精神分裂症患者出院后2年的复发情况调查

目的:调查精神分裂症患者出院后2年的服药依从性和复发情况以及复发的相关影响因素。方法:选取出院的精神分裂症患者371例,自制调查问卷,回顾性调查出院后第1年及第2年时的复发率、服药认识、依从性、就诊及工作/学习情况;使用Logistic回归分析复发的相关影响因素。结果:患者出院后第1年及第2年复发率分别为32.9%(122例)和40.2%(72例)。出院后第1年复发组与未复发组在对服药的认识、依从性、复诊频率及坚持正常工作/学习比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);第2年复发组对服药的认识(χ2=17.554)、依从性(χ2=62.514)、复诊频率(χ2=4.131)及坚持正常工作/学习(χ2=9.806)方面均明显差于未复发组(P0.05或P0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示,第1年及第2年对服药认识积极、服药依从性好及能坚持正常工作/学习的患者复发风险更低(OR=0.152~0.376,P0.05或P0.01);而第1年的依从性、服药认识与第2年复发无相关。结论:精神分裂症患者出院后对服药认识积极、依从性好、定期复诊及能坚持正常工作/学习可有效降低复发的风险。     

精神分裂症患者出院后药物治疗依从性的影响因素分析

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者出院后药物治疗依从性及相关影响因素。方法:对175例出院后的精神分裂症患者进行6个月的随访调查,通过电话、入户或门诊随访完成自编《精神分裂症患者药物治疗依从性调查问卷》,分析患者出院后药物治疗依从性及影响依从性的相关危险因素。结果:精神分裂症患者出院后药物治疗依从率仅为61. 1%(107/175例);影响患者出院后药物治疗依从性的危险因素包括缺乏疾病相关知识(OR=2. 319,95%CI:1. 56～3. 07)、药物不良反应(OR=6. 209,95%CI:4. 768～7. 650)、药物种类(OR=1. 931,95%CI:1. 257～2. 605)、对医师的信任较差(OR=2. 855,95%CI:1. 908～3. 801)、门诊不定期复诊(OR=3. 300,95%CI:2. 181～4. 419)及缺乏家庭支持(OR=4. 319,95%CI:2. 935～5. 703)等(P 0. 05或P 0. 001)。结论:精神分裂症患者出院后的药物治疗依从性较差,与缺乏疾病相关知识、药物不良反应、不定期复诊、缺乏家庭支持等影响因素有关。     

精神分裂症恢复期复发影响因素的研究

目的探讨精神分裂症复发的相关影响因素。方法以2012年~2013年河北省石家庄市第八医院诊断为精神分裂症的192名患者为对象,随访3年,了解患者恢复期的复发情况,运用自制的调查问卷收集患者基础资料、临床资料,采用二分类Logistic回归分析精神分裂症复发影响因素。结果192例精神分裂症患者3年内复发93例,复发率48.44%,多因素分析发现男性,家庭支持一般、差,未婚、离婚,偏执型患者,病程1年,有精神病家族史服药不依从是精神分裂症复发的危险因素。尤其是有精神病家族史(OR=4.837,95%CI:2.514~7.326),服药不依从(OR=3.159,95%CI:1.745~4.467)是精神分裂症复发的主要危险因素。结论精神分裂症患者复发受到遗传、服药依从性、家庭环境、疾病的病程、类型等多种因素的影响,应该针对上述因素来降低精神分裂症患者的复发。     

院外精神分裂症患者服药依从性影响因素分析

目的:探讨院外精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响因素。方法:431例精神分裂症患者出院后按照服药情况分为服药依从性较好(GMC)组和服药依从性较差(PMC)组;对影响服药依从性的个人及家庭因素进行调查和分析。结果:PMC组未婚/离异、文化程度高中以下、家庭关系紧张、未认识服药重要性、药物不良反应发生率明显高于GMC组,服用经典抗精神药率明显低于GMC组(P均0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示文化程度高中以下、家庭关系紧张、药物不良反应、未认识服药重要性、婚姻5个因素是服药依从性的影响因素(OR=11.353、OR=3.857、OR=3.329、OR=2.058、OR=1.788,P均0.05)。结论:院外精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响因素是文化程度、家庭关系、药物不良反应、对服药的认识及婚姻状况。     

电子社区管理对精神分裂症患者出院后康复的影响

目的:探讨电子社区管理对出院后恢复期精神分裂症患者康复的影响。方法:将临床"痊愈"出院的精神分裂症患者206例按出院顺序交替分为研究组102例和对照组104例;两组患者均给予抗精神病药维持治疗及常规出院指导,研究组在此基础上实施电子社区管理,观察1年。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、Momingside康复状态量表(MRSS)、服药依从性量表在入组时和1年后分别进行测评,评价患者的心理健康、服药依从性及复发率。结果:经电子社区管理1年后,研究组SCL-90各项评分(t=2.31~5.72)、MRSS各项评分(t=2.19~5.15)均明显低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);服药依从性高于对照组(χ2=12.67,P0.01),复发率(28.43%)低于对照组(42.30%)(χ2=4.33,P0.05)。结论:电子社区管理能显著提高出院后精神分裂症患者的服药依从性、改善社会功能及降低疾病的复发率。     

抑郁症患者院外服药依从性的相关因素及其对复发的影响

目的分析抑郁症患者院外服药依从性的相关因素及其对抑郁症复发的影响。方法选取2011年7月至2014年7月之间出院抑郁症患者135例进行随访。调查内容主要包括一般人口学资料、住院治疗与出院后服药相关情况、家庭和社会支持情况、复发情况等。实际共得到120例调查资料,按照遵照医嘱服药或是自行减药、断续服药、停药将其分为依从组和非依从组,其中依从组56例,非依从组64例。结果 (1)依从组和非依从组患者在性别、年龄上的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在受教育程度和婚姻情况上的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)120例患者中,有76例出现复发,44例未见复发。依从组中复发15例,占26.7%,非依从组中复发61例,占93.8%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)Logistic回归分析得出,影响抑郁症服药依从性的直接因素主要有文化程度、家庭对服药的态度、用药维持时间、用药剂量、工作能力、复发情况。结论加强宣传遵照医嘱服药重要性,注重改善家庭环境,提高医疗质量是提高抑郁症患者院外依从性,降低复发率的关键。     

重性抑郁障碍患者出院后的服药依从性及其影响因素

目的 对出院重性抑郁患者的服药依从性进行评价并分析其影响因素.方法 选取2012年8月～2013年8月在唐山市第五医院住院符合DSM-Ⅳ重性抑郁障碍诊断的144例患者.在出院时对其进行一般情况、对自己服用抗抑郁药基本知识掌握情况、对抗抑郁药物的态度、对医生交流风格的评价等,在患者出院后第4、8、16周使用Morisky问卷对患者的依从性进行评价.探讨上述各因素对服药依从性的预测作用.结果 144例患者16周后的完全依从率为36.1％.完全依从组与部分依从组在年龄、婚姻状况、家属对患者服药的态度、是否知道药物的不良反应、是否知道抗抑郁药的作用机制、抗抑郁药物态度、医生交流风格评价等因素的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,将是否为完全依从作为因变量,将以上项目作为自变量进行Logistic回归,结果显示抗抑郁药态度及是否知道抗抑郁药的作用机制2个变量进入方程,回归系数分别为2.323,1.205.结论 出院后重性抑郁症患者的服药依从性较低,对抗抑郁药的态度和抗抑郁药知识是服药依从性的影响因素.     

北京市怀柔区社区严重精神障碍患者免费服药依从性相关因素分析

目的 探索了解北京市怀柔区社区居家严重精神障碍患者免费服药依从性的相关因素。 方法 采用简单随机抽样的方法，对 2018 年 3 月至 2019 年 3 月期间，登记在“北京市怀柔区精神卫生管 理系统”的社区免费服药的严重精神障碍患者 600 例进行 Morisky 自我报告服药依从性问卷（MAQ-8）调 查，依据调查情况分为依从性差（MAQ-8 得分＜ 6 分）组与依从性好（MAQ-8 得分 6～8 分）组。收集所有 对象的一般特征（性别、年龄、工作情况、居住环境、婚姻状态、居住方式、躯体疾病、家族史、药敏史、疾 病类型、家庭收入、受教育年限、住院次数等）以及影响服药依从性的因素。采用访谈法对 15 例严重精 神障碍患者进行个案访谈，通过现象学分析法对资料进行分析，得到影响服药依从性的 9 个主题；采用 t检验和χ2 检验分析依从性差组与依从性好组患者一般特征的差异，采用多因素 Logistic 回归分析方法 分析影响患者依从性的因素。结果 本次研究共筛查 600 例，采集有效信息 435 例，其中 325 例（74.7%） 服药依从性好，110 例（25.3%）服药依从性差；未按医嘱服药的原因中，选择率最高者为忘记服用（60.0%， 66/110），其次为无监护人管理督促（43.6%，48/110）和自知力缺乏（35.5%，39/110）。多因素 Logistic 回归 分析结果显示，居住环境在平原区的患者服药依从性劣于山区的患者（OR=2.41，95%CI：1.14～5.10，P＜ 0.05）；家庭月收入＜ 3 000 元的患者服药依从性优于家庭月收入≥ 5 000 元的患者（OR=0.36，95%CI： 0.19～0.70，P＜ 0.01）；受教育程度低是服药依从性的危险因素（OR=13.81，95%CI：2.82～67.7，P＜ 0.01）。 结论 北京市怀柔区的居家免费服药的严重精神障碍患者中，居住环境、家庭月收入、受教育年限是影 响依从性的主要影响因素。未按医嘱服药的原因主要为各种原因忘记服用，其次为无监护人管理督促 而未服药和自知力缺乏。     

缺血性脑血管病二级预防药物依从性与卒中复发的关系研究

目的 调查中国缺血性脑血管病患者二级预防药物依从性的现状,探讨急性缺血性脑血管病患者 3个月二级预防药物的依从性与1年卒中复发的关系。 方法 研究纳入18岁以上的首发急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者。药物依从性被定义为随访期间规律服 用所有出院时所带的二级预防药物。采用多变量Logistic回归分析出院3个月二级预防药物依从性的影 响因素及出院3个月药物依从性与1年卒中复发之间的关系。 结果 研究共纳入2768例病例,平均年龄为（62.3±11.4）岁,女性988例（35.7％）。3个月随访 时,药物依从者2016例（72.8%）,非依从性者752例（27.2%）,药物依从性最高的是抗血小板药物 （95.3％）,随后是降糖药物（90.9％）、降压药（90.2％）和降脂药物（85.4％）,抗凝药的依从性最 低（73％）。糖尿病史（OR 1.40,95%CI 1.14～1.73,P =0.0016）和降糖药物使用史（OR 1.43,95%CI 1.14～1.79,P =0.0022）可能是药物依从性的影响因素,但校正年龄、性别后两者对药物依从性的影 响均无统计学意义。校正年龄、性别、医保类型、吸烟、疾病史、家族史等混杂因素后,Logistic回归 结果显示3个月二级预防药物依从性是出院1年的卒中复发率降低的独立影响因素（OR 0.36,95％CI 0.14～0.91,P =0.0301）。 结论 急性缺血性脑血管病患者3个月药物依从性良好是1年卒中复发率降低的独立影响因素。     

社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性调查及影响因素分析

目的探讨社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性及影响因素。方法对上海市虹口区8个街道社区卫生服务中心登记在册的精神分裂症患者服药依从性情况进行问卷调查,运用二元Logistic回归方法分析影响患者服药依从性的因素。结果入组的2342例社区精神分裂症患者中,服药依从性好者为2159例(占92.2%),服药依从性差者为183例(占7.8%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示起病形式缓慢(OR=2.230,95%CI:1.374～3.619,P=0.001)、自知力不全(OR=6.027,95%CI:1.769～20.533,P=0.004)或缺失(OR=9.306,95%CI:2.146～40.360,P=0.003)、病情严重程度评分 10分(OR=3.229,95%CI:1.765～5.910,P0.001)、就诊方式为未门诊(OR=15.413,95%CI:5.912～40.180,P0.001)、不定期复诊(OR=19.838,95%CI:11.914～33.032,P0.001)、监护情况差(OR=2.156,95%CI:1.402～3.318,P0.001)、近期有心理生活应激事件(OR=9.112,95%CI:2.854～29.085,P0.001)为社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性的不利因素。结论社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性的影响因素包括患者的起病形式、自知力、病情严重程度、就诊方式、复诊及时性、监护情况和近期心理生活应激事件,需针对性采取干预措施以提高社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.