精神分裂症患者自我面孔识别能力与自我接纳、自我效能及自尊的相关性

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者自我面孔识别能力及其与自我接纳、自我效能及自尊的关系.方法:采用自我面孔识别任务(SFRT)对62例精神分裂症患者(患者组)进行测试,并与54名健康者(正常对照组)作比较,同时采用自我接纳问卷(SAQ)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和罗森伯格自尊量表(SES)作评估. 结果:患者组SFRT平均反应时(2189±1138) ms明显长于对照组(1152±326)ms(Z=-6.86,P＜0.001),正确率(81±16)％低于对照组(88±6)％(Z=-2.82,P＜0.01).患者组SAQ评分平均(38.37±7.25)分低于对照组(43.19±5.61)分(Z=-3.42,P＜0.01);SES评分平均(21.21±5.22)分低于对照组(23.33±4.44)分(Z=-2.13,P＜0.05);GSES评分平均(22.27±5.98)分低于对照组(24.41 ±4.83)分(Z=-2.29,P＜0.05).相关分析显示,患者组SFRT平均反应时与SES得分(r=-0.430)、GSES得分(r=-0.396)均呈负相关(P均＜0.01);SFRT正确率与SAQ总分(r=0.367)、自我接纳因子分(r=0.298)、自我评价因子分(r=0.266)均呈正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论:精神分裂症患者存在自我面孔识别能力的缺损,自我接纳、自尊水平及自我效能均低于正常人.     

精神分裂症患者面部表情认知与执行功能的相关性研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者面部表情认知功能和执行功能障碍的关系.方法:采用中国人面部情绪测验(CFET)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对56例未用药精神分裂症患者进行评估,与49名正常健康者进行比较.结果:患者组CFET的总分及6种基本情绪认知评分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).患者组WCST显著较对照组为差.控制阳性症状量表(SAPS)和阴性症状量表(SANS)总分的偏相关分析显示.患者组CFET的惊正确分与WCST的总应答数呈正相关(r=-0.31,P＜0.05),悲正确分与CFET的错误应答数(r=-0.37,P＜0.01)、选择错误率(r=-0.38,P＜0.01)、持续性应答数(r=-0.34,P＜0.05)、持续性错误数(r=-0.48,P＜0.01)和持续性错误率(r=-0.40,P＜0.01)呈负相关,而与完成分类数(r=0.25,P＜0.05)呈正相关.结论:精神分裂症患者存在广泛的面部表情认知缺陷和执行功能障碍,患者面部表情认知功能与执行功能有相关性.     

精神分裂症患者注意网络功能与情绪认知障碍的相关性研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者的注意网络功能和面孔情绪认知功能障碍及两者间的关系.方法 采用注意网络测验(ANT)和中国人面孔情绪测验(CFET)对50例未用抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者(患者组)进行评估,并与53名正常健康者(对照组)进行比较.结果 (1)ANT:患者组的平均反应时间[(743.0±97.0)ms]长于对照组[(668.9±95.8)ms,P＜0.01],定向网络效率[(30.1±30.7)ms]低于对照组[(49.6±21.3)ms,P＜0.01].(2)CFET:患者组和对照组的总分[分别为(75.46±13.28)分和(105.64±4.82)分]及对六种基本情绪的认知评分[分别为:喜(18.82±0.52)分和(19.81±0.39)分、怒(15.10±4.63)分和(18.23±1.37)分、悲(12.96±5.11)分和(18.17±1.52)分、惊(13.24±5.03)分和(18.77±1.12)分、怕(5.96±3.99)分和(15.11±2.15)分、厌(9.38±5.47)分和(15.47±2.18)分]差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)Spearman相关分析:患者组ANT正确率与CFET总分呈正相关(r=0.285),ANT平均反应时间与CFET总分(r=-0.302)和对情绪怒的认知评分(r=-0.296)呈负相关,而ANT警觉效率评分与对情绪厌的认知评分(r=0.401)呈正相关(均P＜0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者存在注意定向功能障碍和广泛的情绪认知缺陷,注意功能与情绪认知总体水平存在相关.     

社区个体化全病程管理对精神分裂症患者的康复疗效

目的 了解社区个体化全病程管理对精神分裂症患者认知及社会功能的影响.方法 将符合入组标准的82例精神分裂症患者从1～82编号,输入Excel表格,用随机函数产生相应的随机数并排序,单号为对照组(41例),双号为研究组(41例);研究组实施社区个体化全病程管理方法,对照组进行传统门诊随访治疗.采用日常生活能力量表(ADL),功能活动调查表(FAQ),Morning Side 康复状态量表( MRSS)进行社会功能评定,采用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC),临床记忆量表(CMS),计算机版威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行认知功能测定.结果 (1)认知功能的比较:研究组和对照组在基线和治疗第2年末总智商(IQ)、总记忆商(MQ)[研究组基线:IQ (94.88±11.14)分、MQ(67.07±18.92)分,治疗第2年末:IQ( 100.36±11.53)分、MQ(75.38±19.13)分;对照组基线:IQ (90.83±12.65)分、MQ(68.59±18.74)分,治疗第2年末:IQ (95.17±13.23)分、MQ(68.54±21.11)分]及WCST评分的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);研究组治疗第2年末IQ、MQ、WCST评分与基线比较,差异均有统计学意义(IQ:t =4.60,P=0.00;MQ:t =4.28,P=0.00;WCST:P均＜0.05),对照组治疗第2年末IQ、WCST中错误应答数评分[(52.94±20.09)分]与基线[ (62.17±17.32)分]比较,差异有统计学意义(IQ:t =4.30,P=0.00;WCST错误应答数:t=2.47,P=0.02).(2)社会功能的比较:治疗第2年末,研究组与对照组ADL、FAQ评分[研究组:ADL(16.03±1.91)分、FAQ( 1.72±1.70)分;对照组:ADL( 17.37±2.46)分、FAQ(2.81±2.47)分]的差异有统计学意义( ADL:t =2.64,P=0.01;FAQ:t =2.04,P=0.04);在治疗的各阶段,2组MRSS总分的差异均有统计学意义(治疗第6个月末:t =2.72,P=0.01;治疗第1年末:t=3.50,P=0.00;治疗第18个月末:t =3.38,P=0.00;治疗第2年末:t=3.34,P=0.00).结论 精神分裂症患者认知和社会功能障碍的治疗是长期、整合、系统和连续的,社区个体化全病程管理能改善患者的社会功能,纠正部分认知缺陷.     

首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者执行功能的研究

目的:探讨首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者执行功能及其与精神症状的关系. 方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及韦克斯勒记忆量表第3版(WMS-Ⅲ)空间广度测验测试75例首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者(病例组)和80名健康对照者(对照组)的执行功能;病例组同时应用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定病情. 结果:病例组WCST的错误总数、持续反应数和持续错误数显著高于对照组,正确总数显著低于对照组(P均＜0.01);WMS-Ⅲ总分和空间广度逆行分显著低于对照组(P均＜0.05).病例组PANSS阴性症状分与WMS-Ⅲ空间广度逆行分及总分负相关(r=-0.276,r=-0.230;P均＜0.05);阳性症状分与WCST完成分类数负相关(r=-0.258,P＜0.05);一般病理学总分与WMS-Ⅲ空间广度逆行分负相关(r=-0.244,P＜0.05). 结论:首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者执行功能显著受损,并与病情有关.     

男性酒精依赖患者的威斯康星卡片分类测验及脑质子波谱动态研究

目的 通过磁共振质子波谱(1H-MRS)检测酒精依赖患者额叶代谢物质的变化,探讨酒精依赖所致认知障碍的神经生物学基础.方法 分别于戒酒前和戒酒1个月时应用1H-MRS技术,检测10例男性酒精依赖患者(患者组)的额叶氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)、肌酸(Cr)变化,并与10名正常对照者(对照组)进行比较;同时用威斯康星卡片分类测试(WCST)评定受试者的认知功能.结果 (1)戒酒前,患者组双侧前额叶灰质和白质NAA/Cr比值均低于对照组(P＜0.05),戒酒1个月时较戒酒前有好转(P=0.00),但仍低于对照组(P＜0.05);而Cho/Cr戒酒前后的差异元统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)患者组戒酒前WCST中的完成分类数[(0.70±1.06)个]和概念化水平[(16.29±10.27)%]低于戒酒1个月时[分别为(3.80±2.15)个,(52.32±20.81)%],而错误应答数[(83.60±10.80)个]和持续性错误[(34.80±16.94)个]高于戒酒1个月时[分别为(42.80±21.06)个,(21.70±11.39)个;P＜0.05].(3)患者组戒酒前后右侧灰质NAA/Cr变化与WCST完成分类数的变化相关(r=0.7002,P＜0.05).结论 长期饮酒可导致酒精依赖患者前额叶代谢物浓度改变;其认知功能的损害,可能与酒精对前额叶代谢物浓度的影响有关.     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属人格特征的研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属的人格特征.方法 采用分裂型人格问卷(SPQ)及三维人格问卷(TPQ)评定181例精神分裂症患者一级亲属(高危组)、321名正常对照个体(对照组)的人格特征.结果 高危组sPQ阴性分裂型人格维度评分[(9.80±7.05)分]高于对照组[(8.42±5.87)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高危组在TPQ寻求新奇维度评分[(15.60±5.62)分]、奖赏依赖维度评分[(17.41 ±1.13)分]与对照组[(14.20±2.83)分,(18.22±3.26)分]的差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).高危组的阴性分裂型人格维度分数与寻求新奇维度、奖赏依赖维度分数显著相关(r=0.17和-0.23).结论 精神分裂症患者一级亲属具有阴性分裂型维度、寻求新奇维度、奖赏依赖维度的人格特征.     

首发精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的研究

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症患者认知功能状况. 方法对60例首发精神分裂症患者进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST),韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-R)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定,同时对60名正常健康志愿者进行WCST评定. 结果病例组在WCST完成分类数(t=-4.6,P<0.05)、正确应答数(t=-2.3,P<0.05)、概念化水平百分数(t=-4.9,P<0.05)、错误应答数(t=5.8,P<0.05)以及持续错误数(t=4.6,P<0.05)等评定指标上测试成绩明显差于对照组;患者的WCST正确应答数与操作智商(r=0.5,P<0.05)、总智商(r=0.5,P<0.05)以及总记忆商数(r=0.6,P<0.05)呈正相关;错误应答数与操作智商(r=-0.5,P<0.05)以及总智商呈负相关(r=-0.5,P<0.05);持续错误数与总记忆商数呈负相关(r=-0.5,P<0.05);BPRS迟滞因子分与WCST总用时、错误应答数呈正相关(r=0.4,P<0.05);敌对猜疑因子分与WCST总用时呈正相关(r=0.4,P<0.05). 结论精神分裂症患者部分认知功能受损,与精神症状之间存在相关.     

男性精神分裂症患者前额叶质子波谱特点及其与执行功能的关系

目的探讨男性精神分裂症患者前额叶氢质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectrosco-py,1H-MRS)的特点及与执行功能的关系。方法纳入26例7d内未使用抗精神病药物及影响脑内乙酰胆碱神经递质药物的男性精神分裂症患者及28名男性正常对照。两组在入组24h内采用多体素1H-MRS检测前额叶生化代谢物N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)与肌酸复合物(Cr),完成NAA/Cr值、Cho/Cr值和NAA/(Cho+Cr)值的计算,同时进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,WCST)评定受试者的执行功能。结果患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值(1.40±0.34)低于对照组(1.69±0.31),差异有统计学意义(t=2.93,P0.01)。患者组WCST的错误应答数、持续应答数、持续错误数均明显高于对照组(t分别为2.32、2.25、2.40,P均小于0.05),分类数和概念化水平应答数均明显低于对照组(t=2.91,P0.01;t=2.46,P0.05)。患者组左侧前额叶NAA/Cr值与错误应答数、持续错误数呈正相关(r=0.45,P0.05;r=0.47,P0.05),与分类数、概念化水平应答数呈负相关(r=-0.54,P0.01;r=-0.56,P0.01)。结论男性精神分裂症患者左侧前额叶可能存在神经元功能和(或)结构异常,这可能是引起额叶执行功能障碍的原因。     

精神分裂症患者血清GFAP与MBP水平的变化

目的 研究精神分裂症患者血清中神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein,GFAP)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(Myelin Basic Protein,MBP)水平的变化和临床症状之间的关系.方法 用酶联免疫吸附技术(Enzyme-linked Immunoadsordent Assay,ELISA)测定112例精神分裂症患者和120例正常对照者血清GFAP和MBP的浓度,用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS)评定患者的临床症状.结果 患者组血清GFAP的浓度低于正常对照组[(0.74±0.09)vs.(1.67±0.91)],P＜0.01.患者组血清MBP的浓度也低于正常对照组[(5.88±0.91)vs.(17.45±7.77)],P＜0.01.相关分析显示,患者组GFAP和MBP的水平与精神分裂症病程呈负相关(r=-0.19,P＜0.05;r=-0.20,P＜0.05).而患者组GFAP水平与PANSS总分、阳性、阴性症状分不相关(r=-0.05,P＞0.05;r=0.03,P＞0.05;r=0.12,P＞0.05).患者组MBP的水平与PANSS总分、阳性、阴性症状分不相关(r=0.06,P＞0.05;r=0.05,P＞0.05;r=0.34,P＞0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者血清GFAP和MBP的浓度均低于正常对照组,可能与病程存在一定程度的相关性,推测精神分裂症患者随病程的延长可能存在中枢神经系统胶质细胞的进一步退化表现,且着眼于血清GHAP和MBP浓度的高低,可能有利于预测精神分裂症疗效的好坏.     

Facial recognition 1990

A review of recent studies of prosopagnosia suggests that the weight of evidence has shifted in favor of regarding it as a disability that can be produced by a right hemisphere lesion alone even though bilateral disease remains the more frequent anatomical basis. It is possible that prosopagnosia resulting from a right hemisphere lesion occurs only within the context of some atypical condition of the left hemisphere. "Types" of prosopagnosia continue to be postulated and the "identification of individuality" hypothesis continues to be advanced. Autonomic and covert recognition studies of prosopagnosic patients have described a new dimension in facial identification. Right hemisphere dominance for the discrimination of unfamiliar faces in non-aphasic patients has been confirmed but the performances of left-hemisphere damaged aphasic patients has still not been fully investigated. New developments include the study of developmental prosopagnosia and novel applications of test of facial discrimination.     

Face recognition in children

Summary The human face provides important cues for recognition of both individuals and emotions. A card-sorting test was devised for assessing which aspects of a face are attended to primarily. The subjects were 21 5-year-old children and 18 psychology students. The task required a choice between (a) person identity and an irrelevant aspect (hairstyle); (b) person identity and facial expression (emotions); and (c) as a control condition, complex visual stimuli without social meaning (form and colour). No group differences emerged with the non-social stimuli, ruling out differences between children and adults in general sorting strategies. The two groups processed non-emotional facial stimuli differently, with the children showing mixed sorting behaviour, and the students usually making choices based on person identity. This can be explained by different processing strategies. However, when person identity and facial expressions were the competing dimensions in the card-sorting task, both groups showed a preference for the facial expression. It is argued that this reflects the great importance of emotional signals for both children and adults. The relevance of this finding for disturbed development is discussed.This research was supported by grant no. Pl 35/19-1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Yes/no recognition, forced-choice recognition, and the human hippocampus

Two recent studies reported that yes/no recognition can be more impaired by hippocampal lesions than forced-choice recognition when the targets and foils are highly similar. This finding has been taken in support of two fundamental proposals: (1) yes/no recognition tests depend more on recollection than do forced-choice tests; and (2) the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process. Using the same stimulus materials as in the earlier studies, we tested five memory-impaired patients with circumscribed hippocampal lesions and 15 controls. As in the earlier studies, participants studied 12 pictures of objects and then took either a 12-item forced-choice test with four alternatives or a 60-item yes/no test. Patients were impaired on both tests but did more poorly on the yes/no test. However, a yes/no test based on 12 study items would conventionally involve only 24 test items (i.e., 12 study items and 12 foil items). When we scored only the first 24 test items, the patients performed identically on the yes/no and forced-choice tests. Examination of the data in blocks of 12 trials indicated that the scores of the patients declined as testing continued. We suggest that a yes/no test of 60 items is difficult relative to a 12-item forced-choice test due to the increased study-test delay and due to increased interference, not because of any fundamental difference between the yes/no and forced-choice formats. We conclude that hippocampal lesions impair yes/no and forced-choice recognition to the same extent.     

Facial recognition and autism

Through the presentation of four facial expressions' illustrations, we evaluate the capacity of autistic children recognition, comparing with normal intelligence children and adults. The comparison of results was accomplished through the qui-square test. The differences observed were significant, showing that a disturbance of the facial expressions' perception is present in autistic children, and that it interferes directly in the social relationships.     

Gesture recognition in aphasia

abstract

to study the relationship between verbal and nonverbal behaviour in aphasia, a Gesture Recognition Test (GRT) was given to 111 aphasic patients and to 48 normal controls (NC). Forty-eight aphasics were impaired on the GRT. Global, Wernicke's and Transcortical aphasìcs performed worse than Broca's, Conduction and Anomic aphasics, whose scores did not differ from those of NC. Although a moderate to strong correlation was found between GRT and auditory comprehension performances, type of aphasia had an effect on gesture recognition that was independent of the severity of auditory comprehension impairment. This may reflect the major role played by posterior left-hemispheric areas in the identification of gestures. GRT impairment was associated with reading defects only in patients with central alexia. A strong correlation was found with constructional apraxia, suggesting that these two nonverbal tasks share common neural mechanisms. The weak association between gesture recognition impairment and ideomotor apraxia supports an independence between “receptive” and “expressive” aspects of gestural communication.