Wound healing evaluation of sodium fucidate-loaded polyvinylalcohol/sodium carboxymethylcellulose-based wound dressing

The cross-linked hydrogel films containing sodium fucidate were previously reported to be prepared polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) using the freeze-thawing method and their physicochemical property was investigated. For the development of novel sodium fucidate-loaded wound dressing, here its in vivo wound healing test and histopathology were performed compared with the conventional ointment product. In wound healing test, the sodium fucidate-loaded composed of 2.5% PVA, 1.125% Na-CMC and 0.2% drug showed faster healing of the wound made in rat dorsum than the hydrogel without drug, indicating the potential healing effect of sodium fucidate. Furthermore, from the histological examination, the healing effect of sodium fucidate-loaded hydrogel was greater than that of the conventional ointment product and hydrogel without drug, since it might gave an adequate level of moisture and build up the exudates on the wound area. Thus, the sodium fucidate-loaded wound dressing composed of 5% PVA, 1.125% Na-CMC and 0.2% drug is a potential wound dressing with excellent wound healing.     

羧甲基纤维素钠的配伍研究

本文研究了羧甲基纤维素钠与硫酸新霉素,硫酸庆大霉素及醋酸洗必泰的配伍问题。结果表明,两者配伍后可产生沉淀,并影响制剂的粘性及上述抗生素的抑菌效价。     

鱼皮胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合海藻酸盐水凝胶敷料对烧烫伤创面的促愈合作用

本文以海藻酸钠为原料,复配壳聚糖、鱼皮胶原蛋白,通过Ca2+离子交联制备成海藻酸盐水凝胶敷料。测试了该敷料的物理机械性能及其对大白兔浅Ⅱ度烧烫伤创面的促愈合作用。结果表明：鱼皮胶原蛋白-壳聚糖复合海藻酸盐水凝胶的含水量≥80%,具有良好的吸湿保湿和机械性能,是一种理想的伤口创面敷料;对浅Ⅱ度烧烫伤的愈合周期远远少于医用纱布、市售聚氨酯水凝胶敷料,且能消除伤口炎症,抑制瘢痕的生成,在伤口护理方面有着良好的前景和应用方向。     

Drug release and washability of mucoadhesive gels based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose and polyacrylic acid

This study investigated the relationship of the washability of gels based on two mucoadhesive polymers (sodium carboxymethylcellulose [NaCMC] and polyacrylic acid [PAA]) and their mixtures to their physical properties such as consistency and hydration/dissolution. The mucoadhesive properties of the two polymers and the effect of mucus-polymer interaction on gel washability at the mucoadhesive interface were also investigated using mixtures of PAA and NaCMC gels with increasing mucin amounts. Release and wash-away properties of the gels were assessed by means of a simultaneous release and wash-away test, whereas the consistency and hydration/dissolution properties of the gels were investigated by rheological analysis (viscosity and dynamic viscoelastic tests) and liquid uptake measurements, respectively. The results showed that PAA was characterized by lower release and wash-away properties than those of NaCMC. Mixing of two gels at different ratios allowed modulation of the release and wash-away properties. A relationship between washability and hydration/dissolution properties was found. Gel consistency by itself did not always provide a complete explanation of the wash-away process. The two polymers investigated showed different rheological interaction properties with mucin. Depending on the extent of such interaction, gel-mucin mixture had hydration/dissolution and washability properties that were quite different with respect to the initial gel.     

GPC-MALLS联用技术测定羧甲纤维素钠分子质量及其分布

目的：分析羧甲纤维素钠的分子量及其分布,推断其分子构象。方法：采用凝胶渗透色谱与多角度激光光散射(GPC -MALLS)联用技术测定羧甲基纤维素钠的分子量及分子量分布,并根据检测结果推断其分子构象。结果：羧甲纤维素钠样品的分子量在105～106之间;多分散系数PDI值在1.5～4.4之间;分子旋转半径(RMS)与重均分子量之间的关系曲线斜率约为0.2～0.6之间,主要集中在0.3～0.5之间,散点部分呈U型曲线,表明羧甲纤维素钠样品是一个紧密且具有高支化度结构的大分子聚合物。实验发现,同一生产企业不同黏度型号的羧甲纤维素钠样品的分子量与黏度呈正相关性;不同生产企业相同黏度型号的样品其分子量及分子量分布存在较大差异。结论：羧甲纤维素钠的分子量及分子量分布的测定、分子构象的分析,为深入研究羧甲纤维素钠的分子结构奠定了坚实的理论基础。     

Effect of coating of aluminum carboxymethylcellulose beads on the release and bioavailability of diclofenac sodium

The production of spheres loaded with diclofenac sodium by the cross linking technique was achieved. The hydrophilic polymer sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) which gels in the presence of a cross linking agent, aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), was used as a matrix forming agent for the bead production. To obtain a regular and uniform rate of drug release, the produced beads were coated with sodium alginate to increase the pathway of the diffused medium. Two processing variables were studied, the flocculating agent concentration (20, 40 and 60% w/v) and different coating times (15, 30 and 60 min). The results show that the higher concentrations of aluminum chloride (40 and 60% w/v) produced more uniform and rounded beads than that prepared using 20% w/v salt. The particle size of the core beads decreased insignificantly (P > 0.05) as the flocculating agent concentration increased. The coating time did not affect the particle size of the coated beads within the same concentration of aluminum chloride. The dissolution studies showed that the release rate of diclofenac sodium from the core beads increased with the increase of AlCl₃ concentration and that the rate of drug release was markedly reduced after the coating of the core beads with Na-alginate. The results also show a linear relationship for drug release over a 4–5 h period from the core beads where it showed a longer straight line relationship (7 h) for the coated beads. The coating of the Al-CMC beads, prepared using 60% w/v AlCl₃ · 6H₂O, with 2% w/v aqueous solution of Na-alginate resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) sustaining action of the Al-CMC beads as indicated by the shift in T_max from 1.7 ± 0.84 to 3 ± 0.71 h and the prolongation of the MRT from 7.86 ± 0.54 to 10.82 ± 1.33 h. The C_max increased significantly from 5.43 ± 2.91 to 11.66 ± 6.18 μg/ml while the AUC_{0 → 24} increased insignificantly (P > 0.05) from 39.82 ± 26.61 to 57.92 ± 25.58 μg · h/ml resulting in a relative bioavailability of 145.45% relative to Al-CMC beads.     

医用壳聚糖创面修复膜对阑尾炎手术伤口恢复的效果

目的探讨医用壳聚糖创面修复膜对阑尾炎手术伤口恢复的临床效果。方法行开腹手术治疗的60例阑尾炎患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例。两组术后均给予常规伤口处理,观察组在此基础上加用医用壳聚糖创面修复膜。比较两组疗效。结果观察组伤口愈合效果显著好于对照组,愈合时间显著短于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论医用壳聚糖创面修复膜能够促进阑尾炎手术伤口更好更快的恢复,使用方法简单,适用范围广泛,值得临床考虑。     

基于壳聚糖/海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇的双层复合水凝胶膜伤口敷料研究

目的 制备聚乙烯醇（PVA）/海藻酸钠（SA）-聚乙烯醇（PVA）/壳聚糖（CS）双层（PAPCS）水凝胶膜伤口敷料,并进行质量评价。方法 将PVA与SA以质量比2∶1混合,配制PVA/SA混合溶液;将PVA与CS分别以质量比1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1、5∶1混合,配制不同质量比的PVA/CS混合溶液;采用涂布法制备PAPCS双层水凝胶膜伤口敷料。通过水蒸气透过率、溶胀性能、保水性、力学性能、体外凝血性能和血液相容性考察对水凝胶膜的性能进行评价、筛选PVA与CS质量比;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱检测（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对PAPCS水凝胶膜的结构和形貌进行表征;通过抑菌实验比较PAPCS以及PAPCS复合载碘交联环糊精金属有机骨架（I₂@COF@PAPCS）的体外抗菌性能。结果 PVA与CS质量比为2∶1时,PAPCS水凝胶膜综合性能较好。PAPCS水凝胶膜为多孔结构,具有良好的溶胀性能、保水性以及力学性能;PAPCS水凝胶膜的水蒸气透过率为（2 643.76±91.62）g·m^-2·d^-1,接近理想范围;与PVA/SA相比,PAPCS的凝血指数显著降低（P＜0.01）,为（72.93±3.58）%,溶血率小于5%,具有促进血液凝固的能力且血液相容性良好;与PVA/SA相比,PAPCS对于金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌均有明显抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别为（11.89±0.22）、（12.28±0.25） mm;I₂@COF@PAPCS对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑菌圈直径分别为（21.95±1.47）、（18.89±0.81）mm,抑菌效果显著优于PAPCS（P＜0.001）。结论 采用涂布法可成功制备双层PAPCS水凝胶膜敷料,其各项性能指标良好,具有明显的凝血、抑菌效果,与I₂@COF复合使用,抑菌作用进一步增强。     

Thixotropic behavior of a microcrystalline cellulose-sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel

An extensive study has been made of the thixotropic behavior of a microcrystalline cellulose-sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel (2% weight) and of its modification due to physical factors such as agitation time, duration of storage at rest, and temperature. An empirical function, giving thixotropic area variation rate as a function of agitation time, was obtained and found to be practically independent of storage time.     

Hyaluronic acid and chitosan-based nanosystems: a new dressing generation for wound care

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The main goal in the management of chronic wounds is the development of multifunctional dressings able to promote a rapid recovery of skin structure and function, improving patient compliance.

Areas covered: This review discusses the use of nanosystems, based on hyaluronic acid and chitosan or their derivatives for the local treatment of chronic wounds. The bioactive properties of both polysaccharides will be described, as well as the results obtained in the last decade by the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the wound healing properties of nanosystems based on such polymers.

Expert opinion: In the last decades, there has been a progressive change in the local treatments of chronic wounds: traditional inert dressings have been replaced by more effective bioactive ones, based on biopolymers taking part in wound healing and able to release the loaded active agents in a controlled way. With the advance of nanotechnologies, the scenario has further changed: nanosystems, characterized by a large area-to-volume ratio, show an improved interaction with the biological substrates, amplifying the activity of the constituent biopolymers. In the coming years, a deeper insight into wound healing mechanisms and the development of new techniques for nanosystem manufacturing will results in the design of new scaffolds with improved performance.     

水胶体敷料联合脉冲式超短波治疗静脉炎的效果分析

目的研究水胶体敷料联合脉冲式超短波治疗外科手术后静脉炎的效果。方法100例外科手术后出现静脉炎的患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,各50例。实验组应用水胶体敷料联合脉冲式超短波治疗,对照组采用50%硫酸镁湿敷治疗。比较两组治疗3 d后的疼痛评分、治疗7 d后的总有效率及治疗14 d后的痊愈率、护理满意度。结果治疗3 d后,实验组患者的疼痛评分(4.96±3.76)分低于对照组的(9.96±4.92)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗7 d后,实验组患者治疗总有效率94%高于对照组的76%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗14 d后,实验组痊愈率92%高于对照组的64%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗14 d后,实验组满意度90%高于对照组的68%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论水胶体敷料联合脉冲式超短波用于治疗外科手术后静脉输液导致的静脉炎效果显著,能减少患者痛苦,提高患者护理满意度。     

All-natural composite wound dressing films of essential oils encapsulated in sodium alginate with antimicrobial properties

We present natural polymeric composite films made of essential oils (EOs) dispersed in sodium alginate (NaAlg) matrix, with remarkable anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties. Namely, elicriso italic, chamomile blue, cinnamon, lavender, tea tree, peppermint, eucalyptus, lemongrass and lemon oils were encapsulated in the films as potential active substances. Glycerol was used to induce plasticity and surfactants were added to improve the dispersion of EOs in the NaAlg matrix. The topography, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and humidity resistance of the films are presented analytically. Antimicrobial tests were conducted on films containing different percentages of EOs against Escherichia coli bacteria and Candida albicans fungi, and the films were characterized as effective or not. Such diverse types of essential oil-fortified alginate films can find many applications mainly as disposable wound dressings but also in food packaging, medical device protection and disinfection, and indoor air quality improvement materials, to name a few.     

Effect of sodium chloride on the release,absorption and safety of diclofenac sodium delivered by poloxamer gel

Poloxamer solutions prepared with poloxamers and sodium chloride were previously reported to undergo a phase transition to bioadhesive gels at body temperature. For the development of a thermosensitive diclofenac sodium-loaded poloxamer gel, here we investigated the effect of sodium chloride on the release, safety and rectal absorption in rats of diclofenac sodium delivered by the poloxamer gels. P 188 delayed the release rates of diclofenac sodium from poloxamer gels. However, sodium chloride showed no significant effect on the release rates of diclofenac sodium from poloxamer gels. Release mechanism analysis showed the release of diclofenac sodium was proportional to the time. The initial plasma concentrations of diclofenac sodium in the rectal formulation [diclofenac sodium/poloxamer 407 (P 407)/poloxamer 188 (P 188)/sodium chloride (2.5/15/17/0.8%)] were significantly higher compared with those in semi-solid suppository. Furthermore, it gave significantly faster Tmax of diclofenac sodium than did semi-solid suppository, indicating that the diclofenac sodium from poloxamer gel could be absorbed faster than that from semi-solid one in rats. It did not cause any morphological damage to the rectal tissues. These results suggested that poloxamer gel with sodium chloride could be a more effective and safe rectal delivery system of diclofenac sodium.     

Fabrication and characterization of Artocarpus heterophyllus waste derived lignin added chitosan biocomposites for wound dressing application

This paper discusses the preparation and characterization of biocomposite lignin (Lg) derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus- chitosan (CS) (Lg-CS) for biomedical applications. To develop enhanced physico-chemical and biological properties of CS was combined with the Lg at 1, 3, and 5 wt% concentrations. Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) outcomes suggest the presence of hydrogen bonding between CS and Lg, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures reveal that Lg was uniformly dissolved in CS. As a result of effective interface and uniform dispersion, the mechanical stability of CS has been significantly enhanced due to the presence of Lg. The bio-compatibilities of the Lg-CS towards NIH 3t3 cells were also investigated in cell propagation analyzer after day 3. The results of the above study reveal that the Lg-CS bio-composites bandages are found to transmit the most convenient surrounding for the advancement of NIH 3t3 cells. The results suggest that the fabricated bio-composites materials shall be suitable for applications as wound healing and dressing materials.     

美宝创面速愈贴治疗压疮的疗效观察

目的观察美宝创面速愈贴治疗压疮的临床效果。方法 125例患者随机分为观察组65例和对照组60例。观察组给予美宝创面速愈贴治疗,对照组给予磺胺嘧啶银软膏治疗。观察2组的临床疗效。结果 观察组总有效率为98.5%高于对照组的88.3%,痊愈时间为(17.6±2.4)d短于对照组的(23.8±2.8)d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论美宝创面速愈贴治疗压疮效果显著,值得临床推广应用。     

Effect of interaction of aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel and magnesium hydroxide gel on acid neutralization.

Acid neutralization by mixtures of aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel and magnesium hydroxide gel differs from the sum of the acid neutralization of each gel. Acid neutralization by magnesium hydroxide gel in the mixture is not observed until after a substantial portion of the aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel has reacted with acid, even though magnesium hydroxide gel is the faster reacting of the two gels. It is hypothesized that amorphous aluminum hydroxycarbonate forms a coating on the crystalline magnesium hydroxide particles due to electrostatic attraction. This coating prevents protons from reaching the highly reactive magnesium hydroxide until the coating is dissolved by the acid neutralization of aluminum hydroxycarbonate.     

新型静电纺丝伤口敷料的止血性能及促愈合作用研究

目的 评价新型静电纺丝伤口敷料的止血性能及促创伤愈合作用,为该敷料的进一步开发应用奠定基础。方法 将胶原蛋白和壳聚糖的混合溶液通过静电纺丝技术纺在海藻酸盐无纺布基布上,制备成新型静电纺丝伤口敷料（胶原蛋白-壳聚糖静电纺丝膜复合海藻酸盐敷料,Collagen-Chitosan Electrostatic spinning membrane Alginate Dressing,CCEAD）。通过体外凝血实验、兔耳动脉创伤止血实验和兔背部创伤止血实验评价CCEAD的止血性能。建立大鼠背部全皮层创伤模型,分别在术后3、5、7、12 d拍照计算伤口愈合率,测定CCEAD的促愈合作用;取伤口创面皮肤组织,HE染色观察组织病理学变化;免疫组化染色观察在伤口愈合过程中CD31、FGF-2和TGF-β的表达情况。结果 CCEAD组的体外凝血指数BCI为36.91±6.62,显著小于阳性对照明胶海绵组（69.82±1.83）和阴性对照医用纱布组（79.93±6.30）（P＜0.01）。兔耳动脉创伤止血实验中,CCEAD组的止血时间（107.67±17.62) s短于医用纱布组（163.67±15.50） s（P＜0.05）。兔背部创伤止血实验中,CCEAD组Hb光度吸收值（0.120±0.052）明显低于医用纱布组（0.294±0.021）（P＜0.01）。在促创伤愈合实验中,术后第7天,CCEAD组愈合率为65.70%±4.94%,高于阳性对照壳聚糖敷料组（48.78%±8.33%,P＜0.05）,明显高于医用纱布组（37.76%±6.35%,P＜0.01）。HE染色显示,CCEAD在伤口愈合早期能够促进成纤维细胞生长和新生血管形成,促进肉芽组织的生成。免疫组化结果显示,CCEAD能促进CD31、FGF-2和TGF-β在伤口愈合早期的表达,有利于伤口的愈合。结论 新型静电纺丝伤口敷料（胶原蛋白-壳聚糖静电纺丝膜复合海藻酸盐敷料）止血性能优良,具有明显的促创伤愈合作用,有望开发成新型伤口敷料。     

鱼油伤口护理软膏的制备及其对皮肤切线伤的促愈合作用

鱼油中的多不饱和脂肪酸具有促进皮肤损伤修复的功能。以富含多不饱和脂肪酸的鱼油为原料,复配黄凡士林、液体石蜡,制备油性伤口护理软膏敷料。测试了该软膏敷料的细胞相容性、阻水性、阻菌性及其对Sprague Dawley（SD）大鼠切线伤的促愈合作用。结果表明,软膏浸提液培养的L929细胞相对存活率为（99.5 ± 2.2）%,具有优异的细胞相容性;软膏具有优异的阻水性和阻菌性;在切线伤护理中,所制备膏状敷料能够促进创面胶原的沉积与重排,减轻瘢痕的生成。鱼油伤口护理软膏在浅表性皮肤创面护理方面有着良好的应用前景。     

Nitroglycerin-like action of the nitro ethers of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in an experiment

It has been demonstrated in acute experiments on animals of different species that nitroesters of sodium carboxymethylcellulose have the pharmacological properties exhibited by nitroglycerin. Unlike the latter one, they exert a mild hypotensive action.