股四头肌对髌股关节影响的临床和实验观察

目的 从临床和实验二个方面研究股四头肌对髌股关节运动的影响。方法 对一组２６例５２膝患者进行性ＣＴ检查,了解股四头肌收缩状态对髌股关节排列的影响;对一组标本生物力学实验,用压敏片技术直观地测得股四头肌肌力变化对髌股关节接触压力的影响。结果静力性ＣＴ检查发现在１２膝髌半脱位和１４膝髌骨半脱位和１４膝髌骨外倾,其余病例动力性ＣＴ检查发现在２１膝在股四头肌收缩状态下髌骨半脱位,９例髌骨外倾。力学实验中     

股四头肌对髌股关节影响的临床和实验观察

目的　从临床和实验二个方面研究股四头肌对髌股关节运动的影响。方法　对一组 2 6例 5 2膝患者进行动力性CT检查 ,了解股四头肌收缩状态对髌股关节排列的影响 ;对一组标本进行生物力学实验 ,用压敏片技术直观地测得股四头肌肌力变化对髌股关节接触压力的影响。结果　静力性CT检查发现有 12膝髌骨半脱位和 14膝髌骨外倾 ,其余病例动力性CT检查又发现有 2 1膝在股四头肌收缩状态下髌骨半脱位 ,9膝髌骨外倾。力学实验中发现随股内侧肌肌力下降髌股接触面趋向外侧。结论　股四头肌各肌组的肌力不平衡对髌股关节的接触压力及髌骨位置有较大的影响 ,临床上应重视对股四头肌肌力的恢复。     

髌股关节异常排列和运动轨迹的动态磁共振研究

目的 观察屈膝过程中健康者及有前膝痛病人的髌股关节的排列和运动轨迹。方法 24个有膝前区疼痛的病人(28膝)参加了本组研究,髌股关节在不同屈曲位置经磁共振成像。5个健康志愿者(10膝)作为对照。测量每一屈曲位置时髌骨运动轨迹及髌股排列情况。同时进行了股四头肌收缩时的动力性检查。结果 28个有症状的髌股关节中有13膝有髌骨外侧半脱位,8膝髌骨外侧倾斜,7膝正常。在股四头肌收缩时的动力性检查时,有髌骨外侧半脱位的病人均有不同程度的半脱位加重。没有半脱位的15膝中有4膝出现了半脱位,5例髌骨倾斜,2例半脱位并倾斜。结论 屈膝前30°范围内的股四头肌收缩时的动态磁共振能提高髌股关节异常的检查准确性。     

关节镜下髌骨载荷平衡治疗膝前疼痛

目的：评价施行髌骨载荷平衡对提高关节镜治疗膝前疼痛的临床疗效。方法：2002年至今应用关节镜治疗膝前疼痛患者76例85膝。术前拍摄髌骨在静力状态和动力状态下的轴位X线片。其中静力性髌骨半脱位20膝；动力性髌骨半脱位34膝。术中对静力性髌骨半脱位患者行外侧支持带松解和内侧紧缩缝合，对动力性髌骨半脱位患者行外侧支持带松解。术后结合股四头肌主、被动功能锻炼，恢复髌骨的静力性和动力性平衡。结果：术后按1989年美国膝关节外科学会评分系统评分，膝评分：优63膝，良15膝，中6膝，差1膝；功能评分：优65膝，良15膝，中4膝，差1膝。结论：术前充分了解膝前疼痛患者的髌骨在静力状态和动力状态下的载荷传导紊乱情况指导治疗，并结合术后股四头肌的主、被动功能锻炼，是提高疗效的重要手段。     

关节镜下支持带松解术治疗髌股关节紊乱的评价

为了评价关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗髌股关节紊乱的临床价值，我们复习了４０例外侧松解术的资料并进行１－５年的随访。回顾性研究表明，该术式的优良率在髌股关节疼痛伴外侧支持带紧张者中为８７％，在髌股关节骨关节不髌骨不稳者中为５０％，而在髌骨脱位或半脱位组仅为４０％。     

改良髌骨半脱位的治疗方法

髌骨半脱位,临床上较常见,治疗方法较多,效果不尽人意。１９７８年始应用带状缝匠肌,游离下１／３段,其止点不切断,移至髌骨前固定,增建一个动力性髌韧带和增加股内侧肌肌力,加强髌骨向内的可变拉应力,使Ｑ角变小,恢复髌骨的动力性稳定,防止髌骨半脱位,收到满...     

应用半腱肌重建髌股内侧韧带治疗髌骨脱位九例

目的 观察自体半腱肌重建髌股内侧韧带治疗髌骨脱位的效果. 方法 对9例膝关节髌骨脱位行半腱肌重建髌股内侧韧带.4例习惯性髌骨脱位,4例反复性髌骨脱位,1例第二次手术.游离同侧半腱肌肉,行髌股内侧韧带重建手术. 结果 9例手术后伤口Ⅰ期愈合,6个月内8例髌骨稳定,髌骨运动轨迹正常,恐惧试验阴性,关节屈曲0°～120°,8例髌股关节疼痛消失. 结论 自体半腱肌移植重建髌股韧带损伤能提供足够的张力,结合髌骨外侧松解术,达到防止髌骨脱位目的.     

成人髌骨脱位的手术治疗(附七例报告)

目的探讨成人髌骨脱位的病理特点和手术方法。方法对平均手术年龄为36岁的7例9侧髌骨脱位的病例进行回顾性分析。全部病人采用手术治疗,在外侧松解和内侧紧缩的同时,为了增强髌骨内侧的拉力,用股内侧肌头向髌骨外移位缝合以及半腱肌经髌骨移位术。结果本组随访平均2．6年(2～5年),其中8例临床结果良好,无髌骨再脱位情况,无髌股关节炎和疼痛,关节功能近于正常。1例因膝外翻未予矫正而屈膝略受限。结论成人髌骨脱位建议采用手术治疗。在外侧松解和内侧紧缩的同时,结合股内侧肌髌外侧移位术和半腱肌经髌骨移位术韵三合一方法,髌股力线恢复确实,术后效果良好。     

关节镜辅助内侧髌股韧带探查修补治疗初次髌骨脱位或半脱位

[目的]探讨关节镜辅助下内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)探查修补治疗初次髌骨脱位或半脱位的手术方法及临床效果.[方法]先行关节镜检查,仔细观察髌股关节对合情况,伴发伤给予镜下相应处理.髌骨内侧纵形或斜形切口,切开后仔细查找MPFL,对于MPFL探查明显破裂者,给予修补缝合;探查不明显者,可取一1.2 cm左右宽度的条状内侧支持带,远髌骨端游离,通过关节镜监视,在适当的张力下,将游离端缝合在内侧副韧带股骨止点处.股内侧肌和远端切口缝合,将重建韧带包埋.[结果]术后随访时间为12～56个月,平均23个月,关节功能良好,髌骨稳定性好,髌股关节对合良好,与健侧对比无明显差异.术后Lysholm评分:优25膝,良4膝,可1膝,优良率为96.67%.[结论]关节镜辅助下内侧髌股韧带探查修补治疗初次髌骨脱位或半脱位,直观,准确,能够有效防止其复发脱位,对于维持髌骨的稳定性有重要作用.     

膝关节镜联合C型臂治疗复发性髌骨脱位疗效分析

目的探讨膝关节镜联合C型臂透视下定位重建内侧髌股韧带等长点治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法自2013年10月至2017年5月收治复发性髌骨脱位58例(63膝),男26例28膝,女32例35膝;年龄16~47岁,平均(21.8±7.16)岁。采用膝关节镜联合C臂机透视下定位内侧髌股韧带等长点,自体半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。对其进行影像学评价:Q角、胫骨结节股骨滑车沟(tibia tuberosity-trochlear groove,TT-TG),Insall-Salvati指数、髌股适合角、外侧髌股角、髌骨外移率;临床疗效评价包括国际膝关节评分委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分。结果所有病例均获得随访,随访时间1~40个月,平均21个月。术后恐惧试验均阴性,随访期间无髌骨再脱位及骨折发生。末次随访时髌股适合角(0.20±4.19)°,外侧髌股角(3.52±1.33)°,髌骨外移率(0.35±0.14)。与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);IKDC膝关节功能主观评分(87.46±4.04)分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分(87.28±3.33)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论膝关节镜联合"C"型臂透视下定位重建内侧髌股韧带等长点治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期效果可靠。     

Preoperative computed tomography scanning and arthroscopy in predicting outcome after lateral retinacular release.

We initiated a study to look at preoperative, flexed-knee, midpatellar computed tomography (CT) scans and intraoperative arthroscopic findings of lateral patellar articular degeneration in predicting the results after lateral retinacular release for failed nonoperative treatment of anterior knee pain. Twenty patients with 30 painful knees underwent preoperative flexed-knee, midpatellar CT scans that were retrospectively classified by the method of Fulkerson into normal alignment, lateral subluxation, lateral patellar tilt, and combined tilt and subluxation. Arthroscopy was performed before open lateral release. The lateral facet of the patella was graded as either minimal changes (Outerbridge I or II) or advanced (Outerbridge III or IV) changes. Patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years and graded on a standard patellofemoral rating scale. Only 22 of 30 knees that were thought to be clinically malaligned, actually were malaligned by CT scan; eight CT scans were interpreted as normal. The results were further stratified into group A (CT-documented tilt, minimal facet changes), group B (CT-documented tilt, advanced facet changes), and group C (normal CT). Ninety-two percent of group A were rated good or excellent. Twenty-two percent of Group B rated good/excellent, 33% fair, 44% poor. Only 13% of group C rated good (one patient). Based on the results of the study, we recommend lateral release for anterior knee patients with CT-proven patellar tilt who have not responded to conservative treatment and have minimal facet changes with minimal or no subluxation. Lateral retinacular release should not be offered as a treatment to the patient with a normally aligned patella because poor results will most likely result.     

Computerized tomography of the patellofemoral joint before and after lateral release or realignment

Computerized tomography (CT) provides an accurate diagnostic tool for evaluating tilt and subluxation of the patella. Using a previously described technique, this study reviews 62 computerized tomograms, including those of 21 patients before and after lateral release or anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer. One patient was evaluated before and after soft-tissue realignment of the patella. Additional CT studies were evaluated to establish the most appropriate reference line for determining patellar tilt. Results show that lateral retinacular release effectively reduces abnormal patellar tilting as determined by CT. Anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer similarly reduces abnormal tilt. Patellar subluxation may improve substantially following either lateral release or anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer, but this study suggests that correction of subluxation is less consistent than reduction of abnormal tilt with tibial tubercle transfer or lateral release alone. Once articular degeneration has progressed to the point of facet collapse, lateral release fails to restore normal tilt.     

Reproducibility of patellofemoral CT scan measurements

At least seven parameters have been described for the measurement of patellofemoral malalignment on CT scanning; three of which measure lateral patellar tilt, two lateral patellar shift and two femoral trochlear dysplasia. We studied 22 knees in 18 patients complaining of patellofemoral pain in order to investigate the reproducibility of these methods. CT scans of the patellofemoral joint were performed in each knee at 0 degrees and 20 degrees of flexion. The seven parameters were recorded from each scan by three independent observers in a blind study. The reproducibility was studied by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Parameters measuring lateral patellar tilt showed excellent reliability (ICC>75%). The measurements of lateral patellar shift and femoral trochlear dysplasia showed a fair or poor correlation (ICC<75%). We suggest that parameters for measuring lateral patellar tilt only should be used from CT scanning when planning treatment for patello-femoral malalignment.     

Indications for lateral retinacular release in total knee replacement

The rule of no thumb test was compared with the towel clip test in determining the need for lateral retinacular release in 200 consecutive primary total knee replacements. The towel clip test was positive in 13 knees (6.5%) and the rule of no thumb test was positive in 78 knees (39%). Using a positive towel clip test as the indication for lateral retinacular release, there was no radiographic evidence of patellar tilt, subluxation, or dislocation in any knee at 6 months postoperatively. Therefore, the rule of no thumb test falsely predicted the need for lateral release in 65 knees (32.5%). The authors advocate the towel clip test to determine the need for lateral retinacular release.     

髌骨半脱位70例治疗分析

目的探讨髌骨半脱位的治疗方法及其预后。方法回顾性分析70例（130膝）髌骨半脱位患者的临床资料,其中男30例,女40例;年龄10～48岁,平均23岁。患者髌骨的形态均为WibergⅡ、Ⅲ型,其中伴有外侧髌股关节骨关节炎者58例108膝,高位髌骨23例46膝,外伤后股四头肌内侧头肌张力不良10例10膝。Q角20°～40°。全部行手术治疗,手术方式包括：髌外侧支持带充分松解（130膝）;髌内侧支持带紧缩、股内侧肌移位至髌骨前内侧（12膝）;髌骨外侧部分切除（17膝）;胫骨结节前、内侧移位（46膝）,平均内移1．0cm、前移1．2cm;缝匠肌前移（11膝）,半腱肌前移（13膝）;关节镜下髌外侧支持带松解,髌内侧支持带紧缩（31膝）。术中见全部病例髌外侧支持带均明显增厚。结果随访3～180个月,根据Insall等评分系统评估分析疗效,术后疗效优78膝,良33膝,可12膝,差7膝。患者术后疼痛、关节活动功能均得到明显改善,尤其是解除膝前痛效果显著。结论根据病因及病理改变选择恰当的手术方式治疗髌骨半脱位均可取得满意的效果,特别是关节镜手术具有创伤小、恢复快的特点,值得进一步推广应用。     

Long-term functional outcome after lateral patellar retinacular release in adolescents: an observational cohort study with minimum 5-year follow-up

BACKGROUND: Lateral patellar retinacular release has been recommended for patients with patellar tilt, tight lateral retinaculum, patellar subluxation, patellar dislocation, and patellofemoral pain. Studies of long-term outcomes after lateral release are limited, especially for differing indications. HYPOTHESIS: Adolescents do well after lateral retinacular release in the 5- to 22-year time frame. METHODS: Patients having undergone lateral retinacular release between the years of 1981 and 1999 were contacted. Evaluation was by the Cincinnati and Lysholm scales and by level of satisfaction and need for reoperation. RESULTS: One hundred forty knees were studied. Mean age at operation was 15.4 years (SD, 2.7 years). Average follow-up was 8.5 (SD, 4.1 years; range, 5.2-22.5 years). Twenty-five patients had needed reoperation, indicating failure of the index operation. Kaplan-Meier survivorship was 78% at 15 years. Cincinnati and Lysholm scores indicated well-functioning knees in those not requiring reoperation. Overall satisfaction improved as time from operation increased.Comparisons were made between the group requiring reoperation and those who did not. Focus was placed on knees with patellar maltracking or tilt versus patellar instability and between males and females. No differences were found among groups for reoperation rate, level of satisfaction, average Lysholm score, or average Cincinnati score. There were no differences in demographics or outcome measures between patients with patellar instability and those with tilt. Instability patients trended toward higher reoperation rates than did tilt patients, but the difference was not significant. There were no differences between males and females. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients are satisfied with their knee 5 to 22 years after lateral patellar retinacular release and scored well on questions rating knee health and function.     

Treatment of chondromalacia patellae by lateral retinacular release of the patella

A series of 59 knees in 58 patients were surgically treated from 1977 to 1982 for chondromalacia patellae, and were followed for an average of 1.2 to 4.6 years after the operation. The operative procedure was open lateral retinacular release in all knees. In knees with recurrent patellar subluxation, the number of poor results increased from 24% to 70%, and in knees with no subluxation from 21% to 24%. The difference after 4.6 years was statistically significant. No correlation between the severity or location of the cartilage changes and the operative effect was found. Open lateral retinacular release is an acceptable treatment of chondromalacia patellae without subluxation of the patella, whereas in the presence of recurrent subluxation, the release does not correct the basic biomechanical disturbance.     

A fresh appraisal of tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee.

A retrospective study was performed on 189 arthritic knees treated by tibial osteotomy at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, England to determine the quality of the results. The objective results were deduced from a numerical system of grading of pain, function, and movement, for 132 osteoarthritic knees. No statistical difference was found between high and low tibial osteotomies. Varus and male knees fared better than valgus and female knees. The result was significant only for the male varus group. Correction of the angular deformity had a profound influence on the results for varus but not for valgus knees. A joint tilt increase usually occurred and was associated with increased subluxation and instability in valgus knees but decreased or unchanged subluxation in varus knees. This was held to be an important cause of failure to achieve good results in valgus knees, and appeared to be an irremedial fault of tibial osteotomy.     

Location of the femoral sulcus in the osteoarthritic knee

Morphology of the distal femur is characterized in patients with osteoarthritis to identify an etiology for the high incidence of patellar tilt, subluxation, and failure noted in total knee arthroplasty. This study demonstrates that the sulcus of the trochlear groove is not located in the midline as traditionally represented, but is lateral to the midline in both osteoarthritic and normal knees. The significance of this is that the patella will presumably track lateral to the midline unless surgically realigned, contributing to the prevalence of patellar tracking problems associated with symmetric femoral components with centralized sulci used in contemporary total knee arthroplasty.