二甲双胍缓释片人体药代动力学及其相对生物利用度

目的 研究国产盐酸二甲双胍缓释片在人体药代动力学行为并与普通片进行等效性评价比较,并估算其药代动力学参数。方法 20名受试者分两组交叉服用缓释片和普通片,用RP-HPLC法测定血浆中药物浓度,并估算相应的药动学参数。结果 单剂量口服1000mg缓释片和普通片后估算的AUC_0-24分别为11.95±2.62μg·h^-1·ml^-1和10.72±2.23μg·h^-1·ml^-1;C_max分别为1.50±0.22μg·ml^-1和2.34±0.30μg·ml^-1;T_max分别为3.38±0.8h和1.61±0.32h;t_1/2分别为4.94±0.47h和3.20±0.38h;多剂量1000mg·d^-1时AUC_ss分别为15.04±3.01μg·h^-1·ml^-1和14.51±2.69μg·h^-1·ml^-1;C_max分别为1.68±0.25μg·ml^-1和1.60±0.26μg·ml^-1;C_min分别为0.15±0.03μg·ml^-1和0.12±0.04μg·ml^-1;Cav分别为0.62±0.13μg·ml^-1和0.61±0.11μg·ml^-1;T_max分别为3.61±0.60h和1.88±0.38h;AUC_0-24和AUC_ss经对数转换后方差分析和双单侧t检验，显示两制剂吸收程度生物等效。结论受试制剂和参比制剂吸收程度生物等效，但具有缓释特性。盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的相对生物利用度单剂量时为（111.5±8.3）%，多剂量时为（103.6±9.2）%。     

在体猪耳静脉灌流经皮吸收模型的建立与应用

目的建立在体猪耳静脉灌流经皮吸收模型，为经皮吸收制剂研究提供新方法。方法建立在体猪耳静脉灌流经皮吸收模型。以葡萄糖利用试验及乳酸脱氢酶活性检测评价模型的生物学活性，以酮洛芬异丙酯和水杨酸甲酯为模型药物考察系统的应用。结果葡萄糖利用及乳酸脱氢酶活性检测表明系统7 h内保持良好生物学活性。酮洛芬异丙酯经皮渗透过程中被完全代谢为酮洛芬，稳态时酮洛芬累积形成量Q与时间t回归的方程为Q=-0.024+0.120t，形成速率为0.120　μg·cm^-2·h^-1。水杨酸甲酯经皮渗透过程中部分被代谢为水杨酸，稳态时水杨酸甲酯累积渗透量Q与时间t回归的方程为Q=-3.809+6.129　t，渗透速率为6.129　μg·cm^-2·h^-1；水杨酸累积形成量Q与时间t回归的方程为Q=-1.785+0.879　t，形成速率为0.879　μg·cm^-2·h^-1。结论该模型操作简便、价格经济，不仅可以考察药物的经皮吸收，而且能够用于研究药物的皮肤代谢。     

依达拉奉凝胶的制备及体外透皮性能研究

目的 考察依达拉奉凝胶体外经皮渗透性,筛选凝胶剂最佳处方。方法 采用Valin-Chien双室渗透扩散池,以大鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,以HPLC测定依达拉奉的浓度,考察含药量、月桂氮（艹卓）酮用量、环糊精的型号和含量对依达拉奉凝胶剂经皮渗透性的影响。结果 凝胶剂最佳处方为6%依达拉奉、10%月桂氮（艹卓）酮、10% β-环糊精、2%羧甲基纤维素钠,依达拉奉12 h累积渗透量平均值为(501.95±27.59)μg·cm^-2,渗透速率平均值为(42.25±7.39)μg·cm^-2·h^-1。结论 依达拉奉凝胶剂具有较好的经皮渗透特性,有望成为新的给药制剂。     

遗传算法在经皮给药微乳载体处方优化中的应用

以萘普生为模型药物，用遗传算法优化经皮给药微乳载体的处方。用伪三元相图法确定由Tween 80、IPM、乙醇和水组成的微乳区域。用3因素3水平的中心设计法制备载药量为1.12%的萘普生模型微乳，并进行离体兔皮的体外渗透实验。以稳态渗透速率的二次回归模型为目标函数，用遗传算法对中心设计结果进行优化，筛选出具有最大透皮速率的萘普生微乳载体处方。所得优化处方的组成为：21.41% Tween 80、15.17%乙醇、4.14% IPM和59.28%水，预计的稳态渗透速率为183.57 μg·cm^-2·h^-1。回代试验表明，以优化处方制备的萘普生微乳，其稳态渗透速率的平均值为189.43 μg·cm^-2·h^-1，高于预测值。结果表明，用遗传算法筛选微乳经皮给药载体处方，方法可行，结果合理、可靠。     

牛蒡子苷代谢动力学与分布研究

目的研究牛蒡子苷代谢动力学与分布。方法单剂量随机灌胃,高效液相色谱法测定大鼠体内牛蒡子苷浓度及其在脏器中的分布,代谢动力学分析采用3P87软件。结果口服牛蒡子苷300 mg/kg在大鼠体内呈二室模型分布,其主要动力学参数为A=(37.374 5±8.964 7)μg·mL^-1;B =(6.210 6±1.489 3)μg·mL^-1;α=(0.004 3±0.000 9)min^-1;β=(0.000 4±0.000 2)min^-1;K_α==(0.420 2±0.167 5)min^-1;t_1/2α=(115.192 6±14.382 4)min ;t_1/2β=(1 485.578 1±161.173 3)min;K₁₀=(0.001 0±0.000 4)min^-1;K₂₁=(0.001 4±0.000 6)minn^-1;K₁₂=(0.002 3±0.001 3)min-1;C_max=(41.786 3±7.521 7)μg·mL^-1;T_max=(9.891 9±4.341 4)min;AUC =(22 503.272 7±4 120.182 8)μg·min·mL^-1。牛蒡子苷在心、肝、肾、脑等脏器也有分布,以肝脏中最高。结论高效液相色谱法测定牛蒡子苷在动物体内代谢变化,快速、受杂质干扰小,且稳定性和重现性较好,适合牛蒡子苷代谢产物含量测定。牛蒡子苷在体内吸收很快,消除也快。     

十名志愿者口服维拉帕米缓释片药代动力学和心电图研究

对10名男性受试者单剂量po240mgVer缓释片药代动力学及心电图变化进行研究。血药浓度—时间数据用零级吸收过程的一室模型拟合,其药代动力学参数:T_max5.9±1.6h;C_max118.9±37.2μg·L^-1;T₁ 5.4±1.5h;k₀30.5±17.5μg·L^-1·h^-1;T_1/210.8±4.9h。PR间期延长有显著意义,血药浓度与PR间期变化满足S 型模型,其药效学参数:EC₅₀ 64.6±16.9μg·L^-1; E_max54±11ms;s 1.68±0.66。     

应用UPLC研究亚胺培南在大鼠体内的药动学

目的 建立灵敏的超高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中亚胺培南的浓度。方法 血浆样品采用乙腈蛋白沉淀方法,色谱柱为Dikma Diamonsil C₁₈;以0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钠(85%磷酸调pH至7.0)-甲醇(45∶55)为流动相;流速为1.0 mL·minL^-1;柱温为35 ℃;检测波长为295 nm。结果 亚胺培南血药浓度在0.5～100 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),最低检测限为0.5 μg·mL^-1;日内、日间RSD均≤10％,提取回收率在80.5％~81.2％之间。6只SD大鼠单剂量口服给予亚胺培南后药动学参数分别为：C_max(75.3±6.2)μg·mL^-1;t_1/2(6.72±1.58)h;AUC_0-t(694.1±28.3)h·μg·mLL^-1;AUC_0-∞(746.2±32.9) h·μg·mL^-1。结论 本方法简便、准确、灵敏、专属性强,同样适用于人血浆中亚胺培南浓度的测定及其药动学研究,对于评价亚胺培南疗效和安全性有重要意义。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀的浓度及相对生物利用度

目的 建立人体血浆中辛伐他汀的LC-MS/MS测定方法,研究辛伐他汀片在男性健康志愿者体内的药代动力学行为,评价其生物利用度和生物等效性。方法 20名健康成年男性志愿者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服辛伐他汀片40 mg后,用LC-MS/MS联用法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果 试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t_max分别为(1.8±1.3)h和(2.10±1.00)h;c_max分别为(7.12±1.61)μg·L^-1和(7.38±1.54)μg·L^-1;AUC_(0-24)分别为(30.50±11.25)μg·L^-1·h^-1和(30.17±10.21)μg·L^-1·h^-1;t_1/2分别为(3.90±0.78)h和(3.76±0.85)h。以AUC_(0-24)计算的试验制剂的相对生物利用度为101.2%±7.8%。结论 建立的分析方法准确灵敏,测得的数据可靠,统计学分析表明两种制剂生物等效。     

十一酸睾酮二元醇质体凝胶剂体内外透皮特性研究

摘 要 目的：对十一酸睾酮（TU）二元醇质体凝胶进行体内外透皮考察。方法: 采用注入法制备TU二元醇质体,以卡波姆941为凝胶基质,制备TU二元醇质体凝胶剂;以小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用Franz扩散池法对其体外透皮特性进行考察;以大鼠为实验动物,背部给予TU二元醇质体凝胶剂后,于设定的时间点测定血浆中TU浓度,计算药动学参数,并与TU二元醇质体进行比较。结果: TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的体外累积透皮百分率Q与时间t均符合一级动力学模型,线性方程分别为：Q=8.68t+6.78（r=0.998 2）和Q=6.09t+3.09（r=0.999 3）,稳态透皮速率分别为8.68 μg·cm^-2·h^-1和6.09 μg·cm^-2·h^-1,24 h后TU在皮肤中的滞留量分别为（208.80±55.26）μg·g^-1和（225.60±38.90）μg·g^-1;大鼠体内TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的主要药动学参数分别为：Cmax（18.50±2.75）mg·L^-1和（20.80±2.42）mg·L^-1;tmax（6.20±0.14）h和（9.54±0.52）h;AUC0-48h（336.74±2.05）h和（486.30±1.68）h。结论:TU二元醇质体及其凝胶均呈现较好的体内外透皮特性,且在缓释性上凝胶剂表现更优。     

HPLC/MS研究国产盐酸班布特罗片及其代谢物特布他林人体生物等效性

目的研究国产班布特罗片剂和进口片剂进行人体生物等效性研究。方法20名健康受试者随机交叉给药,用液相色谱/质谱联用测定血浆中班布特罗其代谢物特布他林的浓度。结果经数据处理,单次口服国产和进口班布特罗片剂后班布特罗的药代动力学参数:AUC_0-t分别为(52±21)μg·h·L^-1和(51±20)μg·h·L^-1,T_max分别为(2.9±0.9)h和(2.6±0.7)h,C_max分别为(6.0±2.6)μg·L^-1和(6.2±2.9)μg·L^-1。特布他林:AUC_0-t分别为(191±30)μg·h·L^-1和(197±37)μg·h·L^-1,T_max分别为(4.2±1.0)h和(4.2±1.0)h,C_max分别为(10±5)μg·L^-1和(10±4)μg·L^-1。国产班布特罗片剂单次给药后的相对生物利用度为102%±8%(班布特罗),100%±12%(特布他林)。结论经统计学证明两制剂有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.