Psychometric Evaluation of the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 and the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form with Children and Adolescents

This study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of 2 assessment instruments, the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 (BPI-01; Rojahn, Matson, Lott, Esbensen, & Smalls, 2001 Rojahn, J., Matson, J. L., Lott, D., Esbensen, A. J. and Smalls, Y. 2001. The Behavior Problems Inventory: An instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggressive/destructive behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31: 577–588. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF; Aman, Tassé, Rojahn, & Hammer, 1996 Aman, M. G., Tassé, M. J., Rojahn, J. and Hammer, D. 1996. The Nisonger CBRF: A child behavior rating form for children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17: 41–57. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The sample consisted of 237 ethnically diverse children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities who ranged in age from 4 to 22 years. Reliability parameters included internal consistency, interteacher agreement, teacher-parent agreement, and test-retest reliability. Factorial validity was assessed first by bivariate Spearman rank (ρ) correlations and then by examining the factor structure fit via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and discriminant validity was assessed by multiple regression analyses across the 2 instruments. Reliability coefficients (internal consistency, interteacher agreement, and test-retest reliability) of the BPI-01 and of the NCBRF subscales ranged from fair to excellent and from poor to excellent, respectively. The CFA suggested a poor fit between the present and the original BPI-01 and NCBRF factor structures, although item-total correlations were reasonable. Convergent and discriminant validity between the BPI-01 and the NCBRF, however, was strong. Limitations of the study are discussed and recommendations for future studies are presented.     

Deep Brain Stimulation and the Role of the Neuropsychologist

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) now plays an important role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, tremor, and dystonia. DBS may also have a role in the treatment of other disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and depression. The neuropsychologist plays a crucial role in patient selection, follow-up, and management of intra-operative and post-operative effects (Pillon, 2002 Pillon , B. ( 2002 ). Neuropsychological assessment for management of patients with deep brain stimulation . Movement Disorders , 17 ( Suppl 3 ), S116 – 122 .[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]; Saint-Cyr & Trepanier, 2000 Trepanier , L. L. , Kumar , R. , Lozano , A. M. , Lang , A. E. , & Saint-Cyr , J. A. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological outcome of GPi pallidotomy and GPi or STN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease . Brain and Cognition , 42 ( 3 ), 324 – 347 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). There is now emerging evidence that DBS can induce mood, cognitive, and behavioral changes. These changes can have dramatic effects on patient outcome. There have been methodological problems with many of the studies of DBS on mood, cognition, and behavior. The neuropsychologist needs to be aware of these issues when following up patients, and constructing future studies. Additionally, this article will review all aspects of the DBS procedure that can result in mood, cognitive, and behavioral effects and what role(s) the neuropsychologist should play in screening and follow-up.     

Apparent Effect of Type of Compensation Seeking (Disability Versus Litigation) on Performance Validity Test Scores may be due to Other Factors

Neuropsychologists use performance validity tests (PVTs; Larrabee, 2012 Larrabee, G. J. (2012). Performance validity and symptom validity in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 1–7.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to ensure that results of testing are reflective of the test taker’s true neurocognitive ability, and their use is recommended in all compensation-seeking settings. However, whether the type of compensation context (e.g., personal injury litigation versus disability seeking) impacts the nature and extent of neurocognitive symptom feigning has not been adequately investigated. PVT performance was compared in an archival data set of noncredible individuals in either a personal injury litigation (n = 163) or a disability-seeking context (n = 201). Individuals were deemed noncredible based on meeting Slick, Sherman, and Iverson’s (1999 Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545–561.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) criteria including failure on at least two PVTs and a lack of congruency between their low cognitive scores and normal function in activities of daily living (ADLs). In general, disability seekers tended to perform in a less sophisticated manner than did litigants (i.e., they failed more indicators and did so more extensively). Upon further investigation, these differences were in part accounted for by type of diagnoses feigned; those seeking compensation for mental health diagnoses were more likely to feign or exaggerate a wide variety of cognitive deficits, whereas those with claimed medical diagnoses (i.e., traumatic brain injury) were more targeted in their attempts to feign and/or exaggerate neurocognitive compromise.     

Indirect versus direct feedback in computer-based Prism Adaptation Therapy

Prism Adaptation Therapy (PAT) is an intervention method in the treatment of the attention disorder neglect (Frassinetti, Angeli, Meneghello, Avanzi, & Ladavas, 2002 Frassinetti, F., Angeli, V., Meneghello, F., Avanzi, S. and Ladavas, E. 2002. Long-lasting amelioration of visuospatial neglect by prism adaptation. Brain, 125: 608–623. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Rossetti et al., 1998 Rossetti, Y., Rode, G., Pisella, L., Farne, A., Li, L.Boisson, D. 1998. Prism adaptation to a rightward optical deviation rehabilitates left hemispatial neglect. Nature, 395(6698): 166–169. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The aim of this study was to investigate whether one session of PAT using a computer-attached touchscreen would produce similar after-effects to the conventional box normally used in PAT.

In four experiments, 81 healthy subjects and 7 brain-injured patients diagnosed with neglect were subjected to a single session of PAT under two conditions: (1) using the original box, and (2) using a computer-based implementation of PAT. The session of PAT included a pre-exposure step involving pointing at 30 targets without feedback; an exposure step involving pointing at 90 targets with prism goggles and feedback; and a post-exposure step involving pointing at 60 targets, with no goggles and no feedback.

The results indicate that the expected similarity in the after-effect produced by the two conditions seems to occur only if subjects receive feedback on pointing precision by seeing their fingertip during the exposure step. Attempts to provide feedback indirectly via icons on the computer screen failed to produce the expected size in the after-effect. The findings have direct implications for computer-based treatment of visuospatial disorders in the future and computer-assisted rehabilitation in general.     

Modified ACT and CART in severe aphasia

Background: Anagram and Copy Treatment (ACT) and Copy and Recall Treatment (CART) have been shown to improve written communication for those with severe aphasia (Beeson, 1999 Beeson, P. M. 1999. Treating acquired writing impairment: Strengthening graphemic representations. Aphasiology, 13: 767–785. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Beeson, Hirsch, & Rewega, 2002 Beeson, P. M., Hirsch, F. M. and Rewega, M. A. 2002. Successful single-word writing treatment: Experimental analysis of four cases. Aphasiology, 16: 473–491. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Beeson, Rising, & Volk, 2003 Beeson, P. M., Rising, K. and Volk, J. 2003. Writing treatment for severe aphasia: Who benefits?. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46: 1038–1060. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). More recently, the addition of a spoken repetition component to the CART programme has been suggested to enhance oral naming in moderate aphasia (Beeson & Egnor, 2006 Beeson, P. M. and Egnor, H. 2006. Combining treatment for written and spoken naming. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12: 816–827. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Wright, Marshall, Wilson, & Page, 2008 Wright, H. H., Marshall, R. C., Wilson, K. B. and Page, J. L. 2008. Using a written cueing hierarchy to improve verbal naming in aphasia. Aphasiology, 22: 522–536. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and in cases with co-existing apraxia of speech (AOS) (de Riesthal, 2007 de Riesthal, M. Changes in written and spoken naming with a modified CART programme. Paper presented at the American Speech and Hearing Association. Boston, MA [Google Scholar]). No studies have investigated the use of a modified ACT and CART with spoken repetition in individuals with severe aphasia and AOS.

Aims: The purpose of the study was to examine ACT and CART modified with spoken naming repetition, using visual and auditory stimuli in the ACT sessions and home practice videos in the CART sessions, for individuals with severe aphasia.

Methods & Procedures: Three individuals, RC, AC, and MJ, with severe aphasia and coexisting AOS post left middle cerebral artery strokes participated in a 3-month programme. Participants were enrolled in modified ACT and CART with spoken repetition of the target word. For the CART programme a video was created for each word in a treatment set to facilitate repetition in the home practice programme. Probes of spoken and written performance were obtained at the onset of each session, and during baseline, treatment, and follow-up maintenance

Outcomes & Results: All participants improved in their ability to write the treatment stimuli. A 5-point scoring system (Helm-Estabrooks & Albert, 2003 Helm-Estabrooks, N. and Albert, M. L. 2003. Manual of Aphasia and Aphasia Therapy, Austin, TX: Pro-.  [Google Scholar]) was a more sensitive tool than the traditional binary scoring. None of the participants improved in the spoken naming condition with task stimuli. Mild improvement was noted in comparing pre- and post-test naming for MJ.

Conclusions: Our study supports evidence that ACT and CART may improve written naming skills in persons with severe aphasia. The inclusion of spoken repetition in the home practice CART programme may not be appropriate for cases with severe aphasia with AOS. However, further research using the technique with moderate aphasia with AOS may reveal that the technique of practice with auditory and visual stimuli is beneficial. The ease of using digital video tools with computer or augmentative devices has exciting and practical clinical application.     

Agrammatic patterns in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from tense,agreement, and aspect

Background: Little research has been conducted on functional categories in probable Alzheimer's disease (pAD). Furthermore, the findings are contradictory, since some studies report ceiling performance on tense and/or subject–verb agreement (Kaprinis & Stavrakaki, 2007 Kaprinis, S. and Stavrakaki, S. 2007. Morphological and syntactic abilities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language, 103: 59–60. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.07.044[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Kavé & Levy, 2003 Kavé, G. and Levy, Y. 2003. Sensitivity to gender, person and tense inflection by persons with Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language, 87: 267–277. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00106-8[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), whereas others report morphosyntactic deficits and agrammatic profiles (e.g., Altmann, Kempler, & Andersen, 2001 Altmann, L. G. P., Kempler, D. and Andersen, E. S. 2001. Speech errors in Alzheimer's disease: Reevaluating morphosyntactic preservation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44: 1069–1082. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/085)[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Aims: This study investigates the ability of Greek-speaking pAD individuals to produce and judge subject–verb agreement, tense, and aspect. Given pAD individuals have working memory limitations (e.g., Baddeley, 1996 Baddeley, A. 1996. Exploring the central executive. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49: 5–28. doi:10.1080/713755608[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), and given the differential processing demands of agreement, tense and aspect (e.g., Fyndanis, Varlokosta, & Tsapkini, 2012a Fyndanis, V., Varlokosta, S. and Tsapkini, K. 2012a. Agrammatic production: Interpretable features and selective impairment in verb inflection. Lingua, 122: 1134–1147. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.004[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), pAD participants are expected to perform better on agreement than on tense/aspect. Based on the hypothesis that reference to the past is computationally more demanding than reference to the future/present (e.g., Bastiaanse et al., 2011 Bastiaanse, R., Bamyaci, E., Hsu, C-J., Lee, J., Yarbay Duman, T. and Thompson, C. K. 2011. Time reference in agrammatic aphasia: A cross-linguistic study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24: 652–673. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.07.001[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), a within-tense dissociation is expected to emerge. Further, on the assumption that unmarked values of functional categories are less demanding than marked values (e.g., Lapointe, 1985 Lapointe, S. 1985. A theory of verb form use in the speech of agrammatic aphasics. Brain and Language, 24: 100–155. doi:10.1016/0093-934X(85)90100-2[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the imperfective (unmarked) aspect is expected to be better preserved than the perfective (marked) aspect.

Methods & Procedures: Ten Greek-speaking mild pAD individuals and six healthy controls participated in a sentence completion task, a grammaticality judgement task, and a sentence–picture matching task. Non-parametric tests were used for analysis of results.

Outcomes & Results: PAD participants were found to be significantly more impaired in aspect compared to tense and agreement, in both production and grammaticality judgement/comprehension. Agreement was found significantly better preserved than tense in production. Similar patterns of performance have been attested in agrammatism (e.g., Fyndanis et al., 2012a Fyndanis, V., Varlokosta, S. and Tsapkini, K. 2012a. Agrammatic production: Interpretable features and selective impairment in verb inflection. Lingua, 122: 1134–1147. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.004[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Reference to the past and reference to the future did not dissociate, whereas the imperfective aspect was found to be significantly more impaired than the perfective aspect in production.

Conclusions: PAD participants' better performance on producing agreement, compared to tense/aspect, is accounted for in terms of the differential demands these categories pose on the processing system. Agreement is computationally less demanding than tense/aspect, because the former involves processing of grammatical information only, whereas the latter involve processing and integration of grammatical and extralinguistic/conceptual information. The preponderance of tense over aspect is attributed to the subjectivity of the latter, which renders it either a category “difficult” to test, or a computationally more demanding condition. The results also show that reference to the past is as demanding as reference to the future. The hypothesis that unmarked values are easier than marked ones is not supported by our data.     

Cross-Validation of a Manual form of the Letter Memory Test Using a Known-Groups Methodology

A manual form of the Letter Memory Test (LMT: Orey, Cragar, & Berry, 2000 Orey , S. A. , Cragar , D. E. , & Berry , D. T. R. ( 2000 ). The effects of two motivational manipulations on the neuropsychological performance of mildly head-injured college students . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 , 335 – 348 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) was compared in neuropsychological evaluees classified as honest (HON: n = 39) or probable cognitive feigners (PCF: n = 10) using results from two well-validated motivational tests. With the exception of lower educational level and higher rate of compensation seeking in the PCF, the groups were equivalent on most important demographic and injury severity parameters. PCF participants scored significantly lower on most neuropsychological tests (median Cohen's d = 1.2), as well as on the manual LMT (Cohen's d = 4.2). Operating characteristics of the manual LMT in the present sample were comparable to those reported in a similar study using the computerized version of the LMT in neuropsychiatric patients (Vagnini et al., 2006 Vagnini , V. L. , Sollman , M. J. , Berry , D. T. R. , Granacher , R. P. , Clark , J. A. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a sample of compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 , 289 – 304 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

(Morpho)syntactic comprehension in agrammatic aphasia: Evidence from Greek

Background: A number of hypotheses have been formulated to account for comprehension data in agrammatic aphasia. They explain deficits in comprehending specific structures, such as semantically reversible non-canonical sentences, for example, Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH, Grodzinsky, 1986 Grodzinsky, Y. 1986. Language deficit and the theory of syntax. Brain and Language, 27: 135–159. doi:10.1016/0093-934X(86)90009-X[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1990 Grodzinsky, Y. 1990. Theoretical perspectives on language deficits, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 1995 Grodzinsky, Y. 1995. A restrictive theory of agrammatic comprehension. Brain and Language, 51: 26–51. doi:10.1006/brln.1995.1039[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), or functional categories, for example, Tree Pruning Hypothesis (TPH, e.g., Friedmann, 2006 Friedmann, N. 2006. Generalizations on variations in comprehension and production: A further source of variation and a possible account. Brain and Language, 96: 151–153. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2005.06.002[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); Tense Underspecification Hypothesis (TUH, Wenzlaff & Clahsen, 2004 Wenzlaff, M. and Clahsen, H. 2004. Tense and agreement in German agrammatism. Brain and Language, 89: 57–68. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00298-0[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2005 Wenzlaff, M. and Clahsen, H. 2005. Finiteness and verb-second in German agrammatism. Brain and Language, 92: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.05.006[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); Interpretable Features’ Impairment Hypothesis (IFIH; e.g., Varlokosta et al., 2006 Varlokosta, S., Valeonti, N., Kakavoulia, M., Lazaridou, M., Economou, A. and Protopapas, A. 2006. The breakdown of functional categories in Greek aphasia: Evidence from agreement, tense, and aspect. Aphasiology, 20: 723–743. doi:10.1080/02687030500513703[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Several studies, however, report evidence contradicting these theories (e.g., Caramazza, Capasso, Capitani, & Miceli, 2005 Caramazza, A., Capasso, R., Capitani, E. and Miceli, G. 2005. Patterns of comprehension performance in agrammatic Broca's aphasia: A test of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis. Brain and Language, 94: 43–53. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.11.006[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Dickey, Milman, & Thompson, 2008 Dickey, M. W., Milman, L. H. and Thompson, C. K. 2008. Judgment of functional morphology in agrammatic aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21: 35–65. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2007.08.001[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and propose new accounts to explain the comprehension deficits in agrammatic aphasia, for example, Distributed Morphology Account (DMA, Dickey et al., 2008 Dickey, M. W., Milman, L. H. and Thompson, C. K. 2008. Judgment of functional morphology in agrammatic aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21: 35–65. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2007.08.001[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Aims: Against the background above, this study investigates the ability of three Greek-speaking agrammatic individuals to comprehend a wide range of structures and functional categories: semantically reversible (canonical) active and (non-canonical) passive sentences, Complementizer Phrase, subject-verb Agreement, Tense, and Aspect.

Methods & Procedures: We administered: (a) two sentence-picture matching tasks to test comprehension of reversible active and passive sentences, and Tense; (b) a sentence grammaticality judgement task to test judgement of Tense, Aspect, and subject-verb Agreement; and (c) a picture-pointing task to test comprehension of Complementizer Phrase.

Outcomes & Results: (a) Two of the three agrammatic participants performed at chance on reversible passive sentences and above chance on active sentences. The third participant performed equally high on the two sentence types. Two participants performed at chance on Tense comprehension and one above chance. (b) The three participants were selectively or across-the-board impaired in judgement of Agreement, Tense, and Aspect. One of the two selectively affected participants had chance performance on Aspect and above chance performance on Agreement and Tense. The other one performed at chance on Aspect and Tense, and above chance on Agreement. The third participant's performance was equally poor on all three categories. (c) All three agrammatic participants performed above chance on the comprehension of Complementizer Phrase.

Conclusions: In comprehension/judgement, canonical and non-canonical sentences do not dissociate in all agrammatic speakers, while functional categories associated with the verb morphology may be compromised in the face of relatively well-preserved categories that are located higher in the syntactic hierarchy. All three agrammatic participants support the DMA, and two of them support the TDH. Instead, none of them provided support to the TPH, TUH, and IFIH.     

Exploring the Validity of the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory Among Asian American College Students

We examined the cultural validity of the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory (CSRLI) with Asian American College Students (N = 314). Although results did not completely replicate the six factor structure of the CSRLI as identified in Westefeld, Cardin, and Deaton (1992 Westefeld , J. S. , Cardin , D. , & Deaton , W. L. ( 1992 ). Development of the College Student Reasons for Living Inventory . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 22 , 442 – 452 .[PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), partial support was found. The content of the five factors that emerged corresponded to five of the original scales. Our factor solution accounted for 50.25% of common variance and demonstrated moderate to high coefficient alphas. Validity of the CSRLI subscales was supported through significant negative relations with measures of depression and hopelessness. Furthermore, the CSRLI subscales accounted for 8% of the variance in suicidal behavior above and beyond that accounted for by the risk factors of depression and hopelessness alone.     

Methodological Problems in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Effects of Exposure to Welding Fumes and Manganese

Recently, Kaiser (2003) Kaiser, J. 2003. Manganese: A high-octane dispute. Science, 300: 926–928.  [Google Scholar] raised concerns over the increase in brain damage claims reportedly due to exposure to welding fumes. In the present article, we discuss methodological problems in conducting neuropsychological research on the effects of welding exposure, using a recent paper by Bowler et al. (2003) Bowler, R. M., Gysens, S., Diamond, E., Booty, A., Hartney, C. and Roels, H. A. 2003. Neuropsychological sequelae of exposure to welding fumes in a group of occupationally exposed men. International Journal of Hygiene & Environmental Health, 206: 517–529. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] as an example to illustrate problems common in the neurotoxicity literature. Our analysis highlights difficulties in conducting such quasi-experimental investigations, including subject selection bias, litigation effects on symptom report and neuropsychological test performance, response bias, and scientifically inadequate casual reasoning.     

An Examination of the Frequency of Invalid Forgetting on the Test of Memory Malingering

The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is the most used performance validity test in neuropsychology, but does not measure response consistency, which is central in the measurement of credible presentation. Gunner, Miele, Lynch, and McCaffrey (2012 Gunner, J. H., Miele, A. S., Lynch, J. K., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2012). The Albany Consistency Index for the Test of Memory Malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(1), 1–9. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr089.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) developed the Albany Consistency Index (ACI) to address this need. The ACI consistency measurement, however, may penalize examinees, resulting in suboptimal accuracy. The Invalid Forgetting Frequency Index (IFFI), created for the present study, utilizes an algorithm to identify and differentiate learning and inconsistent response patterns across TOMM trials. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the ACI and IFFI against a reference test (Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction criteria), and to compare both to the standard TOMM indexes. This retrospective case-control study used 59 forensic cases from an outpatient clinic in Southern Kansas. Results indicated that sensitivity, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of the IFFI were superior to both the TOMM indexes and ACI. Logistic regression odds ratios were similar for TOMM Trial 2, Retention, and IFFI (1.25, 1.24, 1.25, respectively), with the ACI somewhat lower (1.18). The IFFI had the highest rate of group membership predictions (79.7%). Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.     

Extracting variant and invariant information from faces: The neural substrates of gaze detection and sex categorization

Abstract

Guided by influential models of face processing, efforts have been expended to uncover the neural substrates subserving the many facets of face perception. Extending this work, the present study used functional brain imaging (fMRI) to explore the relationship between the operations supporting the explicit extraction of sex and gaze-related information from faces. The brain imaging data showed the right superior temporal sulcus to be preferentially involved during assessments of gaze direction and a region of the left fusiform gyrus to be involved during sex categorization. These results provide support for the distributed face-processing model advanced by Haxby and colleagues (2000 Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A. and Gobbini, I. M. 2000. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4: 223–233. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

Who benefits from treatment for executive dysfunction after brain injury? Negative effects of emotion recognition deficits

Deficits in emotion recognition, a crucial aspect of social cognition, are common after serious brain injury, as are executive deficits. Since social cognition and executive function are considered to be separate constructs, our first aim was to examine the presence of emotion recognition problems in brain injury patients with dysexecutive problems. We studied 65 brain injury patients of mixed aetiology participating in a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of a multifaceted treatment for executive dysfunction (Spikman, Boelen, Lamberts, Brouwer, & Fasotti, 2010 Spikman, J. M., Boelen, D. H., Lamberts, K. F., Brouwer, W. H., & Fasotti, L. (2010). Effects of a multifaceted treatment program for executive dysfunction after acquired brain injury on indications of executive functioning in daily life. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(1), 118–129. doi: 10.1017/S1355617709991020[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and 84 matched controls with a test for emotion recognition. Results showed that, in patients with acquired brain injury exhibiting executive deficits, emotion recognition deficits are also present. Male patients are more impaired than female patients, irrespective of aetiology. Our second aim was to investigate whether emotion recognition problems negatively predict the results of the treatment programme. Pre-treatment emotion recognition performance significantly predicted resumption of roles in daily life (Role Resumption List; RRL) and performance on an ecologically valid test for everyday executive functioning (Executive Secretarial Task; EST) post-treatment and, in addition, interfered negatively with treatment condition. Moreover, worse pre-treatment emotion recognition skills affect the learning of compensatory strategies for executive dysfunction negatively, whereas pre-treatment dysexecutive deficits do not.     

Successful remote delivery of a treatment for phonological alexia via telerehab

A growing body of literature supports the effectiveness of the remote delivery of rehabilitation services, i.e., telerehab. Aphasia treatment is particularly well suited for telerehab because of the verbal and visual nature of speech-language therapy, but scientific research investigating aphasia telerehab is in its infancy. No studies to date have evaluated whether treatment of acquired reading disorders by a live clinician can be feasibly, effectively, or efficiently conducted via telerehab. Here we address this gap in the literature by reporting our success remotely remediating the reading deficits of two participants with phonological alexia. We adapted for the telerehab setting a previously validated treatment for phonological alexia (Friedman, Sample, &; Lott, 2002 Friedman, R. B., Sample, D. M., &; Lott, S. N. (2002). The role of level of representation in the use of paired associate learning for rehabilitation of alexia. Neuropsychologia, 40(2), 223–234. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00098-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), which uses a paired-associate design to train reading of problematic words. Both telerehab participants significantly improved their reading of trained words in similar time frames as previous participants (Friedman et al., 2002 Friedman, R. B., Sample, D. M., &; Lott, S. N. (2002). The role of level of representation in the use of paired associate learning for rehabilitation of alexia. Neuropsychologia, 40(2), 223–234. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00098-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Kurland et al., 2008 Kurland, J., Cortes, C. R., Wilke, M., Sperling, A. J., Lott, S. N., Tagamets, M. A.,?…?Friedman, R. B. (2008). Neural mechanisms underlying learning following semantic mediation treatment in a case of phonological alexia. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2(3), 147–162. doi:10.1007/s11682-008-9027-2[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Lott, Sample, Oliver, Lacey, &; Friedman, 2008 Lott, S. N., Sample, D. M., Oliver, R. T., Lacey, E. H., &; Friedman, R. B. (2008). A patient with phonological alexia can learn to read “much” from “mud pies”. Neuropsychologia, 46(10), 2515–2523. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.004[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); furthermore, both participants reported high satisfaction with the telerehab setting. Although telerehab with alexic patients poses unique challenges, we conclude that treatment for alexia via telerehab is nevertheless feasible, may be equally effective as in-person treatment, and saves substantial resources for participants as well as clinicians.     

Verbal working memory and its relationship to sentence‐level reading and listening comprehension in persons with aphasia

Background: Working memory (WM) has gained recent attention as a cognitive construct that may account for language comprehension deficits in persons with aphasia (PWA) (Caspari, Parkinson, LaPointe, & Katz, 1998 Caspari, I., Parkinson, S. R., LaPointe, L. L. and Katz, R. C. 1998. Working memory and aphasia.. Brain and Cognition, 37: 205–223. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Martin, Kohen, & Kalinyak‐Fliszar, 2008 Martin, N., Kohen, F. and Kalinyak‐Fliszar, M. 2008. A diagnostic battery to assess language and short‐term memory deficits in aphasia Poster presentation at Clinical Aphasiology Conference, Teton Village, WY [Google Scholar]; Wright, Downey, Gravier, Love, & Shapiro, 2007 Wright, H. H., Downey, R. A., Gravier, M., Love, T. and Shapiro, L. P. 2007. Processing distinct linguistic information types in working memory in aphasia.. Aphasiology, 21: 802–813. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). However, few studies have investigated individual differences in performance on sentence comprehension tasks as a function of WM capacity in PWA when WM demands are manipulated.

Aims: The purposes of the current study were: (1) to examine the relationships among verbal WM, sentence comprehension, and severity of impairment in PWA and (2) to investigate the differential performance of high versus low verbal WM groups on sentence comprehension tasks in which task demands were manipulated by the length of the sentence stimuli, complexity of syntactic structure, and by presentation method which varied the time over which the linguistic material was available for computation.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 20 PWA were divided into high and low WM groups based on a listening version of a WM sentence span task. Each participant completed a listening version (CRTT) and three reading versions (CRTT‐R) of the Computerised Revised Token Test as the sentence comprehension tasks.

Outcomes & Results: The WM task significantly predicted performance on the CRTT conditions in which information was only temporarily available, thereby imposing greater WM demands on sentence comprehension. The verbal WM task was significantly correlated with aphasia severity and a principal components analysis revealed that the WM task, overall aphasia severity, and overall reading impairment level loaded on a single factor with 76% of shared variance. The low WM group's performance was significantly lower than the high WM group on the CRTT subtests with syntactically more complex structures and on the CRTT conditions with temporally restricted presentation methods.

Conclusions: This verbal WM task was significantly and moderately correlated with the overall severity of aphasia as well as with both listening and reading sentence comprehension. The WM group differences emerged only in sentence comprehension tasks with greater WM demands. These results are consistent with the notion that WM effects are most evident when WM capacity is sufficiently taxed by the task demands (e.g., Caplan & Waters, 1999 Caplan, D. and Waters, G. S. 1999. Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension.. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22: 77–126. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Just & Carpenter, 1992 Just, M. A. and Carpenter, P. A. 1992. A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory.. Psychological Review, 99: 122–149. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

The Role of Robert Liberman in the Development of Family Psychoeducation

Over the past 50 years, mental health professionals have come to recognize the enormous benefits that can be derived from involving the families of people with serious mental illness in the treatment enterprise. One of the earliest advocates for this perspective, Robert Liberman, has played a pivotal role in the development of evidence-based practices targeted to improving the outcomes for this population. From his early work starting in the 1970 Liberman , R. P. ( 1970 ). Behavioral approaches to family and couple therapy . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 40 , 106 – 118 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] s with Ian Falloon on behavioral family therapy for schizophrenia, through his influence as director of the UCLA Clinical Research Center in the 1980 Liberman , R. P. , Wallace , C. J. , et al. . ( 1980 ). Social and family factors in the course of schizophrenia: Toward an interpersonal problem-solving therapy for schizophrenics and their relatives . In J. Strauss , S. Fleck & M. Bowers (Eds.), Psychotherapy of schizophrenia: Current status and new directions (pp. 21 – 54 ). New York : Plenum .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar] s and ‘90 s on colleagues who applied family psychoeducation principles to the treatment of other mental disorders, to his most recent efforts designed to adapt these approaches to people of diverse cultural backgrounds, Liberman has steadfastly championed the value of teaching families the skills required to meet their needs and to enhance the social adjustment and quality of life of individuals with serious mental disorders.     

What goes wrong during passive sentence production in agrammatic aphasia: An eyetracking study

Background: Production of passive sentences is often impaired in agrammatic aphasia and has been attributed both to an underlying structural impairment (e.g., Schwartz, Saffran, Fink, Myers, & Martin, 1994 Schwartz, M. F., Saffran, E. M., Fink, R. B., Myers, J. L. and Martin, N. 1994. Mapping therapy: A treatment program for agrammatism. Aphasiology, 8: 19–54. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and to a morphological deficit (e.g., Caplan & Hanna, 1998 Caplan, D. and Hanna, J. 1998. Sentence production by aphasic patients in a constrained task. Brain and Language, 63: 184–218. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Faroqi-Shah & Thompson, 2003 Faroqi-Shah, Y. and Thompson, C. K. 2003. Effect of lexical cues on the production of active and passive sentences in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. Brain and Language, 85: 409–426. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). However, the nature of the deficit in passive sentence production is not clear due to methodological issues present in previous studies.

Aims: This study examined active and passive sentence production in nine agrammatic aphasic speakers under conditions of structural priming using eyetracking to test whether structural impairments occur independently of morphological impairments and whether the underlying nature of error types is reflected in on-line measures, i.e., eye movements and speech onset latencies.

Methods & Procedures: Nine participants viewed and listened to a prime sentence in either active or passive voice, and then repeated it aloud. Next, a target picture appeared on the computer monitor and participants were instructed to describe it using the primed sentence structure.

Outcomes & Results: Participants made substantial errors in sentence structure, i.e., passives with role reversals (RRs) and actives-for-passives, but few errors in passive morphology. Longer gaze durations to the first-produced noun for passives with RRs as compared to correct passives were found before and during speech. For actives-for-passives, however, this pattern was found during speech, but not before speech.

Conclusions: The deficit in passive sentence production does not solely arise from a morphological deficit, rather it stems, at least in part, from a structural level impairment. The underlying nature of passives with RRs is qualitatively different from that of actives-for-passives, which cannot be clearly differentiated with off-line testing methodology.     

A randomised controlled crossover trial evaluating Television Assisted Prompting (TAP) for adults with acquired brain injury

Assistive technologies for cognition (ATC) provide an effective means to compensate for prospective memory failures among adults with acquired brain injury (ABI; de Joode, van Heugten, Verhey, & van Boxtel, 2010 de Joode, E., van Heugten, C., Verhey, F. and van Boxtel, M. 2010. Efficacy and usability of assistive technology for patients with cognitive deficits: A systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation, 24: 701–714. doi:10.1177/0269215510367551[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Sohlberg et al., 2007 Sohlberg, M. M., Kennedy, M., Avery, J., Coelho, C., Turkstra, L., Ylvisaker, M. and Yorkston, K. 2007. Evidence-based practice for the use of external aids as a memory compensation technique. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 15(1): 15–51.  [Google Scholar]). This study evaluated a novel ATC device, the Television Assisted Prompting (TAP) system, which provides audiovisual reminders at scheduled prospective times on a person's home television. A randomised, controlled crossover design evaluated task completion for two preferred, two non-preferred, and two structured experimental tasks among 23 adults with ABI between two conditions: TAP prompting or typical (TYP) practice, without TAP reminders. Main outcomes showed a significant advantage of prospective memory prompting (72% completion) over no prompting (43% completion) and higher task completion with TAP prompting for researcher-assigned experimental tasks (81%) compared to self-selected preferred (68%) or non-preferred (68%) tasks. Results are discussed in the context of ATC efficacy to support prospective memory prompting following ABI, with contributions and future directions for continued investigation of customisation of prompts to maximise task completion.     

Decision-making after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Preliminary Study

Decision-making under conditions of uncertainty was studied in 11 children with moderate to severe post-acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a modification of the Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara et al., 1994 Bechara, A, Damasio, AR, Damasio, H and Anderson, SW. 1994. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50: 7–15. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We hypothesized that decision-making would be compromised in children with TBI. The results revealed that when divided into subgroups by lesion location, children with lesions in the amygdala (AM) were impaired on modified gambling task performance, but children with ventromedial (VM) lesions did not appear to be impaired on the task. These results are in contrast to studies of decision-making in adults with focal lesions of vascular etiology.