强化无错性节奏治疗改善稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能的随机对照研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨强化无错性节奏治疗对稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法对符合DSM-Ⅳ精神分裂症诊断标准的90例稳定期患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(n=45)和试验组(n=45);研究周期12周,期间抗精神病药种类和治疗剂量不变。对照组为自然状态下观察,试验组采用强化无错性节奏治疗。分别于基线及治疗12周末采用MATRICS认知评估系统(MCCB)评定患者认知功能。结果基线时2组间MCCB总分及分量表分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗12周末,2组MCCB总分改善值[(5.7±5.2)分与(1.9±8.2)分,t=2.34,P=0.02]、加工速度改善值[(2.7±6.2)分与(-3.7±10.5)分,t=3.19,P=0.02]、工作记忆改善值[5.0±9.2)分与(0.3±8.6)分,t=2.34,P=0.02]、言语记忆改善值[(6.5±7.2)分与(-0.4±9.2)分,t=3.70,P<0.01]、推理与问题解决改善值[(3.7±10.1)分与(-1.9±10.1)分,t=2.45,P=0.02]比较差异有统计学意义。结论强化无错性节奏治疗可有效改善稳定期精神分裂症患者的认知功能,尤其对加工速度、言语记忆、工作记忆以及推理解决能力改善显著。     

社区个体化全病程管理对精神分裂症患者的康复疗效

目的 了解社区个体化全病程管理对精神分裂症患者认知及社会功能的影响.方法 将符合入组标准的82例精神分裂症患者从1～82编号,输入Excel表格,用随机函数产生相应的随机数并排序,单号为对照组(41例),双号为研究组(41例);研究组实施社区个体化全病程管理方法,对照组进行传统门诊随访治疗.采用日常生活能力量表(ADL),功能活动调查表(FAQ),Morning Side 康复状态量表( MRSS)进行社会功能评定,采用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC),临床记忆量表(CMS),计算机版威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行认知功能测定.结果 (1)认知功能的比较:研究组和对照组在基线和治疗第2年末总智商(IQ)、总记忆商(MQ)[研究组基线:IQ (94.88±11.14)分、MQ(67.07±18.92)分,治疗第2年末:IQ( 100.36±11.53)分、MQ(75.38±19.13)分;对照组基线:IQ (90.83±12.65)分、MQ(68.59±18.74)分,治疗第2年末:IQ (95.17±13.23)分、MQ(68.54±21.11)分]及WCST评分的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);研究组治疗第2年末IQ、MQ、WCST评分与基线比较,差异均有统计学意义(IQ:t =4.60,P=0.00;MQ:t =4.28,P=0.00;WCST:P均＜0.05),对照组治疗第2年末IQ、WCST中错误应答数评分[(52.94±20.09)分]与基线[ (62.17±17.32)分]比较,差异有统计学意义(IQ:t =4.30,P=0.00;WCST错误应答数:t=2.47,P=0.02).(2)社会功能的比较:治疗第2年末,研究组与对照组ADL、FAQ评分[研究组:ADL(16.03±1.91)分、FAQ( 1.72±1.70)分;对照组:ADL( 17.37±2.46)分、FAQ(2.81±2.47)分]的差异有统计学意义( ADL:t =2.64,P=0.01;FAQ:t =2.04,P=0.04);在治疗的各阶段,2组MRSS总分的差异均有统计学意义(治疗第6个月末:t =2.72,P=0.01;治疗第1年末:t=3.50,P=0.00;治疗第18个月末:t =3.38,P=0.00;治疗第2年末:t=3.34,P=0.00).结论 精神分裂症患者认知和社会功能障碍的治疗是长期、整合、系统和连续的,社区个体化全病程管理能改善患者的社会功能,纠正部分认知缺陷.     

伴与不伴自杀意念男性抑郁症患者P300和甲状腺激素水平对比研究

目的:探索伴与不伴自杀意念男性抑郁症患者事件相关电位P300特征和甲状腺激素水平的差异。方法:85例男性抑郁症患者分为伴与不伴自杀意念组(分别为45例和40例),对所有患者进行P300电位N1、P2、N2、P3潜伏期和波幅、以及血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和甲状腺素(T4)水平的检测;同时采用17项-汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评定患者的临床症状,分析其与P300、甲状腺激素水平相关性。结果:伴自杀意念组P300 N1[(5.29±2.46)μV]和P3[(7.31±3.59)μV]波幅均较不伴自杀意念组N1[(6.48±2.91)μV]和P3[(10.18±6.41)μV]波幅显著下降(t=-2.03,P=0.04;t=-2.50,P=0.02)。伴自杀意念组血清FT3[(5.31±1.02)pmol/L]、T3[(1.82±0.39)nmol/L]和FT4[(13.64±2.05)pmol/L]、T4[(92.49±14.71)nmol/L]水平均较不伴自杀意念组FT3[(5.85±1.12)pmol/L]、T3[(2.00±0.32)nmol/L]、FT4[(15.13±3.36)pmol/L]、T4[(101.40±20.37)nmol/L]水平下降(t=-2.32,P=0.02;t=-2.32,P=0.02;t=-2.42,P=0.02;t=-2.29,P=0.03)。相关分析显示P300 N1和P3波幅以及FT3与T3均与HAMD的自杀因子分呈负相关(r=-0.26,P=0.02;r=-0.23,P=0.03;r=-0.25,P=0.02;r=-0.38,P=0.00)。结论:伴自杀意念男性抑郁症患者P300的N1、P3波幅及甲状腺激素水平均较不伴自杀意念者降低;且与其自杀意念有关。     

不同亚型轻度认知功能损害患者的神经心理学特征

目的 探讨不同亚型轻度认知功能损害(MCI)患者的神经心理学特征.方法 采用多种神经心理学量表对28例遗忘型MCI (aMCI)、21例血管型MCI (V-MCI)、21例帕金森病型MCI(PD-MCI)及46名健康老年人进行评定,比较不同亚型MCI的神经心理学特征.结果 (1)与健康对照组比较,各亚型MCI组在总体认知评分及剑桥老年认知检查量表中文版(CAMCOG-C)子项评分差异均有统计学意义.aMCI组在定向、语言表达、近记忆、学习记忆、注意、计算、思维及知觉方面均受损,差异具有统计学意义(t=4.580、5.150、3.053、4.070、5.918、2.121、2.952、3.175,均P＜0.05);语言理解、远记忆与执行能力相对保留,差异无统计学意义.V-MCI组定向、语言表达、注意与执行功能受损(t=2.974、3.165、4.216、3.197,均P＜0.05),记忆力、计算、思维及知觉较对照组差异无统计学意义.PD-MCI组在语言表达、近记忆、远记忆、学习记忆、注意及执行功能方面损害均显著,差异具有统计学意义(t=4.433、3.065、3.821、3.447、5.344、0.348,均P＜0.05).(2)各亚型MCI组间比较:与V-MCI组[(3.52±0.87)分、(12.48±1.83)分]相比,aMCI组[(3.07±0.81)分、(11.07±2.28)分]与PD-MCI组[(3.00 ±0.89)分、(11.33 ±1.91)分]在CAMCOG-C总体评分及其子项中记忆能力包括近记忆、学习记忆降低显著,差异具有统计学意义(aMCI与V-MCI比较t=1.868、2.381,PD-MCI与V-MCI比较t=1.921、1.980;均P＜0.05).PD-MCI组中,远记忆及执行功能较其他两组显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(与aMCI比较t=2.498、4.257,与V-MCI比较t=1.684、1.492:均P＜0.05).(3)aMCI组GDS评分较健康对照组显著增高,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.850,P＜0.05),而V-MCI组及PD-MCI组与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义,但aMCI组及V-MCI组GDS得分较PD-MCI组增高.结论 3种不同亚型MCI认知损害均为多区域性,aMCI主要表现为记忆损害,V-MCI以执行功能损害为主,PD-MCI记忆及执行功能均受损;aMCI较其他亚型更易出现抑郁倾向.不同亚型MCI神经心理学特征的不同,反映了不同的病理生理学机制.     

抑郁症首次发病患者睡眠障碍与认知功能的关系

目的:探讨首发抑郁症患者睡眠障碍和认知功能损害的关系。方法:采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评估378例首发抑郁症患者的抑郁症状,根据是否伴有睡眠障碍分为睡眠障碍组(HAMD总分≥14分且睡眠因子分≥4分)253例和非睡眠障碍组(HAMD总分≥14分且睡眠因子分≤3分)125例;采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop色-词关联测验评估两组认知功能并进行比较。结果:睡眠障碍组RBANS即刻记忆(t=-4.309)、视觉广度(t=-2.321)、注意因子(t=-4.555)、延时记忆(t=-2.282)得分及总分(t=-2.549)、WCST完成分类数(t=-3.459)、学习到学会(t=-2.406)得分显著低于非睡眠障碍组(P0.05或P0.001);错误应答数(t=3.621)、持续性错误百分比(t=3.753)、Stroop色-词关联测验单色时间(t=2.010)、字义干扰反应时(t=2.168)、颜色干扰反应时(t=3.089)显著高于非睡眠障碍组(P0.05或P0.001)。结论:首发抑郁症患者的睡眠障碍与认知功能损害有一定关联;伴睡眠障碍者较不伴睡眠障碍者认知功能损害更严重。     

社区健康老人综合认知训练1年随访观察

目的:探讨综合认知训练对社区健康老人认知功能的长期影响效果. 方法:151名上海市某街道社区年龄≥70岁的老人参加研究.按先后顺序分为认知训练干预组90名和对照组61名.对干预组进行12周(共24次)的综合认知训练,采用中国老年成套神经心理测验(NTBE)及自编健康问卷,分别于干预前、干预结束、干预后1年对两组进行测评. 结果:干预前,干预组NTBE中有1项优于对照组,1项低于对照组(P≤0.05),其他项目两组差异无显著性(P>0.05);1年后随访两组内比较,干预组NTBE分测验有19项(推理训练等)提高,4项下降(P≤0.05);对照组NTBE分测验有11项提高,3项下降(P≤0.05);1年后随访两组间比较,干预组NTBE分测验有3项(推理训练等)优于对照组(P≤0.05). 结论:综合认知训练对社区健康老人多项认知功能在1年后仍有一定影响,其中推理能力较为明显.     

精神分裂症患者血清血管内皮生长因子与认知功能的关系

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的水平与认知功能的关系。方法:纳入43例精神分裂症患者(患者组)和50名性别、年龄、受教育年限相匹配的正常人(正常对照组)作为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清VEGF水平,使用霍普金斯词汇学习测验-修订版(HVLT-R)、Stroop测验、言语流畅性测验(VFT)、连线测验(TMT)量表评定两组的认知功能。结果:患者组血清VEGF [(501. 2±204. 7) pg/ml]显著高于正常组[(435. 6±197. 8) pg/ml](t=-3. 421,P 0. 05);患者组认知功能明显差于正常对照组(P 0. 01),患者组VEGF和TMT-B及HVLTR的子测验分数存在相关性(P 0. 05)。结论:精神分裂症患者存在血清VEGF水平异常及认知功能受损; VEGF与患者认知功能具有相关性。     

糖化血红蛋白对伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)对伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法共入组符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)的精神分裂症诊断标准患者323例,按照1999年世界卫生组织糖尿病诊断标准,分为伴糖尿病的精神分裂症组(n=124)和不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症组(n=199)。采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)评定认知功能,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床症状,检测空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白和血脂。结果伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者与不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者RBANS总评分比较差异有统计学意义[(70.73±16.68)分vs.(75.93±15.63)分,P0.05]。伴糖尿病精神分裂症患者比不伴糖尿病精神分裂症患者的空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白水平高[(6.14±1.58)mmol/L vs.(5.20±0.57)mmol/L,(6.53±1.22)mmol/L vs.(5.91±0.62)mmol/L,P均0.01]、发病晚[(26.41±7.38)岁vs.(24.85±6.32)岁,P0.05]、低密度脂蛋白低[(2.64±0.57)mmol/L vs.(2.83±0.58)mmol/L,P0.01]。在伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者中,糖化血红蛋白水平与即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、注意功能、延迟记忆和RBANS总评分均呈负相关(r=-0.447~-0.187,P0.05或0.01),而不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者没有这种相关性。多元回归分析显示,Hb A1c水平是伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者的视觉广度、注意功能和RBANS总评分的影响因素(P均0.01)。结论伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者认知功能比不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者受损更严重,Hb A1c水平升高会损害伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

抑郁症首次发病患者认知功能的研究

目的探讨抑郁症首次发病(以下简称首发)患者的认知功能特点及其影响因素。方法采用韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)分别评定116例首发抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)和41名健康人(对照组)的认知状况,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(24项,HAMD)评定病情严重程度。对影响神经心理学测验成绩的临床症状进行逐步多元回归分析。结果(1)抑郁症组的长时记忆[(35.28±7.27)分]、短时记忆[(51.32±13.41)分]、记忆商数[(89.46±17.84)]、语言智商数[(110.96±13.72)]、操作智商数[101.90±15.98)]、智商数[(107.41±15.78)]均明显低于对照组[长时记忆(44.05±5.06)分,短时记忆(71.41±8.51)分,记忆商数(121.90±11.26),语言智商数(117.49±10.99),操作智商数(117.24±10.54),智商数[(118.98±10.95)],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。抑郁症组的WCST总测验数[(74.70±27.96)个]、持续错误数[(26.07±15.31)个]、随机错误数[(24.46±17.54)个]均明显高于对照组[WCST总测验数(60.15±23.05)个,持续错误数(17.56±11.44)个,随机错误数(17.73±14.27)个],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05)。抑郁症组长时记忆成绩、短时记忆成绩和记忆商数低于对照组2个标准差。(2)逐步多元回归分析显示,抑郁症患者的长时记忆成绩及记忆商数与绝望感因子分均呈负相关(均P=0.00),短时记忆成绩和即刻记忆成绩与阻滞因子分均呈负相关(均P=0.00),语言智商与焦虑/躯体化因子分呈负相关(P=0.01),操作智商及智商与HAMD总分均呈负相关(均P=0.01),WCST总测验数和持续错误数与HAMD总分均呈正相关(P=0.01,P=0.02),随机错误数与阻滞因子分呈正相关(P=0.02)。结论首发抑郁症患者急性期的记忆、语言智商、操作智商和执行功能明显减退,临床症状严重程度影响认知功能的改变。     

综合康复治疗对社区慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的3年随访

目的 探讨社区治疗及家庭心理治疗的综合康复治疗模式对社区慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 采用随机抽样法,将98例上海市普陀区社区慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组(48例)和对照组(50例),在维持原有抗精神病药物治疗的同时,由专职精神科医师和经过专业培训的社区工作者对干预组组织社区治疗并进行定期综合心理教育式家庭干预,对照组仅为上门随访.于入组前及第3年末分别对两组患者进行阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS) 评定精神症状、Morning Side康复状态量表(MRSS)评定康复状态、韦氏成人智力测验(WAIS-RC)、简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)、威斯康星卡片分类试验(WCST)测定患者认知功能水平.随访3年.结果 观察前后干预组在PANSS总分[(47.43±12.62)与( 42.38±11.40),t=8.89,P=0.001]、MRSS总分[(48.60±2.99)与( 40.46±3.47), t=7.696,P=0.002]、 MMSE[(19.54±2.99) 与( 23.68±1.42), t=3.684,P=0.005]、WCST总测验数[(87.76±20.54) 与( 80.08±21.33 ), t=3.431,P=0.003]等存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 社区治疗及家庭心理治疗的综合康复治疗模式对社区慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,认知功能尤其是执行功能具有明显改善.     

Active cognitive lifestyle associates with cognitive recovery and a reduced risk of cognitive decline

Education and lifestyle factors linked with complex mental activity are thought to affect the progression of cognitive decline. Collectively, these factors can be combined to create a cognitive reserve or cognitive lifestyle score. This study tested the association between cognitive lifestyle score and cognitive change in a population-based cohort of older persons from five sites across England and Wales. Data came from 13,004 participants of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study who were aged 65 years and over. Cognition was assessed at multiple waves over 16 years using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Subjects were grouped into four cognitive states (no impairment, slight impairment, moderate impairment, severe impairment) and cognitive lifestyle score was assessed as a composite measure of education, mid-life occupation, and current social engagement. A multi-state model was used to test the effect of cognitive lifestyle score on cognitive transitions. Hazard ratios for cognitive lifestyle score showed significant differences between those in the upper compared to the lower tertile with a more active cognitive lifestyle associating with: a decreased risk of moving from no to slight impairment (0.58, 95% CI (0.45, 0.74)); recovery from a slightly impaired state back to a non-impaired state (2.93 (1.35, 6.38)); but an increased mortality risk from a severely impaired state (1.28 (1.12, 1.45)). An active cognitive lifestyle is associated with a more favorable cognitive trajectory in older persons. Future studies would ideally incorporate neuroradiological and neuropathological data to determine if there is causal evidence for these associations.     

Multiple cognitive deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVE: To determine if more widespread cognitive deficits are present in a narrowly defined group of patients with the amnestic form of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: From a larger sample of patients clinically diagnosed as meeting the criteria of Petersen et al. for amnestic MCI, we selected 22 subjects who had Clinical Dementia Rating scores of zero on all domains besides memory and orientation. These MCI subjects with presumably isolated memory impairments were compared to 35 age-matched normal controls and 33 very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULT: In addition to the expected deficits in episodic memory, the amnestic MCI group performed less well than the controls but better than the AD group on design fluency, category fluency, a set shifting task and the Stroop interference condition. Over half the amnestic MCI group (vs. none of the normal controls) scored at least 1 standard deviation below control means on 4 or more of the nonmemory cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated memory impairment may be fairly uncommon in clinically diagnosed amnestic MCI patients, even when the criteria for amnestic MCI are fairly narrow. Additional cognitive impairments are likely to include fluency and executive functioning. These more diffuse deficits argue for comprehensive cognitive assessments, even when the patient and family are reporting only memory decline, and are consistent with the increase in attention paid to the heterogeneity of MCI.     

Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) typically present with motor symptoms, but non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms, are usually also present, when looked for carefully. The objective of this paper is to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive review of two undecided issues about cognitive impairment in PD patients without dementia: the concept of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and the concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR). Empirical findings support the value of the concept of MCI in this population, from the early untreated stages onwards. Further studies are needed to establish 1) the clinical-neuroimaging characteristics of MCI subtypes in PD, in comparison to those MCI subtypes in patients without PD; 2) whether different types of MCI in PD are associated with different rates of cognitive decline during the progression of the disease. Preliminary empirical evidence also shows that education might exert a protective effect on cognitive decline in PD and that less educated subjects are at increased risk for developing dementia, lending support to the CR hypothesis, in this population as well. Further studies are necessary to investigate how CR modulates cognitive decline in PD and other frontal-subcortical disorders, e.g. by identifying possible differential effects of CR on different cognitive domains.     

认知功能电话问卷修订版在认知功能损害早期测查中的应用

目的　检测认知功能电话问卷修订版 (TICS m)在认知功能损害早期测查时的信度和效度。方法　认知功能损害组患者 64例,对照组为社区健康老人 52名。由 2名神经科医师独立、盲法检查TICS m。做操作者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算诊断效度。结果　TICS m各部分面访与电话访问的Pearson相关系数在 0 79~0 96之间,重测信度Pearson相关系数在 0 89 ~0 98之间。TICS m诊断痴呆( <28分)和轻度认知功能损害( <33分)的敏感性分别为 99%和 89%,特异性为 90%和92%,优于细微精神状态检查(MMSE)。TICS m总分和记忆力部分的敏感性较高。结论　TICS m具有很好的信度和效度,可用于认知功能损害早期的临床和流行病学筛查。TICS m对早期认知功能损害的诊断效度优于MMSE。     

Estrogen and cognitive functioning in men with mild cognitive impairment

Although men do not experience an abrupt cessation of gonadal hormone production at midlife as do women, levels of testosterone (T) decrease gradually with aging. Because estradiol (E₂) arises mainly from the conversion of T in men, the availability of E₂ also decreases with increasing age. In randomized clinical trials, E₂ replacement therapy has been shown to maintain aspects of cognition in postmenopausal women, specifically with regard to verbal memory. The present prospective, randomized, cross-over trial is being undertaken in order to determine whether E₂ will enhance verbal memory in men with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Men with MCI will randomly receive E₂ or placebo for the first 3 mo of treatment and will then be crossed-over to the other treatment for an additional 3 mo. A battery of neuropsychological tests will be administered at pretreatment and, again, following each 3-mo treatment phase. It is hypothesized that elderly men with MCI will perform better on tests of explicit memory when they are being treated with E₂ compared to their performance under placebo conditions.