-antitrypsin, α₁-acidglycoprotein, haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin were evident in patients with esophageal cancer, being more predominant when compared to the findings in patients with gastric cancer. Although the mean levels of α₂-macroglobulin were not significantly elevated in either patients with esophageal cancer or those with gastric cancer, the average level immediately prior to surgery was higher in esophageal cancer patients with postoperative septic complications than in those without any such problems. Preoperative radiation therapy and total parenteral nutrition did not significantly alter the levels of acute phase proteins. It would thus appear that the elevation in α₂-macroglobulin is associated with the occurrence of infectious complications following surgery in patients with esophageal cancer.     

Improved results of surgery for esophageal carcinoma in 148 patients

Since the late 1970's, there has been a remarkable decrease in the mortality of patients with esophageal cancer. Factors such as progress in pre- and post-operative management, operative technique, and anesthesia all play a contributory role in this improvement. Among 251 Japanese patients with esophageal carcinoma who underwent esophageal resection and reconstruction in our department of surgery since 1965, those treated from 1965–74 and others treated from 1975–1984 were investigated in detail. It became clear that pulmonary complications and anastomotic leakage were the two major complications related to operative mortality. The former has decreased by intensive postoperative care with strong emphasis on cough dynamics, and the latter because of the long gastric tube we devised and which has a good blood supply. These positive events make feasible early postoperative irradiation and cancer chemotherapy.     

Use of the double-stapling technique in esophageal surgery

This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the double-stapling technique (DST) for performing esophageal anastomoses. A total of 17 patients, 10 with esophageal cancer and 7 with gastric cancer, underwent esophageal anastomosis employing this technique. Of the ten patients who underwent esophageal operations, eight received esophageal-gastric tube anastomosis, one esophageal-colon and colon-residual stomach anastomosis, and one pharyngeal-gastric tube anastomosis, while all seven of the patients who underwent operations for gastric cancer received esophagojejunostomy. Thus, a total of 18 anastomoses were performed. No problems were encountered during the anastomoses, and no leakage occurred in any of the patients. Thus, we conclude that DST is a safe and easy technique for performing esophageal anastomosis, especially intrathoracic or intramediastinal anastomoses.     

老年食管癌、贲门癌根治术的围手术期处理(附580例体会)

目的总结老年食管癌、贲门癌患者围手术期处理经验。方法回顾性分析老年食管癌、贲门癌580例手术治疗情况,平均年龄68(60～79)岁。术中予双腔气管插管、静脉复合麻醉,经左后外侧开胸行食管、贲门癌根治性切除术;围手术期予营养支持、呼吸道管理,并及时处理呼吸衰竭等并发症。结果术后发生并发症152例,其中呼吸道并发症118例(77.6%),死亡12例,7例死于呼吸衰竭,2例心脏猝死。360例平均随访4(1～7)年,3年、5年生存率分别为48.7%和36.8%。结论老年食管癌、贲门癌围手术期予营养支持、严格的呼吸道管理及术后正确处理呼吸道并发症是手术治疗成功的关键。     

管状胃在胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术中的应用探讨

目的探讨管状胃在胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术中的临床应用价值。方法选取2011年1月至2015年12月在我院行胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术治疗的胸段食管癌患者160例,将其分为两组,分别采用管状胃代食管手术和传统全胃缝缩术治疗。记录两组患者手术完成情况、比较两组患者淋巴结清扫个数、失血量、手术时间、胸管留置时间、术后引流量、围手术期和随访期间并发症发生率、记录并发症处理情况、比较两种手术方法的总体疗效。结果两种术式在胸部淋巴结清扫个数、术中失血量、胸管留置时间和术后引流量方面无明显差异(P0.05);管状胃代食管术手术时间、腹部淋巴结清扫个数明显多于全胃缝缩术(P0.05)。管状胃代食管术的并发症发生率明显低于全胃缝缩术(P0.05)。管状胃代食管术住院时间、术后进食时间、复发和转移率、2年生存率和生活质量均明显优于全胃缝缩术(P0.05)。两组1年生存率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论管状胃代食管术可有效减少食管癌术后并发症,提高患者生活质量和生存率,安全可靠。     

Case report on thoracoscopic esophagectomy for long segment resistant oesophageal stricture in HIV infected patient

IntroductionThe incidence of Esophageal strictures following esophagitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is profound in majority of cases. Although endoscopic dilatation remains the first line of treatment, surgery is needed for non-dilatable strictures. Sparse literature is available on clinical management for surgical intervention.Presntation of the caseA 30 years old HIV positive male, taking ART for 10 years, presented with grade V dysphagia over long standing non-specific ulcerative esophagitis. Upper GI endoscopy revealed a long stricture starting 18 cm from the incisors. The patient underwent multiple endoscopic dilatation along with twice endoscopic stent placements over period of 2 years. As CD4 count was low associated with poor nutritional status a feeding jejunostomy was constructed. With improvement in CD4 count and nutritional status within 3 months; thoracoscopic esophagectomy, laparotomy and formation of gastric conduit and cervical anastomosis was performed. There were no intraoperative or postoperative adverse events with complete improvement in dysphagia. During follow up, 24 months after surgery the patient was on full oral diet with a total weight gain of 15 kg.DiscussionLong term solution to dysphagia due to long esophageal stricture merits a surgery in form of a replacement conduit by either stomach tube or a segment of colon. Experience and literature guiding surgical decision making are limited. Retaining or excision of the native oesophagus is still a matter of discussion.ConclusionThoracoscopic esophagectomy with gastric tube conduit for reconstruction is a feasible and safe surgical option for esophageal stricture in a HIV infected patient.     

Occurrence of peptic ulcer in the gastric tube used for esophageal replacement in adults

Reported in this paper are two cases of peptic ulcer which developed in the gastric tube used for esophageal replacement following esophagectomy for esophageal tumors in adults. The results of our cases suggest that acid secretion from the mucosa of the gastric tube, in spite of truncal vagotomy and the state of the tube, seems to play important roles in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer of the gastric tube after esophageal replacement, even though circulatory disturbances, due to postoperative irradiation and gastric tube formation, have been suspected as the cause. Therefore, in those cases of gastric tube stasis, surgical drainage of the gastric tube should be performed.     

Abdominal incisional hernia occurring after an esophagectomy reconstructed with a gastric tube through an antesternal route: Report of a case

A Japanese man, who had undergone a subtotal esophagectomy reconstructed with a gastric tube through an antesternal route for esophageal carcinoma 16 years previously, was admitted to our hospital because of an abdominal incisional hernia. The abdominal incisional hernia was in his upper abdomen and was difficult to push back into the intraabdominal cavity by hand. The hernia was successfully repaired by operation. We thus conclude that an abdominal incisional hernia is a rare but important late-phase complication occurring after an esophagectomy reconstructed with either an antesternal or retrosternal route, and an operation should be the treatment of choice.     

Esophageal cancer associated with primary early gastric cancer

We treated 114 Japanese patients with primary esophageal cancer during a period between 1965 and 1981; and 5 (4.4 per cent) were associated with simultaneous primary gastric cancer. Four of the 5 patients were treated surgically and all of the coexisting gastric cancers were in the early stage. The presence of gastric lesions was correctly diagnosed preoperatively in two of four patients. Surgical reconstruction was done to prepare a new route for food ingestion using a segment of ileo-ascending colon. In the other two patients, gastric tube was prepared, because gastric cancers were detected by chance in the resected specimens in these patients. Based on our experiences, we wish to stress the importance of detailed preoperative gastric examination and of careful intraoperative inspection of the gastric mucosa in patients with esophageal cancer whose preoperative gastric examination provides inconclusive evidence due to the presence of esophageal stenosis.     

Factors influencing the acute phase protein levels in patients with esophageal cancer

Based on the findings that the enhancement of serum α₂-macroglobulin (A2M) is associated with the occurrence of infectious complications following surgery in patients with esophageal cancer, we examined possible factors which could contribute to the alterations of serum acute phase protein levels in patients with this disease. A multiple linear regression analysis was made for 71 patients with esophageal cancer and 58 with gastric cancer. In patients with esophageal cancer, protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) and age factors more strongly contributed to the alteration of 6 acute phase protein levels than did the malignant tumor when compared to those with gastric cancer. PCM was negatively associated with A2M levels while it was positively associated with α₂-acidglycoprotein (A1AG) and haptoglobin (Hp) levels. Age did not contribute to the A2M levels but did have a negative effect on the Hp, ceruloplasmin (Cp) and fibronectin (Fn) levels. On the other hand, the malignant tumor was positively related only to the A1AG levels. Since none of these factors contributed to the elevation of A2M levels, it is suggested that the presence of chronic infection might be a factor contributing to the A2M increase which was associated with the occurrence of postoperative infectious complications in patients with this disease.     

Increases in immunoglobulin and complement in patients with esophageal or gastric cancer

Based on data providing evidence that the enhancement of serum IgG and IgA is associated with the occurrence of infectious complications following surgery in patients with esophageal cancer, we examined the possible factors contributing to alterations in the serum IgG, IgA, IgM, C₃, C₄, and CH₅₀ levels. A multiple linear regression analysis was made on data obtained from 71 patients with esophageal cancer and 57 with gastric cancer. In the patients with esophageal cancer, age and protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) were related to the elevation of IgG levels while the stage of cancer was linked to that of IgA. The sex and IgM levels were also seen to be related. Age and the stage of cancer were associated with reductions in C₃, C₄, and CH₅₀ levels, although in the patients with gastric cancer, the stage of cancer and elevations of these complement levels were related. Thus, age, PCM, and tumor malignancy are all factors related to the enhancement of IgG or IgA in patients with esophageal cancer.     

Fundal tube esophagoplasty for esophageal reconstruction in atresia

Purpose: This is a report of 4 patients with long gap/pure esophageal atresia, who, after an initial gastrostomy and cervical esophagostomy at birth, were treated with a new technique called fundal tube esophagoplasty.Methods: The technique consisted of mobilization of the distal esophageal stump, division of the left gastric artery, and mobilization of upper half of stomach. Both walls of the stomach were incised in the region of the fundus starting on the lesser curvature in such a way that a tube was created out of the fundus, and the native esophageal stump appears to be an extension of this neoesophagus. This neoesophagus was brought to the neck by the retrosternal route and in a second stage, esophago-esophageal anastomosis was made. Thal’s fundoplication was added in 2 cases.Results: All the stages have been completed successfully in 4 babies. They have been followed up for periods ranging from 8 to 24 months after restoration of esophageal continuity. All the children are thriving.Conclusions: Fundal tube esophagoplasty (1) serves to provide a neoesophagus of natural caliber, (2) utilizes native esophagus in reconstruction, (3) does not produce a space-occupying problem in the mediastinum, and (4) preserves the gastric reservoir function. In this early experience, it appears to fulfill all the requirements of a good esophageal substitute.     

管状胃代食管术在食管癌、贲门癌中的临床应用研究

目的探讨管状胃在食管癌、贲门癌切除术中的临床应用及对术后生活质量的影响。方法78例食管癌、贲门癌患者,随机分为常规手术组和管状胃组。常规组37例,男31例,女6例,年龄（62．70±5．89）岁,胸中段食管癌21例,胸下段食管癌14例,贲门癌2例。管状胃组41例,男33例,女8例,年龄（60．56±6．75）岁,胸中段食管癌20例,胸下段食管癌18例,贲门癌3例。观察两组患者手术时间、术中出血、输血,术后心律失常,肺部并发症,吻合口瘘,吻合口狭窄,返流性食管炎,胸胃综合征发生率及住院时间等临床指标。结果丽组患者均顺利完成手术,无围手术期死亡,两组心律失常（40．54％比19．51％,P=0．042）、肺部并发症（32．43％比12．20％,P=0．031）、返流性食管炎（27．02％比4．87％,P=0．007）、胸胃综合征发生率（16．22％比0,P=0．024）及术后住院时间[（12．16±1．99）d比（10．87±1．41）d,P=0．001）]等指标比较差异有统计学意义。而在手术时间,术中出血、输血,吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论管状胃在食管癌、贲门癌手术中并发症发生率较低,不增加手术时间、可缩短住院时间,可改善患者的生活质量,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

The width of a gastric tube has no impact on outcome after esophagectomy

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the impact of the size of gastric tubes on tissue blood flow of the anastomotic site, the frequency of leakage and the postoperative nutritional status. METHODS: Forty-four patients were randomly allocated to either reconstruction using subtotal stomach (n = 22) or to reconstruction using slender gastric tube (n = 22) after esophagectomy. The tissue blood flow at the anastomotic site was measured. The postoperative nutritional status of 17 patients without recurrence was examined. Possible correlations between the type of esophageal substitute and the tendency to leakage as well as postoperative nutritional status were examined. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the tissue blood and the frequency of leakage between the types of gastric tubes. There was no significant difference noted between the two in the postoperative nutritional status at 6 and 12 months after operation. CONCLUSIONS: The width of gastric tube has no impact on tissue blood flow, the frequency of leakage, and the postoperative nutritional status after esophagectomy.     

125Ⅰ粒子敷贴式鼻饲营养管用于食管癌恶性梗阻

目的观察自制¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子敷贴式鼻饲营养管用于治疗食管癌恶性梗阻的可行性和安全性。方法对14例经病理证实的食管癌并伴Ⅲ~Ⅳ级吞咽困难高龄患者行DSA引导下¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子敷贴式鼻饲营养管置入术,使¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子完全覆盖肿瘤段上下各2 cm行近距离放射治疗;观察技术成功率、临床治疗成功率、手术时间、肿瘤吸收剂量[D90(90%肿瘤体积所接受的剂量)]、有无核素脱落、术后并发症及肿瘤控制情况,并比较术前与术后6~8周Karnofsky评分及Neuhaus吞咽困难分级差异。结果对所有患者均成功置入¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子敷贴式鼻饲营养管,技术成功率100%(14/14);手术时间(27.37±4.82)min。临床治疗成功率85.71%(12/14),D90为(52.19±6.64)Gy。9例(9/14,64.29%)患者诉治疗期间胸骨后间断性疼痛,可耐受。未发生核素脱落及其他并发症,肿瘤局部控制率为92.86%(13/14)。术后6~8周Karnofsky评分(t=-2.75,P=0.01)及Neuhaus分级(Z=9.72,P<0.01)均较术前明显改善。结论¹²⁵Ⅰ粒子敷贴式鼻饲营养管制作及置入简单、便捷,可同时实现近距离放射治疗和胃肠营养。     

管状胃对食管癌根治术后患者预后的影响

[摘要]目的探讨管状胃代替食管对食管癌根治术后患者生活质量的影响。方法设计我院2012年6月～2013年3月行食管癌根治术患者135例,随机分为实验组（管状胃替代食管,63例）与对照组（全胃替代食管,72例）,比较两组患者手术情况、术后并发症发生率、生活质量相关指标。结果入组患者治疗均获成功,无术中死亡病例,术中相关指标比较,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。术后并发症比较,实验组返流性食管炎与胸胃综合征的发生率明显低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。术后6周,两组患者生活质量比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,实验组术后3个月以及术后6个月生活质量改善情况较对照组好,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论管状胃治疗手段对于食管癌根治术后患者生活质量的改善有着积极的作用。     

肠内营养管留置时间对食管癌术后颈部吻合口狭窄与瘘的影响

目的探讨肠内营养管留置时间对食管癌术后颈部吻合口狭窄与瘘的影响。方法选取2016-07-2018-12间在郑州大学第一附属医院接受食管癌Mc-keown术式的400例食管癌患者,单因素分析采用t检验或Fisher确切概率法,多因素分析采用Logistic回归模型,计量结果采用(x±s)表示。分析肠内营养管留置时间与吻合口狭窄和瘘的关系。结果术后营养管留置时间与吻合口瘘显著相关(P<0.05),营养管留置4周的患者优于留置1周的患者;营养管留置时间与吻合口狭窄无明显相关(P>0.05)。结论术后化疗、吻合口瘘、瘢痕体质可能是食管癌术后吻合口狭窄的高危因素,营养管留置时间与吻合口狭窄无明显相关。术后呛咳可能是引起吻合口瘘的高危因素,营养管留置时间与吻合口瘘显著相关。营养管留置4周较营养管留置1周能减少术后吻合口瘘的发生率。     

IgG2 deficiency in methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus infections after esophageal surgery

We previously reported the selective development of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections following esophageal surgery in patients with a reduced ability to produce anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) IgG. Since the response to the PPS vaccine is correlated to the serum IgG₂ levels, we measured IgG₂ in the same series of esophageal cancer patients. IgG subclasses were determined in 21 patients, 8 of whom developed MRSA infections. IgG₂ was thus found to be significantly lower (P<0.01) in patients with MRSA infections (453 mg/dl) than in those without such infections (666 mg/dl). There was also a significantly positive correlation (r=0.61) between anti-PPS IgG and serum IgG₂. Therefore, the preoperative measurement of serum IgG₂ is considered to be useful in detecting patients who are at risk for developing an MRSA infection after esophageal surgery.     

Colon interposition for esophagus in children

In 25 years, from 1959 to 1984, esophageal substitution was performed in 32 patients. In most, the transverse colon was used, brought through the left chest on a vascular pedicle of the left colic artery. Indications for operation included: 21, esophageal atresia; 5, caustic injury; 3, peptic stricture; 2, esophageal varices with previous splenectomy; and 1, cartilagenous hamartoma of the esophagus. Six patients had failed prior reconstructions (1, gastric tube; 2, intrathoracic stomach; 1, presternal jejunum; 1, sloughed colon segment, 1, extensive stricture after primary repair). There was one postoperative death from fluid overload early in the series. Two patients had a localized leak at the upper anastomosis in the neck; neither resulted in stricture. One patient had a side leak in the lower intrathoracic colon, probably from an anchoring suture placed too deeply. Most patients had pyloroplasty with their operation. Four who did not required one later. Four patients required late reoperation for redundancy of the lower colon segment which emptied poorly; one lower colon was revised for stricture from exstrinsic compression at the substernal hiatus and another one for an inflammatory pseudopolyp with bleeding. There was no loss of a colon segment from ischemia. There is follow-up on all but one patient. Nineteen are more than ten years postoperative (mean of 18 years). Growth was assessed in that group. In atresia patients growth correlated with weight preoperatively and the presence or absence of associated anomalies. In the others growth was excellent in all but one patient. In our experience the colon conduit provides an excellent substitute esophagus for pediatric patients. The operation should have relatively low rate of major complications, most of which are avoidable, and most of which can be corrected to give a satisfactory long-term result.