间接荧光抗体试验在血吸虫病流行病学调查中的应用

在一个血吸虫病重疫区村内,作者每年对6~15岁年龄儿童进行间接荧光抗体试验(IFAT),五年纵向观察结果显示:IFA反应率与GMRT的变化均与粪检阳性率呈正相关。IFA反应率曲线理论估计值ŷ=10.090e^0.036x(γ=0.972),GMRT的ŷ值=0.765e^0.044x(γ=0.994)。本文认为该法较其它方法敏感,可用来推测当地粪检阳性率或新感染率的变化,具有考核防治效果与预测疫情的参考价值。     

内蒙古部分地区流动人口糖尿病现况调查

目的 了解内蒙古地区流动人口中糖尿病及糖尿病前期的患病现状。方法 采用按行业分层整群抽样方法进行等额抽样,调查内容包括问卷调查、身体测量和实验室检测。结果 内蒙古部分地区流动人口糖尿病及糖调节受损粗患病率分别为12.5%和12.8%,年龄标化患病率均为9.9%;男性糖尿病患病率高于女性,女性糖调节受损粗患病率高于男性;不同性别糖尿病患病率均随年龄的增长而增加（趋势χ²=11.162,P=0.001）;建筑业人群糖尿病患病率最高（19.2%）,糖调节受损患病率的差异无统计学意义;外省流入人群流动前糖尿病患病率高,糖调节受损患病率的差异无统计学意义,省内流动人群糖调节受损患病率随流动时间的增加而增长（趋势χ²=9.989,P=0.002）。结论 内蒙古部分地区流动人口糖尿病患病率较高,已接近大城市居民患病水平,其中中老年和建筑业人群患病率最高,省内流动人口糖尿病患病率对内蒙古地区流动人口患病率贡献较大。     

两级催化曲线模型在肺吸虫病流行病学上的应用

本文应用两级催化模型对浙江省永嘉县的小长坑、黄过坑两村人群肺吸虫感染进行拟合,得曲线方程:ŷ（小）=1.0480（e^-0.01375t-e^-0.3t）;ŷ（黄）=1.0661（e^-0.0155t-e^-0.25t）。模型较成功地模拟了两村人群感染肺吸虫的年龄分布情况,定量测知该两村人群肺吸虫平均感染力分别为0.30、0.25。同时,通过模型分析了两村肺吸虫感染状况、人群感染的年龄分布特征等。认为感染力“a”值是一个定量估计流行区肺吸虫感染程度的指标,可作为比较各地流行状况,评价防治效果等。     

内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病流行病学调查

目的 探讨内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病流行病学特点。方法 2013年9月至2014年1月采用与人口规模成比例的PPS抽样方法,对内蒙古自治区全年龄组常住居民19 315人进行现场问卷调查及影像(CT/MRI)等辅助确诊和体格检查。结果 内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病患病率为1 812.06/10万(男性2 008.86/10万,女性1 613.24/10万)。随年龄增加患病率升高,且男性高于女性,乡村人群高于城区,文化程度低者患病率较高。脑血管病发病率为392.54/10万,男女性别间发病率的差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.380,P=0.846);农村人群高于城市,差异有统计学意义(χ²=13.029,P=0.000),且随年龄增加发病率有逐渐升高的趋势(χ²=410.130,P=0.000)。脑血管病死亡率为149.67/10万,病死率为15.14%。中年组脑出血及脑梗死患病率均高于青年组(< 45岁)人群。结论 内蒙古自治区全人群脑血管病患病率、发病率、死亡率、复发率均较高,并以缺血型为主。     

脑血管病死亡率年龄分布的数学模型指数曲线y=10a+bx的模拟

脑血管病的死亡率具有随年龄的增长而升高的趋势。我们采用指数曲线y=10^a+bx,对几个人群的资料进行了数学模拟,建立了一个脑血管病死亡率年龄分布的数学模型。这一模型可以表明脑血管病死亡率年龄分布的规律。用指数曲线方程y=10^a+bx的微分方程dy/dx=In10b10^a+bx可以计算出各年龄组当年龄增长1岁时脑血管病死亡率的增量。进而,可以计算出这种增量随年龄组增长而增长的“增长倍数常数”。这种常数可以用作比较不同人群脑血管病危害程度和年龄分布规律的新的指标。此外,该模型可用于预测人群中脑血管病的死亡率和死亡数。     

部队人群中甲、乙型肝炎感染率的催化模型分析

应用催化模型拟合部队人群中甲、乙型肝炎感染率的横断面调查资料,并用随后一年半时间的随访结果加以验证,结果尚称满意。所计算的人群平均感染力(r值)可以基本反映相对固定人群中甲、乙型肝炎的感染动态,可以用于甲、乙型肝炎感染在人群中动态的预测。本文通过对某航校2053人1983年12月普查结果进行分析,用简单催化模型拟合HAV感染率,计算结果:ŷ=0.9849(1-e^-0.1117t),r (感染力)=0.1117,与横断面调查结果符合良好,R²=0.9758;与随访一年半HAV新感染密度111.8/1000人年十分相近。用可逆催化模型拟合HBV感染率,计算结果为:ŷ=0.6736(1-e^-0.06t),r (感染力)=(a+b)=0.06,其中a (阳转率)=0.041,b (阴转率)=0.019,拟合结果与实际调查结果十分相近,R²=0.9487。经过一年半随访,看到HBV感染标记在相对固定人群中确呈双向改变,其阳转率大于阴转率(77.08/1000人年对10.11/1000人年),与计算的a>b总趋势相符。人群HBV感染是受多因素影响的复杂过程,所用于拟合的公式需进一步改进。     

浙江省台州市1998-2022年HIV/AIDS死因分析

目的 了解台州市1998-2022年HIV/AIDS的死亡情况和死因。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统的艾滋病综合防治信息系统和台州市慢性病信息管理系统,以1998-2022年现住址为台州市的5 126例HIV/AIDS为研究对象,用SAS 9.4软件进行秩和检验、χ²检验及趋势分析。结果 1998-2022年HIV/AIDS死亡796例,病死率为15.53%（796/5 126）,病例在确证后1年内死亡占52.26%（416/796）。年初尚存活病例在年内死亡的构成比呈下降趋势（趋势χ²=5.60,P<0.001）。在死因构成上,艾滋病140例（17.59%）、恶性肿瘤237例（29.77%）、心血管病99例（12.44%）、伤害58例（7.29%）、其他160例（20.10%）和不详102例（12.81%）。恶性肿瘤、心血管病和其他死因的死亡病例构成比随时间变化均呈上升趋势（趋势χ²=1.92,P=0.028;趋势χ²=2.81,P=0.003;趋势χ²=2.07,P=0.020）。在HIV/AIDS不同死因中,确证年龄、职业、婚姻状况、民族、文化程度和感染途径的差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。死因为心血管病者死亡年龄最大,死因为艾滋病的死亡距确证间隔时间最短且首次检测CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数最低,死因不详者的确证至抗病毒治疗的时间间隔最长（均P<0.05）。结论 1998-2022年台州市HIV/AIDS的非艾滋病相关死亡的构成比较高,随时间变化呈上升趋势,要进一步加强HIV/AIDS慢性非传染性疾病的早期筛查、干预和治疗。     

重庆市南岸区中老年人高血压合并糖尿病的患病率及影响因素分析

目的 了解重庆市南岸区中老年人高血压合并糖尿病的患病情况及相关影响因素,为有针对性地制定防治策略及措施提供科学依据。方法 采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,选取≥40岁人群进行患病情况问卷调查和相关指标检测,采用描述性流行病学方法分析高血压合并糖尿病患病情况,应用logistic回归分析高血压合并糖尿病患者的危险因素和保护因素。结果 共调查24 792人,检出高血压合并糖尿病患者1 547人,患病率为6.2%。其中男性患病率为6.0%,女性患病率为6.4%,趋势性χ²检验结果显示总人群中高血压合并糖尿病的患病率随年龄增加呈上升趋势（趋势性χ²=343.766,P<0.001）。患者年龄、文化程度、吸烟、婚姻状况、缺乏锻炼、BMI、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C等均为高血压合并糖尿病的相关影响因素。HDL-C偏高为高血压合并糖尿病的保护性因素（OR=0.817,95% CI：0.715～0.934）;年龄、文化程度、LDL-C偏高、缺乏锻炼等均为高血压合并糖尿病的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 重庆市南岸区中老年人的高血压合并糖尿病患病率较高,今后应重视对高龄、超重或肥胖、文化程度较低、吸烟、TG、TC异常、LDL-C偏高居民的健康干预,以降低高血压合并糖尿病的患病风险。     

广西壮族自治区柳州市2013-2014年HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗后BMI变化及相关因素分析

目的 了解广西壮族自治区柳州市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）抗病毒治疗后BMI变化的动态趋势及相关因素。方法 选择2013年1月1日至2014年12月31日柳州市开始抗病毒治疗、年龄≥ 15岁、治疗基线、第（6±2）个月和（12±2）个月BMI值均有体重记录的HIV/AIDS作为研究对象,收集研究对象体重、身高数据计算BMI。采用PASW Statistics 18.0.0软件进行统计学分析,采用一般线性模型重复测量方差分析方法,进行BMI随时间变化趋势分析和多因素分析。结果 2 871例研究对象治疗基线、第（6±2）个月和（12±2）个月BMI值分别为（20.65±3.32）、（20.87±3.22）和（21.18±3.20）,3个时段的BMI值差异有统计学意义（F=18.86,P<0.001）。治疗后BMI随时间推移而提升（F=37.25,P<0.001）,相关因素主要为年龄、性别、婚姻状态、基线CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数和WHO临床分期。结论 柳州市HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前BMI诊断营养不良所占的比例较高,接受抗病毒治疗后BMI的变化受多种因素影响,针对不同患者采用不同的治疗措施,有利于患者身体营养状况的恢复。     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群高血压流行现状及危险因素分析

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族成年人高血压患病现状及危险因素,为当地高血压防控提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法,对喀什地区疏附县18岁以上维吾尔族常住居民进行调查,包括问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检查等,计算高血压的患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率,采用非条件logistic回归分析高血压患病危险因素。结果 调查人数为4 748人,有高血压的747例。高血压总患病率为15.73%（标化患病率为13.75%）;男性为16.36%（标化患病率为12.96%）,女性为15.39%（标化患病率为14.34%）。全人群、男性及女性高血压患病率均低于中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告（2015年）的全国人群水平。高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为59.57%、52.74%、21.29%。多因素分析显示,高血压的患病率随着年龄的增高而升高,相对于18～34岁人群,55～64、65岁以上人群高血压的患病风险明显增高,OR值男性分别为10.53、20.96,女性为16.27、33.20,P值均<0.05;超重（男性OR=1.47,女性OR=1.82, P值均<0.05）及肥胖（男性OR=1.88,女性OR=2.66,P值均<0.05）也会增加高血压的患病风险;高血压家族史（男性OR值为3.85,女性OR=2.34,P值均<0.05）是高血压患病的危险因素。男性高TG血症者（OR=1.62,95% CI：1.09～2.41）也与高血压患病呈正相关。结论 新疆喀什地区维吾尔族人群高血压的患病率相对较低,男性年龄、超重或肥胖、家族史及高TG血症,女性年龄、超重或肥胖及家族史是当地维吾尔族高血压患病的危险因素。     

Exposure to famine during gestation, size at birth, and blood pressure at age 59 y: evidence from the dutch famine

We compared blood pressure of individuals (mean age 59 y) born in western Holland between January 1945 and March 1946 (mothers exposed to the Dutch Famine before or during gestation; n = 359) to blood pressure of unexposed individuals born before or conceived after the famine (n = 299) or same-sex siblings of subjects in series 1 or 2 (n = 313). Mean (SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 140.3 (20.3) and 85.8 (11.0) mmHg, respectively; prevalence of hypertension (prior diagnosis of hypertension or with measured systolic/diastolic blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg) was 61.8%. Birth weight was inversely related to systolic (−4.14 mmHg per kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) −7.24, −1.03; p < 0.01) and diastolic (−2.09 mmHg per kg; 95% CI −3.77, −0.41; p < 0.05) blood pressure and to the prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio 0.67 per kg, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.93) (all age- and sex-adjusted). Any famine exposure of at least 10 weeks duration was associated with elevated systolic (2.77 mmHg; 95% CI 0.25, 5.30; p < 0.05) and diastolic (1.27 mmHg; 95% CI −0.13, 2.66; p = 0.08) blood pressure and with hypertension prevalence (odds ratio 1.44; 95% CI 1.04, 2.00; p < 0.05) in age- and sex-adjusted models. Exposure to famine during gestation may predispose to the development of hypertension in middle age.     

Associations between Traffic Noise,Particulate Air Pollution,Hypertension, and Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Adults: The KORA Study

Background: Studies on the association between traffic noise and cardiovascular diseases have rarely considered air pollution as a covariate in the analyses. Isolated systolic hypertension has not yet been in the focus of epidemiological noise research.Methods: The association between traffic noise (road and rail) and the prevalence of hypertension was assessed in two study populations with a total of 4,166 participants 25–74 years of age. Traffic noise (weighted day–night average noise level; L_DN) at the facade of the dwellings was derived from noise maps. Annual average PM_2.5 mass concentrations at residential addresses were estimated by land-use regression. Hypertension was assessed by blood pressure readings, self-reported doctor-diagnosed hypertension, and antihypertensive drug intake.Results: In the Greater Augsburg, Germany, study population, traffic noise and air pollution were not associated with hypertension. In the City of Augsburg population (n = 1,893), where the exposure assessment was more detailed, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for a 10-dB(A) increase in noise was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.35), and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.30) after additional adjustment for PM_2.5. The adjusted OR for a 1-μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.30), and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.27) after additional adjustment for noise. For isolated systolic hypertension, the fully adjusted OR for noise was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.86) and for PM_2.5 was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.34).Conclusions: Traffic noise and PM_2.5 were both associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension. Mutually adjusted associations with hypertension were positive but no longer statistically significant.Citation: Babisch W, Wolf K, Petz M, Heinrich J, Cyrys J, Peters A. 2014. Associations between traffic noise, particulate air pollution, hypertension, and isolated systolic hypertension in adults: the KORA Study. Environ Health Perspect 122:492–498; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306981     

Arsenic exposure and hypertension: a systematic review

Background: Environmental exposure to arsenic has been linked to hypertension in persons living in arsenic-endemic areas.Objective: We summarized published epidemiologic studies concerning arsenic exposure and hypertension or blood pressure (BP) measurements to evaluate the potential relationship.Data sources and extraction: We searched PubMed, Embase, and TOXLINE and applied predetermined exclusion criteria. We identified 11 cross-sectional studies from which we abstracted or derived measures of association and calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) using inverse-variance weighted random-effects models.Data synthesis: The pooled OR for hypertension comparing the highest and lowest arsenic exposure categories was 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.47; p-value for heterogeneity = 0.001; I² = 70.2%]. In populations with moderate to high arsenic concentrations in drinking water, the pooled OR was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.37; p-value for heterogeneity = 0.002; I² = 76.6%) and 2.57 (95% CI: 1.56, 4.24; p-value for heterogeneity = 0.13; I² = 46.6%) before and after excluding an influential study, respectively. The corresponding pooled OR in populations with low arsenic concentrations in drinking water was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.21, 2.01; p-value for heterogeneity = 0.27; I² = 24.6%). A dose–response assessment including six studies with available data showed an increasing trend in the odds of hypertension with increasing arsenic exposure. Few studies have evaluated changes in systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively) measurements by arsenic exposure levels, and those studies reported inconclusive findings.Conclusion: In this systematic review we identified an association between arsenic and the prevalence of hypertension. Interpreting a causal effect of environmental arsenic on hypertension is limited by the small number of studies, the presence of influential studies, and the absence of prospective evidence. Additional evidence is needed to evaluate the dose–response relationship between environmental arsenic exposure and hypertension.     

石家庄市居民高血压现状及2008-2013年的 变化趋势分析

摘要:目的　分析2013年石家庄市居民高血压的患病、控制情况及2008-2013年的变化趋势,评价高血压防控措施的实施效果,为制定下一步控制策略提供科学依据。方法　对15岁及以上常住居民进行多阶段分层随机抽样,采用集中调查和入户调查相结合的方法,对2013年石家庄市居民高血压相关指标进行统计学分析并与2008年统计数据相比较,对其变化趋势进行分析。结果　2013年15岁及以上居民高血压标化患病率为29.1%,知晓率62.6%,治疗率80.7%,高血压控制率为41.0%。2008年和2013年比较,石家庄市15～69岁居民高血压标化患病率明显下降,差异有统计学意义（28.7%,25.4%;χ2＝4.322,P＝0.036）;高血压知晓率明显升高（33.6%,62.4%;χ2＝15.014,P＜0.001）;高血压控制率明显升高（33.6%,43.1%;χ2＝102.725,P＜0.001）。结论　石家庄市2013年的高血压患病率仍较高,70岁以上患病率高达70.3%。随着居民知晓率和控制率的增高,15～69岁居民的高血压患病率明显下降。     

The proportion of individuals with obesity-induced hypertension among total hypertensives in a general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA80, 90

The increased prevalence of obesity in Japan may contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension in Japan. In the present study, we calculated the odds ratio for hypertension in obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m²) using data from independent nationwide surveys conducted in 1980 and 1990. We estimated the percentage of hypertensives whose condition was due to obesity among total hypertensives in the general Japanese population. In the 1980 survey, 18.8% of 4,623 male participants were obese and 50.4% were hypertensive, whereas 22.6% of 5,893 female participants were obese and 41.1% were hypertensive. For both sexes, obese participants had a higher odds ratio for hypertension than non-obese participants (BMI < 25.0 kg/m²), and there was a significant dose–response relationship between BMI and the odds ratio for hypertension. Among all hypertensives, the percentage whose hypertension was due to obesity in 1980 and 1990 was 11.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.7–17.7%) and 15.3% (95% CI: 6.8–23.1%) for men and 19.3% (95% CI: 12.1–25.9%) and 22.3% (95% CI: 14.6–29.3%) for women, respectively. Approximately 80–90% of individuals with obesity-induced hypertension were in the 25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0 kg/m² category for both sexes in each year. In conclusion, we found that obesity-induced hypertension as a proportion of total hypertension increased between 1980 and 1990 for both sexes. Obesity now is playing a more important role in the high prevalence of hypertension in Japan than it was before. NIPPON DATA80, 90 Research Group—Members of the Research Group are listed in the Appendix.     

Prevalence trends of overweight,obesity, diabetes and hypertension among Brazilian women of reproductive age based on sociodemographic characteristics

The authors estimated the prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity, diabetes and hypertension among Brazilian women of reproductive age. A time series was constructed with Vigitel data from 2008 to 2015 and we analyzed trends of the prevalence of these conditions, considering sociodemographic characteristics. We observed an increasing trend in prevalence of overweight, obesity, and diabetes (for some sociodemographic characteristics), and stationary trends for hypertension. Our results highlight the need for early interventions in lifestyle of this population to reduce the NCDs risk factors burden and potentially contribute to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes and reduce the NCDs load.     

Delayed infection, family size and malignant lymphomas

BACKGROUND: The annual incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is increasing by 3%-4% in different parts of the developed world. Excesses of NHL have been observed in populations exposed to immunosuppressants and to HIV, but these causes do not explain the increasing trends. It is suggested that delayed infection could explain NHL trends, through an impairment of the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte patterns. METHODS: In a population-based study on 1388 patients with NHL, 354 with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 1718 healthy controls, the age of first occurrence of bacterial and viral diseases was investigated. Clinical records were perused in one centre to check the anamnestic data. FINDINGS: The age of occurrence of bacterial and viral diseases was significantly higher among NHL patients than in the controls. The association between later age at first bacterial or viral disease was limited to small families (OR= 1.95; 95% confidence intervals 1.26, 3.00, for age 4-8 at first infection; OR=1.91; 1.19, 3.06, for age 9+, compared with less than 4). The association was more obvious for bacterial diseases (possibly for the lower degree of misclassification). High grade lymphomas showed the strongest association. The later age of occurrence of bacterial or viral diseases in NHL patients is consistent with a higher incidence of lymphomas observed in higher social groups. No clear association was found between HD and age at first bacterial or viral diseases. INTERPRETATION: It is proposed that delayed infection could explain the increasing NHL trends, through an impairment of the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte patterns. The model of delayed infection has been proposed also to explain increasing prevalence rates of asthma.     

The clinical performance of the Multiload IUD. II. The influence of age

Six thousand four hundred and sixty-two Multiload IUDs were inserted (3606 MLCu375 and 2856 MLCu250). In this study, we determined the acceptance and safety of Multiload IUD use in different age groups. Results were analyzed according to the usual life table method. The pregnancy rate was higher with the users of MLCu250 than with the MLCu375 in a clear relation to age group. Expulsion and bleeding and/or pain rates were higher with younger women in both IUD types.

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Resumen Se insertaron 6462 DIU (3606 MLCu375 y 2856 MLCu250). En este estudio se determinó la aceptación y seguridad del uso de DIU Multiload en distintos grupos de edad. Los resultados se analizaron según el método habitual de tablas de vida. La proporción de embarazos fue superior entre las usuarias del MLCu250 que entre las del MLCu375 en una clara relación con el grupo de edad. Las proporciones de expulsión y sangrado y/o dolor fueron superiores entre las mujeres más jóvenes con ambos tipos de DIU.

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Resumé L'étude a porté sur 6462 insertions de DIU Multiload (3606 MLCu375 et 2856 MLCu250). Nous avons déterminé l'acceptation et la sécurité de l'utilisation des DIU Multiload dans différents groupes d'âge. Les résultats ont été analysés selon la méthode usuelle des tables de survie. Le taux de grossesses était plus élevé chez les utilisatrices de MLCu250 que chez celles qui portaient un MLCu375 et nettement en rapport avec le groupe d'âge. Les taux d'expulsion et de saignements et/ou de douleurs étaient plus élevés chez les femmes jeunes pour les deux types de DIU.

     

Peer Reviewed: Increasing Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy-Related Hypertension in Los Angeles County,California, 1991–2003

Introduction

Gestational diabetes and pregnancy-related hypertension can lead to adverse health effects in mothers and infants. We assessed recent trends in the rates of these conditions in Los Angeles County, California.

Methods

Hospital discharge data were used to identify all women aged 15–54 years who resided in the county, had a singleton delivery from 1991 through 2003, and had gestational diabetes or pregnancy-related hypertension listed as a discharge diagnosis at the time of delivery. The prevalence of each condition was calculated by calendar year, race/ethnicity, and age group. Temporal trends in the rates were assessed by using negative binomial regression models, controlling for race/ethnicity and age. Separate models were run for each racial/ethnic and age group.

Results

The age-adjusted prevalence of gestational diabetes increased more than threefold (from 14.5 cases per 1000 women in 1991 to 47.9 cases per 1000 in 2003). The age-adjusted prevalence of pregnancy-related hypertension also increased (from 40.5 cases per 1000 in 1991 to 54.4 cases per 1000 in 2003). In the multivariable regression analysis, the annual rate increase for gestational diabetes was 8.3% overall and was highest among Hispanics (9.9%). The annual rate increase for pregnancy-related hypertension was 2.8% overall and was highest among blacks (4.8%).

Conclusion

The rates of gestational diabetes and pregnancy-related hypertension are increasing in Los Angeles County. Further research is needed to determine the causes of the observed increases and the growing racial/ethnic disparities in those rates.