β联蛋白和淋巴样增强因子1在恶性黑素瘤中的表达

目的 探讨β联蛋白、淋巴样增强因子1在恶性黑素瘤中的表达及意义.方法 采用免疫组化PowerVision^TM二步法检测25例皮内痣、45例恶性黑素瘤中β联蛋白、淋巴样增强因子1的表达情况.结果 β联蛋白在恶性黑素瘤中异常表达率为73%,皮内痣为36%,两组差异有统计学意义;淋巴样增强因子1在恶性黑素瘤中阳性表达率为62.2%,皮内痣组为0,两组差异有统计学意义.肿瘤组织中淋巴样增强因子1高表达率与淋巴结转移、TNM分期密切相关(P<0.05),而β联蛋白异常表达率与淋巴结转移及TNM分期无明显关系;β联蛋白异常表达与淋巴样增强因子1高表达之间存在正相关(P<0.05).结论 β联蛋白、淋巴样增强因子1异常表达可能与恶性黑素瘤发病相关.     

恶性黑素瘤血管内皮细胞生长因子和nm23抑癌基因蛋白表达及微血管密度的研究

目的 探讨血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、nm23抑癌基因和微血管密度(MVD)与恶性黑素瘤发病的关系。方法 采用免疫组化法检测47例恶性黑素瘤和10例黑素细胞痣组织中VEGF、nm23和CD34的表达并计算其MVD。结果 恶性黑素瘤VEGF阳性表达率和MVD值均明显高于黑素细胞痣(P均<0.01),有淋巴结转移者明显高于无淋巴结转移者(P值分别<0.05和<0.01);随着浸润深度增加,Ⅰ级与Ⅳ、Ⅴ级恶性黑素瘤比较,VEGF阳性表达率和MVD值差异均有统计学意义(P值分别<0.05和<0.01)。恶性黑素瘤中nm23阳性表达率明显低于黑素细胞痣(P<0.01),有淋巴结转移者明显低于无淋巴结转移者(P<0.01),与临床分型和浸润深度无明显关系。结论 VEGF和nm23表达在恶性黑素瘤的发展和转移中起重要作用。     

生存素在恶性黑素瘤中的表达及与VEGF和PCNA的关系

目的 探讨人恶性黑素瘤组织中凋亡抑制蛋白生存素的表达,及其与恶性黑素瘤临床特征、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达的关系.方法 免疫组化方法检测36例人恶性黑素瘤和30例色素痣组织中生存素、VEGF和PCNA蛋白表达.结果 ①生存素在恶性黑素瘤和色素痣中均有表达,但在恶性黑素瘤中表达明显高于色素痣(P<0.01).②在恶性黑素瘤组织中有30例表达VEGF(阳性率83.3%),36例表达PCNA(阳性率100%),而色素痣组织不表达VEGF和PCNA.③生存素的阳性表达与恶性黑素瘤患者的发病年龄、性别、淋巴结转移均无相关性(P>0.05),但其表达与VEGF和PCNA的表达密切相关(P<0.01).结论 生存素可能参与恶性黑素瘤的增殖和与VEGF相关的肿瘤血管生成.     

色素痣和恶性黑素瘤组织及A375细胞中色素上皮衍生因子的表达

目的 探讨色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)在色素痣和恶性黑素瘤组织及A375细胞中的表达及其意义.方法 用免疫组化法检测正常人皮肤组织、正常人色素痣以及恶性黑素瘤组织中PEDF的表达与分布.用蛋白印迹法检测正常黑素细胞及恶性黑素瘤细胞株A375中PEDF的表达与分布.用RTPCR法检测正常黑素细胞及A375中PEDF mRNA的表达.结果 ①PEDF在正常皮肤组织、正常人色素痣及恶性黑素瘤组织中的表达逐渐降低,三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).②PEDF在正常黑素细胞中表达,而在恶性黑素瘤细胞株缺失.③PEDF mRNA在恶性黑素瘤细胞中的表达量明显低于正常黑素细胞.结论 PEDF的表达降低在恶性黑素瘤的发病机制中可能起一定作用.     

pU-VEGF-siRNA对裸鼠恶性黑素瘤生长影响的研究

目的 研究pU-VEGF-siRNA对恶性黑素瘤成瘤和凋亡的影响及其机制.方法 构建针对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的发卡样siRNA真核表达载体pU-VEGF-siRNA,通过电穿孔法将构建重组体导入人恶性黑素瘤细胞系A375,并建立pU-VEGF-siRNA转染细胞荷瘤裸鼠模型,应用免疫组织化学方法检测荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤组织VEGF和血管内皮细胞特异性Ⅷ因子相关抗原(FⅧRAg)的表达,依据FⅧRAg的表达评价肿瘤微血管密度,末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记法(TUNEL)定量检测荷瘤裸鼠模型的肿瘤组织凋亡.结果 体内实验表明,实验组成瘤率明显低于对照组,且其肿瘤生长速度也明显减慢(P<0.01).实验组VEGF表达和肿瘤微血管密度明显低于对照组(P<0.01).实验组可见大量凋亡细胞,对照组仅见少许凋亡细胞,实验组凋亡指数与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 通过RNA干扰技术阻断VEGF的表达,在裸鼠体内可显著抑制恶性黑素瘤生长.     

恶性黑素瘤和普通痣细胞痣组织中双链RNA依赖的蛋白激酶的表达

目的 探讨恶性黑素瘤和普通痣细胞痣组织中双链RNA依赖的蛋白激酶(PKR)的表达情况,并分析PKR与恶性黑素瘤的细胞增殖程度及临床病理参数的关系。方法 应用免疫组化法检测42例恶性黑素瘤及25例普通痣细胞痣组织中PKR及增殖细胞核抗原的表达。结果 恶性黑素瘤中PKR阳性表达率显著高于普通痣细胞痣组织。恶性黑素瘤中PKR的表达水平与增殖细胞核抗原的表达呈显著负相关;与患者性别、年龄、有无淋巴结转移及TNM分级等临床病理特征均无明显相关性。结论 PKR在恶性黑素瘤细胞增殖过程中具有重要作用。     

TRP-1编码基因反义核酸对黑素细胞增殖及功能的影响

目的 构建酪氨酸相关蛋白-1(TRP-1)反义真核表达载体并转染TRP-1高表达的黑素细胞及恶性黑素瘤细胞,进一步研究其对黑素细胞及恶性黑素瘤细胞增殖及功能的影响。方法 将TRP-1基因反向亚克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,转染黑素细胞及恶性黑素瘤细胞。以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测TRP-1mRNA水平的变化,免疫印迹法检测TRP-1蛋白水平的改变。通过流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化,并用L-多巴测定酪氨酸酶活性的改变。结果 成功构建重组反义表达载体pcDNA3.1/TRP-1(-),转染细胞稳定表达TRP-1反义核酸。RT-PCR提示TRP-1mRNA水平显著下降,免疫印迹提示其TRP-1蛋白表达水平降低。流式细胞检测表明反义TRP-1转染细胞发生细胞周期G1期阻滞。转染组黑素细胞及黑素瘤细胞酪氨酸酶活性抑制率分别达46%和54%。结论 TRP-1在黑素细胞及黑素瘤细胞的增殖及功能方面发挥重要作用,TRP-1反义核酸转染细胞细胞周期受到阻滞,酪氨酸酶活性明显降低。     

甲氧沙林对黑素细胞粘附及基质金属蛋白酶-2的影响

目的 探讨甲氧沙林治疗白癜风的可能机制.方法 正常人黑素细胞来自包皮环切术切取的包皮,用包被纤维黏连蛋白的48孔培养板检测黑素细胞粘附,用带微孔膜的Transwell培养板研究黑素细胞迁移,用RT-PCR方法检测基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)mRNA表达.结果 50nmol/L和100nmol/L甲氧沙林可促进黑素细胞粘附(P<0.05)和迁移(P<0.05),100nmol/L对黑素细胞促迁移作用最强(P<0.01),而且10nmol/L甲氧沙林即可明显促进MMP-2mRNA表达(P<0.01).在一定浓度下,甲氧沙林促黑素细胞粘附、迁移和MMP-2mRNA表达呈剂量依赖性,在不同浓度组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01、P<0.05和P<0.01).结论 甲氧沙林通过促进MMP-2的表达来促进黑素细胞粘附和迁移.     

恶性黑素瘤FHIT基因蛋白的表达与肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡关系的研究

目的 研究恶性黑素瘤(maligmant melanoma,MM)脆性组氨酸三联体(FHIT)基因的表达及与肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡的关系。方法 用免疫组化SP法检测57例原发性MM和20例正常人皮肤中FHIT蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原的表达水平,用脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测其细胞凋亡指数。结果 ①MM中,FHIT蛋白的表达水平明显低于正常人皮肤(P<0.001),增殖细胞核抗原的表达水平和细胞凋亡指数显著高于正常人皮肤(P<0.001);②FHIT蛋白、增殖细胞核抗原蛋白表达水平及细胞凋亡指数与MM患者的年龄、性别和肿瘤发生的部位无明显相关,而与其Clark分级和淋巴结转移状态明显相关(P<0.01);③MM与正常人皮肤相比,其细胞凋亡指数与增殖细胞核抗原的比值显著降低(P<0.001);④FHIT蛋白表达与MM细胞活跃增殖和凋亡受抑之间存在一定相关性(P<0.01)。结论 FHIT基因可能参与了MM肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡的调节,其表达下降可能与MM的发生、发展过程有关。     

6味中药乙醇提取物对B16黑素瘤细胞酪氨酸酶及其相关蛋白-1、-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的 研究墨旱莲(旱莲草)等6味用于治疗白癜风中药的乙醇提取物对小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞酪氨酸酶及酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1、-2(TRP-1、-2)mRNA表达的影响.方法 半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定酪氨酸酶及TRP-1、-2 mRNA的表达,并与阳性对照甲氧沙林(8-MOP)进行比较.结果 山慈姑(毛慈姑)、苦参、黑芝麻和墨旱莲的乙醇提取物显著上调细胞酪氨酸酶mRNA的表达(P<0.05);除苦参对TRP-2 mRNA有明显上调作用外(P<0.05),其他中药对TRP-1和TRP-2 mRNA的表达无明显作用(P>0.05).结论 山慈姑、苦参、黑芝麻和墨旱莲有上调酪氨酸酶mRNA的作用,苦参还可上调TRP-2 mRNA的表达.     

c-kit蛋白在恶性黑素瘤中的表达

目的　探讨c kit蛋白在人恶性黑素瘤中的表达及临床意义 ,分析它和临床病理参数的关系。方法　采用免疫组化S P法检测 44例原发性皮肤恶性黑素瘤、9例转移性恶性黑素瘤及 2 0例良性痣中c kit蛋白的表达。结果　3 4例原发性皮肤恶性黑素瘤、4例转移性恶性黑素瘤、5例良性痣表达c kit蛋白 ,阳性率分别为 77.3 %、44 .4%、2 5 .0 % ,前者的阳性表达率显著高于后两者 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;原发性皮肤恶性黑素瘤中浅表扩散性恶性黑素瘤 (SSM )的c kit蛋白阳性表达率显著高于其它类型 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;c kit蛋白的表达与年龄 性别 发病部位 是否淋巴结转移等临床病理因素均无关 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　c kit蛋白的表达可能与人恶性黑素瘤的发生发展有关 ,其有望成为治疗黑素瘤的有效靶向分子之一     

Nevus cell aggregates massively occupying parenchyma of an external iliac lymph node: A case report and review of the literature

We report a case of nevus cell aggregates (NCAs) in an external iliac lymph node from a patient with a compound congenital nevus in the corresponding drainage skin. Melanocytes in parenchyma were in band, nest-like or nodular fashion, and partly continuous with those in capsule and trabeculae. The largest nodule in parenchyma measured 6.5 mm. Melanocytes mostly exhibited benign appearance identical to cutaneous nevus. A few regions abundant in cells displayed atypical features, including increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, small nucleoli, and occasional mitotic figures. Immunohistochemistry showed that melanocytes stained positive for p16, but negative for HMB-45 and nestin. Ki-67 labeling was less than 1% and reticulin mainly surrounded individual melanocytes. Besides, Vysis melanoma fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) plus another 2 probes targeting 9p21(CDKN2A) and 8q24(MYC) showed normal results. The patient is alive without malignant tumor after 52-month follow up. Our case provides a new evidence for the existence of intraparenchymal NCAs in deep lymph node and indicates that melanocytes with some atypical features can occur in nodal nevi. Nevus cells in parenchyma connected to those in capsule and trabeculae are a significant clue to distinguish nodal nevi from metastatic melanomas. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and FISH assay are useful in differential diagnosis.     

Immunohistochemical expression of BCL-2 in melanomas and intradermal nevi

The BCL-2 gene is the prototype of a newly described family of oncogenes involved in tumorigenesis by blocking apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Overexpression of BCL-2 protein was originally described in follicular B-cell lymphomas bearing the 14;18 translocation. BCL-2 overexpression has also been described in other lymphomas and more rarely in neoplasms outside the lymphoid tissue. The aim of this paper is to determine the immunohistochemical expression of BCL-2 in intradermal nevi and primary invasive and metastatic melanoma. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 4 cutaneous melanoma metastases, 10 primary invasive melanomas, and 10 intradermal melanocytic nevi were immimolabeled with monoclonal antibodies directed against BCL-2 protein (Dako, clone 124) and Ki-67 antigen (Amac, clone MIB-1), after antigen retrieval techniques. Morphologically normal epidermal melanocytes expressed BCL-2, as did nevi and melanomas in virtually all cells. However, whereas the labeling in normal melanocytes and nevus cells showed a uniformly strong reactivity, melanoma cells showed a variable but mainly weak reactivity. Ki-67 antigen expression was restricted to melanomas. The widespread expression of BCL-2 suggests that this onco-protein cannot be involved in the malignant transformation of melanocytic cells. It seems likely that the decreased BCL-2 expression detected in melanomas may reflect one further step of tumor progression in melanocytic neoplasms.     

骨桥蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶—9在恶性黑素瘤中的表达

目的 探讨骨桥蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在人恶性黑素瘤中的表达及意义。方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测23例原发性恶性黑素瘤、17例转移性恶性黑素瘤及20例色素痣中骨桥蛋白和MMP-9的表达。结果 40例恶性黑素瘤中骨桥蛋白及MMP-9表达的阳性率分别为87.5%、75.0%;20例色素痣中的阳性表达率分别为15.0%、10.0%。骨桥蛋白及MMP-9在恶性黑素瘤中阳性表达率明显高于色素痣,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。骨桥蛋白和MMP-9的表达与年龄、性别、发病部位、是否淋巴结转移等因素均无关(P>0.05)。40例恶性黑素瘤中,骨桥蛋白与MMP-9均表达29例,均不表达4例。结论 骨桥蛋白及MMP-9在人恶性黑素瘤中高表达,但与淋巴结转移无相关性。     

Congenital nevi versus metastatic melanoma in a newborn to a mother with malignant melanoma – diagnosis supported by sex chromosome analysis and Imaging Mass Spectrometry

A 37‐year‐old pregnant woman presented with a 2‐cm irregular reddish nodule on her left upper arm during pregnancy. A biopsy from the lesion showed a 2.2‐mm thick malignant melanoma with intravascular invasion, 25 mitosis/mm² and no ulceration. Following induction of labor, the patient underwent re‐excision with sentinel lymph node biopsy. This showed no residual melanoma and no lymph node metastasis. The newborn boy had multiple pigmented lesions on the trunk, some of which were large and irregular. Two were biopsied and histologic examination showed dense dermal proliferation of medium sized melanocytes with multiple mitotic figures and no maturation with their descent into the dermis, raising suspicion of transplacental metastases. Examination of the placenta failed to show metastatic lesions. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based genotyping, including testing for amelogenin locus for sex chromosome determination, demonstrated the presence of Y chromosome material in the melanocytes of the newborn's lesions excluding maternal origin. A diagnosis of congenital nevi was rendered. Subsequently, Imaging Mass Spectrometric analysis of the mother's lesion showed proteomic signature expression indicative of malignant melanoma, whereas the two lesions in the newborn showed changes indicative of nevi. This case demonstrates the utility of genotyping and Mass Spectrometry analysis in this challenging clinical scenario     

CD44 and melanocytic tumors: a possible role for standard CD44 in the epidermotropic spread of melanoma

CD44 is a polymorphic family of cell membrane glycoproteins that mediate cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions involved in the mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastasis, and are subject to differential regulation during normal and malignant cell growth. We have investigated immunohistochemically the expression of CD44S and the variant isoforms CD44v3 and CD44v6 in paraffin-embedded tissue from 5 Spitz nevi, 3 compound melanocytic nevi, 2 blue nevi, 6 primary melanomas, 15 cutaneous metastases (three epidermotropic, nine dermal and three ulcerated) and 10 lymph node metastases of melanoma. Melanocytes were extensively positive for CD44S in primary melanomas and benign melanocytic proliferations. Among 15 cases of cutaneous metastases of melanoma, the three epidermotropic metastases, as well as one of the three ulcerated ones were positive for CD44S. CD44S expression was diminished or totally absent in six of the nine dermal metastases, in two of the ulcerated metastases and in seven of the ten lymph node metastases. CD44v3 and CD44v6 melanocytic expression was absent in all the lesions studied.
According to our results, selective retention of CD44S expression by melanocytes in epidermotropic metastases of melanoma seems to indicate that preservation of CD44S may contribute to the intraepidermal spread of melanoma.