成人白血病危险因素的病例-对照研究

目的探讨成人白血病的危险因素.方法2004年5-12月采用成组设计病例-对照研究,对192例白血病病人和241例社区对照人群进行回顾性调查.调查受试者的一般情况、疾病史、室内外居住环境、有害物质接触史和家族遗传史等,应用非条件Logistic回归模型对资料进行分析.结果多因素Logistic回归分析显示,职业是机关干部(OR=7.06,P＜0.01)、住所周围有工厂(OR=5.54,P＜0.05)、居室装修后立即入住(OR=4.44,P＜0.05)、卧室地面采用释放挥发性有机物(VOCs)的装修材料(OR=3.21,P＜0.05)、染发频率大于3.5次/a(OR=1.09,P＜0.05)的人群患白血病的危险性较大,均有统计学意义.结论职业、住所周围有工厂、居室装修材料及装修后入住时间短、染发频率大于3.5次/a可能是成人白血病的危险因素.     

Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Central India: A Case-Control Study

Background:

Atherosclerosis is a multi-factorial disease involving the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Studies highlighting the public health importance of risk factors like chronic infections causing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Indian context are scarce. This study was undertaken to study the association of socio-demographic and life-style factors with acute myocardial infarction in central India.

Materials and Methods:

The cases and controls were group-matched for age, gender, and socio-economic status. A blinded research associate administered the study questionnaire. We performed an unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results:

The case-control study included 265 cases of AMI and 265 controls. The results of final model of logistic regression analysis for risk factors of AMI included 11 risk factors at α = 0.05. They were waist hip ratio, body mass index, stress at home in last 1 year, hypertension, family history of CHD, past history of gingival sepsis, tobacco smoking, raised total serum cholesterol, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and raised C-reactive protein.

Conclusion:

The findings confirm the role of conventional risk factors for cardiac disease and highlight need for research into the association between chronic infections with AMI.     

上海松江岳阳社区居民慢性病患病现状及行为危险因素分析

[目的]了解上海市松江区岳阳社区居民慢性非传染性疾病的流行现状及行为危险因素。[方法]采用分层随机抽样的方法，按国家卫生部“中国成人慢性病危险因素调查”的要求，抽取在该社区居住满1年的18～69岁常住居民1984名，进行问卷调查和体格检查。[结果]72．1％的样本人群具有≥1种危险因素，33．1％的样本人群患有≥1种慢性病。吸烟率、饮酒率、超重率、肥胖率分别为24．1％、21．5％、27．5％、6．6％；样本人群中，34．7％缺乏体力活动，49．1％钙质摄入不足，6．9％维生素B、C摄入不足，45．3％蛋白质摄入不足，9．7％嗜腌制品（苯丙胺类致癌物质及高钠食品）；高血压和糖尿病的患病率分别为26．6％、5．5％。Logistic回归分析显示：高血压、糖尿病的共同危险因素为40岁以上人群、高血脂、肥胖。[结论]行为危险因素的持续存在，已导致慢性病的高发。大力开展社区健康教育与健康促进，应采取综合性干预措施，遏止慢性病流行。     

Potential Risk Factors for,and Clinical Implications of,Delirium during Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Matched Case-Control Study

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between a wide set of baseline characteristics (age, sex, rehabilitation discipline), functional scores [Functional Independence Measure (FIM), cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS)], diseases, and administered drugs and incident delirium in rehabilitation inpatients and, furthermore, to assess clinical implications of developing delirium during rehabilitation.DesignMatched case-control study based on electronic health record data.Setting and participantsWe studied rehabilitation stays of inpatients admitted between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018, to ZURZACH Care, Rehaklinik Bad Zurzach, an inpatient rehabilitation clinic in Switzerland.MethodsWe conducted unconditional logistic regression analyses to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% CIs of exposures that were recorded in ≥5 cases and controls.ResultsAmong a total of 10,503 rehabilitation stays, we identified 125 validated cases. Older age, undergoing neurologic rehabilitation, a low FIM, and a high CIRS were associated with an increased risk of incident delirium. Being diagnosed with a bacterial infection (AOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.06-6.49), a disorder of fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base balance (AOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.19-6.38), Parkinson's disease (AOR 5.68, 95% CI 2.54-12.68), and administration of antipsychotic drugs (AOR 8.06, 95% CI 4.26-15.22), antiparkinson drugs (AOR 2.86, 95% CI 1.42-5.77), drugs for constipation (AOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.25-3.58), heparins (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.29-3.24), or antidepressant drugs (AOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.14-3.10) during rehabilitation, or an increased anticholinergic burden (ACB ≥ 3) (AOR 2.59, 95% CI 1.41-4.73) were also associated with an increased risk of incident delirium.Conclusions and ImplicationsWe identified a set of factors associated with an increased risk of incident delirium during inpatient rehabilitation. Our findings contribute to detect patients at risk of delirium during inpatient rehabilitation.     

Risk Factors of Cholera Transmission in Al Hudaydah,Yemen: Case-Control Study

BackgroundYemen has recently faced the largest cholera outbreak in the world, which started at the end of 2016. By the end of 2017, the cumulative reported cases from all governorates reached 777,229 with 2134 deaths. Al Hudaydah was one of the most strongly affected areas, with 88,741 (18%) cases and 244 (12%) deaths reported.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with cholera transmission in Al Hudaydah city, Yemen.MethodsFrom December 1, 2017 to January 10, 2018, a total of 104 patients with cholera (57 women and 47 men) who presented at cholera treatment centers in Al Hudaydah city with three or more watery stools in a 24-hour period and with moderate or severe dehydration were identified for inclusion in this study. Each case was matched by age and gender with two controls who were living in the neighboring house. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect data on behavioral and environmental risk factors such as drinking water from public wells, storing water in containers, consumption of unwashed vegetables or fruits, and sharing a toilet.ResultsThe median age of the cases and controls was 20 years (range 5-80) and 23 years (range 5-85), respectively. Only 6% of cases and 4% of controls were employed. Multivariate analysis showed that eating unwashed vegetables or fruits (odds ratio [OR] 7.0, 95% CI 1.6-30.6, P=.01), storing water in containers (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-7.3, P=.01), drinking water from a public well (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.7, P=.02), and using a public toilet (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.1-24.4, P=.04) were significantly associated with cholera infection risk.ConclusionsThe cholera transmission risk factors in Al Hudaydah city were related to water and sanitation hygiene. Therefore, increasing awareness of the population on the importance of water chlorination, and washing fruits and vegetables through a health education campaign is strongly recommended.     

确诊和临界高血压危险因素的病例对照研究

利用１９９１～１９９２年在天津滨江医院内科门诊高血压抽样调查资料进行病例对照研究。病例为调查前２年诊断的或调查时新发现的确诊和临界高血压病人。对照为按年龄和性别配比的无心血管疾病病史的其他门诊病人。应用条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型按确诊和临界高血压进行分析。结果显示，确诊和临界高血压的危险因素是高血压家族史、低文化水平、较高的体重或体重指数（ｋｇ／ｍ￣２）。但所有这些有关变量，均与确诊高血压关系更明显。     

北京市乳腺癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的：探索北京地区乳腺癌的主要危险因素。方法：采用１：１配对的病例对照研究方法，共押取３５０对样本，进行了多变量的筛检分析。结果：精神、心理因素和良性乳腺疾病史是生物效应较强的主要危险因素，而产后哺乳及常吃玉米为乳腺癌的保护因子。结论：此次研究结果与因内其它城市相关研究结果基本一致，但亦存在一定的地区性差异。     

儿童恶性淋巴瘤环境危险因素病例-对照研究

目的 探讨环境因素对儿童恶性淋巴瘤的影响,了解儿童恶性淋巴瘤的可能危险因素.方法 采用1:2匹配的病例-对照流行病学研究设计,选择由宁夏医科大学附属医院儿科确诊的62例儿童恶性淋巴瘤患者为病例;同时选择124例该院与病例同期住院的其他非血液系统性疾病、非肿瘤疾病患者为对照.通过问卷调查的方法收集两组人群的一般社会人口学...     

Risk Factors for Adopting Extreme Weight-Control Behaviors among Public School Adolescents in Salvador,Brazil: A Case-Control Study

Objective: This study identifies the risk factors for extreme weight-control behaviors among adolescents in public school in Salvador, northeastern Brazil.

Methods: A case-control study nested to a cross-sectional study, including 252 adolescents of both sexes, age between 11 to 17 years, with 84 cases and 168 age-matched controls was conducted. The variable outcome is represented by extreme weight-control behaviors, integrated by following the variables: self-induced vomiting and the use of laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills. Covariables included body image dissatisfaction, dieting, prolonged fasting, and self-perception of body weight. The study also investigated the demographic and anthropometric variables and economic conditions of the students’ families. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for the adoption of extreme weight-control behaviors among adolescents.

Results: Among the adolescents investigated, the conditional logistic regression explained 22% the occurrence of extreme weight-control behaviors and showed that these behaviors were positively associated to overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 3.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42–9.17), body image dissatisfaction (OR = 3.87; 95% CI, 1.75–8.54), and the adoption of a restrictive diet (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.16–6.91).

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that among adolescents, overweight, body image dissatisfaction, and restrictive diet are important risk factors to adoption of extreme weight-control behaviors.     

171例冠心病危险因素配对研究

本文报告了银川市171例冠心病配对研究结果,发现所研究的因素有冠心病家族史、高血压家族史、高血压病史、A型性格、体型肥胖、常饮白酒、大量吸纸烟、高胆固醇几因素与本地区冠心病的发生有较明显的关联;而与高甘油三脂、高β-脂蛋白和喜食肥肉等因素无明显的统计学联系。     

Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer in China: A Multicenter Case-Control Study

Background

Despite having one of the highest mortality rates of all cancers, the risk factors of pancreatic cancer remain unclear. We assessed risk factors of pancreatic cancer in China.

Methods

A case-control study design was conducted using data from four hospital-based cancer registries (Henan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Hebei Provincial Cancer Hospital, and Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences). Controls were equally matched and selected from family members of non-pancreatic cancer patients in the same hospitals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained staff using questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confident intervals (CIs).

Results

Among 646 recruited participants, 323 were pancreatic cancer patients and 323 were controls. Multivariate logistic analysis suggested that pancreatic cancer family history (adjusted OR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11–3.70), obesity (adjusted OR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.22–2.57), diabetes (adjusted OR 2.96; 95% CI, 1.48–5.92) and smoking (adjusted OR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.02–3.10) were risk factors for pancreatic cancer, but that drinking tea (adjusted OR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25–0.84) was associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer.

Conclusions

Cigarette smoking, family history, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors of pancreatic cancer, which is important information for designing early intervention and preventive strategies for pancreatic cancer and may be beneficial to pancreatic cancer control in China.Key words: pancreatic cancer, multicenter, case-control study, risk factor, China     

戊型病毒性肝炎感染危险因素病例对照调查

目的了解上海市徐汇地区戊型病毒性肝炎发病危险因素。方法病例对照调查,选择临床和血清学诊断为戊型病毒性肝炎的患者102例作为调查对象,按1：2配比204名对照者,采用单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示发病前2个月内经常外出就餐或购买外卖、食用火锅、食用生炝贝壳类、生炝河鲜类食物、生炝海鲜类食物、外出史（包括旅游、出差等）为戊型病毒性肝炎发病的主要危险因素,经多因素条件Logistic回归模型分析,OR值分别为5.779、3.042、2.592、3.460、3.196和2.492。结论上海市徐汇区戊型病毒性肝炎以经常外出就餐、食用火锅、食用生炝贝壳类、河海鲜类食物、外出史等危险因素为主。     

2011年上海市新生儿先天性心脏病影响因素的病例对照研究

[目的]分析2011年上海市新生儿先天性心脏病（CHD）发生情况,探讨CHD相关的危险因素,为人群预防措施的制定提供科学依据。[方法]采用病例对照研究方法,结合病史摘录和调查问卷,采集2011年上海市464例CHD患儿和1585例非CHD对照儿童父母的孕期及孕前期生活行为和环境暴露因素等信息。对危险因素的探索采用logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析。[结果]2011年上海市新生儿CHD以房间隔缺损为主（29．98％）,其次为动脉导管未闭（28．05％）和室间隔缺损（11．03％）o经多元logistic回归分析（X^2=116．53,P〈0．0001）发现,多胞胎妊娠、受孕时父亲年龄≥50岁、母亲未进行正规产检、母亲孕期经历负性生活事件和母亲孕期烟草暴露是CHD可能的危险因素,其OR值分别为22．65、4．60、1．31、2．52和1．62。[结论]选择最佳生育年龄,避免不良行为习惯,保持孕期心理健康,加强孕期保健,进行正规产前检查,有利于降低CHD发生的风险。     

Factors Associated with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Case-Control Study of Belgrade Women

The aim of this study was to investigate factors related to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Belgrade. A case-control study was conducted during 2006–2007. The study group consisted of 100 newly diagnosed osteoporosis patients and 100 age-matched controls (±2 years). The inclusion criteria for the case group were newly diagnosed osteoporosis confirmed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and being menopausal (at least 2 years of amenorrhea). The inclusion criteria for the control group were postmenopausal women with confirmed normal bone mineral density of the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All study participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. The following factors were significantly independently related to osteoporosis: low body weight (P < 0.001), thin constitution in childhood (P = 0.002), history of previous fracture (P = 0.033), menopause at age <47 years (P < 0.001), family history of fracture (P = 0.005), and less frequent consumption of cheese (P = 0.027) and fish (P = 0.020). The majority of factors identified may be modifiable and could be influenced to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

上海市宝山区肺癌危险因素的病例对照研究

[目的]探讨室内装修及其他生活危险因素与肺癌的关系。[方法]采用1：1配对的病例对照研究方法,以2007年确诊的163例肺癌患者为病例组,选择在年龄、性别、住址方面相匹配的非肿瘤患者为对照组,进行条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]多因素分析结果存在统计学意义的因素包括肿瘤家族史（OR=4.090,P=0.001）、被动吸烟（OR=2.528,P=0.009）、住房10年内有过装修（OR=2.074,P=0.039）、室内经常通风（OR=0.160,P=0.028）、室内种植绿色植物（OR=0.483,P=0.027）和使用实木地板（OR=0.487,P=0.045）。[结论]有肿瘤家族史、被动吸烟和曾室内装修是肺癌的危险因素,室内经常通风、种植绿色植物、使用实木地板是肺癌的保护性因素。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的危险因素。方法 采用以医院为基础的成组病例-对照研究方法 ,使用统一的调查表对93例病例和194例对照进行问卷调查,并进行体格检查和实验室检查。采用Logistic回归模型对DR的危险因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 单因素Logistic回归分析结果 表明,糖尿病确诊年龄、糖尿病病程、调查时空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖、体质指数（BMI）、腰围、臀围与DR的发生有统计学意义,OR及其95%CI分别为0.963（0.935～0.991）,1.424（1.084～1.871）,1.088（1.008～1.174）,1.140（1.065～1.220）,0.641（0.453～0.905）,0.963（0.938～0.988）和0.965（0.936～0.995）。但经调整可能的混杂因素的作用后,糖尿病确诊年龄、糖尿病病程、调查时餐后2h血糖、BMI、腰围和臀围与DR发生之间的联系仍有统计学意义,OR及其95%CI分别为0.966（0.938～0.995）,1.374（1.041～1.815）,1.130（1.042～1.226）,0.688（0.483～0.980）,0.966（0.942～0.992）和0.965（0.935～0.995）,而调查时空腹血糖与DR发生之间的联系无统计学意义。未发现血糖控制情况、既往高血压史、糖尿病家族史、高血压家族史、心脏病家族史、高脂血症史、吸烟史、饮酒史、体育锻炼、性格、调查时血胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、极低密度脂蛋白和纤维蛋白原、腰臀比等与DR的发生之间有统计学意义。结论 糖尿病确诊年龄小、糖尿病病程长均可增加DR发生的危险性;调查时餐后2h血糖水平高、BMI大、腰围和臀围大与较高的DR危险性有关。     

职业性苯接触者的呼出苯生物接触限值研究

通过现场调查、临床体检和实验测定的“班前”呼出苯浓度与接触苯浓度之比和高、中、低苯浓度接触者的呼出苯的毒物动力学观察结果,结合工人体检的健康状况和其它生物学监测指标间的关系,并参照国外制订呼出苯生物阈限值的文献报道;根据我国现行苯的最高容许浓度(40mg/m~3),建议职业性苯接触者“班前”末端呼出气中苯的生物接触限值为0.40μg/L(0.12ppm)。     

Risk Factors of Extensively Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever Among Children in Karachi: Case-Control Study

BackgroundExtensively drug resistant typhoid fever (XDR-TF) has been responsible for an ongoing outbreak in Pakistan, which began in November 2016.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with XDR-TF.MethodsThis age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted during May-October 2018 in Karachi. All patients with XDR-TF were identified from the laboratory-based surveillance system data. Cases included patients aged <15 years living in Karachi with culture-positive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. Age- and sex-matched controls included children free from the symptoms of TF, aged under 15 years, and residing in Karachi. All controls were recruited from among those who attended outpatient clinics.ResultsA total of 75 cases and 75 controls were included in this study. On univariate analysis, the odds of having XDR-TF were 13-fold higher among participants who used piped municipal water than among those who did not (odds ratio [OR] 12.6, 95% CI 4.1-38.6). The use of bore water was significantly associated with XDR-TF (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4-19.0). Cases were more likely to report eating French fries with sauce (OR 13.5, 95% CI 3.9-47.0) and poppadum (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.7) from street vendors than controls. Boiling water at home was negatively associated with XDR-TF (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). On multivariate analysis, 2 factors were independently associated with XDR-TF. Using piped municipal water (OR 10.3, 95% CI 3.4-30.4) and eating French fries with sauce from street vendors (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.1-36.2) were significantly associated with an increased odds of XDR-TF.ConclusionsCommunity water supply and street food eating habits were implicated in the spread of the superbug S typhi outbreak, which continues to grow in Karachi. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the community water supply to meet recommended standards and to develop a policy to improve the safety of street food. In addition, health authorities are required to conduct mass vaccination for TF among high-risk groups.     

杭州市余杭区居民慢性胃炎危险因素的病例-对照研究

目的 探讨杭州市余杭区居民慢性胃炎发病的危险因素，为制定慢性胃炎防治政策提供依据。方法 病例来源于2002年余杭区城乡居民上消化道疾病筛查经胃镜检查病理诊断为慢性胃炎的患者，选择与病例同村、无消化不良症状、无胃病史的常住人口为对照。采用统一编制的《余杭区慢性胃炎危险因素调查表》收集被调查者的相关资料，并经条件Logostie回归分析。结果 经多因素Logistic同归分析，吸烟、慢性胃炎家族史、饮酒、睡眠质量、口腔软垢、按时进餐、喝茶、豆制品引起慢性胃炎的OR分别3．012，2.343，1．438，1．384，1．283，0．418，0.603，0．809，饮食口味也对慢性胃炎的发生有影响（P〈0．05）。饮食嗜辣、酸、咸、甜与无口味嗜好相比OR值分别为2．72，233，2．22和2．06。结论 影响余杭区居民慢性胃炎的主要危险因素分别是吸烟、慢性胃炎家族史、饮酒、睡眠质量、口腔软垢、饮食口味。保护因素是按时进餐、喝茶、豆制品。     

Urinary Isothiocyanates Level and Liver Cancer Risk: A Nested Case-Control Study in Shanghai,China

Experimental studies have provided evidence that isothiocyanates (ITCs) from cruciferous vegetables may modulate carcinogen metabolism and facilitate carcinogen detoxification and reduce cancer risk. However, no epidemiological studies on liver cancer were reported. This study investigates the association between urinary ITCs levels and liver cancer risk among men and women in Shanghai, China. A nested case-control study of 217 incident cases of liver cancer and 427 matched controls identified from the Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study was conducted. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) summarizing the association between urinary ITCs levels and liver cancer risk. Compared to those with undetectable ITCs, nonsignificantly inverse association was observed among detectable (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.51–1.26), below-median (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.47–1.24), and above-median concentration (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.52–1.41) with liver cancer risk. Similar patterns were observed when urinary ITCs levels were categorized into tertiles or quartiles. Although our study firstly focused on the association between urinary ITCs exposure and liver cancer risk, we did not find significant results. Future multicenter prospective, different population studies are warranted to validate our findings.