输卵管通畅性检查在声学造影中的应用

输卵管性不孕发病率占各种不孕原因的首位，占女性不孕的20％-45％；本文旨在探求诊断率高、安全、便于普及应用的输卵管通畅度检查法。目前检查输卵管的方法有多种，而在基层医院及服务站(所)能够开展的主要是子宫输卵管超声双氧水造影术及子宫输卵管碘油造影。1998年7月-2004年9月到我站就诊的不孕患者476例，在腹部超声监测下行输卵管声学造影检查，报告如下。     

宫腹腔镜联合手术和子宫输卵管碘油造影在输卵管性不孕中的应用价值

育龄妇女中各种原因所致的不孕症约占10％,其中输卵管性不孕的发病率较高,占不孕症病因的30％～40％。随着宫腔镜、腹腔镜的诊断和治疗技术在妇产科领域的应用和普及,宫腹腔镜联合手术为输卵管性不孕的治疗开辟了一条新途径。子宫输卵管碘油造影（hysterosalpinggography,HSG）广泛应用于不孕症检查中。本文旨在探讨宫腹腔镜联合检查与子宫输卵管碘油造影在诊断子宫输卵管性不孕中的一致性及宫腹腔镜联合在诊治子宫输卵管性不孕的价值。     

输卵管通畅度检查方法评价

<正>不孕症女性生育力的评估主要包括卵巢储备功能、输卵管通畅度和子宫内膜容受性,鉴于输卵管性不孕在女性不孕中占30%~50%,因此,准确评估输卵管结构及功能状态极为重要。输卵管通畅度检查的主要目的是检查输卵管是否通畅、了解宫腔和输卵管腔的形态及输卵管的阻塞部位,以及与周围组织的解剖关系,为确定输卵管性不孕的治疗方案提供依据。常用的方法有输卵管通液术、子宫输卵管X线造影、子宫输卵管超声造影、腹腔镜检查及宫腔镜检查术。     

子宫输卵管碘油造影与超声双氧水造影对输卵管检查的比较

输卵管因素所致的不孕占女性不孕的 2 5 %～ 4 0 % [1] 。正确判断输卵管的形态及功能是治疗女性不孕症的关键之一。目前检查输卵管的方法有多种 ,而在基层医院能够开展的主要是子宫输卵管超声双氧水造影术 (以下简称声学造影 )及子宫输卵管碘油造影术 (以下简称碘油造影 )。笔者收集到 119例行碘油造影前曾进行过声学造影的不孕症患者的资料 ,分析如下。资料与方法一、临床资料1997年 6月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月 ,在我院行碘油造影前曾经进行过声学造影的不孕症患者 119例 ,年龄 2 2～ 4 1岁 ,平均 2 4 6岁。原发不孕 4 1例 ,占 34 4 5 % ,平均…     

甲基睾丸酮治疗伴有子宫内膜异位症的不孕症

子宫内膜异位症有时伴有不孕。本文报道用甲基睾丸酮治疗此病。作者介绍治疗64名患者的经验。对全部病人均作常规的不孕症检查,包括精液检查,黄体期子宫内膜检查、子宫输卵管造影及内窥镜检查,以确诊     

输卵管性不孕诊断的循证医学证据

输卵管性不孕是女性不孕的主要原因之一.目前诊断输卵管性不孕的方法主要有:腹腔镜下输卵管通色素法、X射线下子宫输卵管造影、输卵管通液、输卵管通气、超声检查、输卵管镜检查、衣原体血清学检查等.本文收集、评价目前有关输卵管性不孕诊断试验的临床循证医学证据,以期为临床医生选择高效经济的诊断方法提供依据.     

子宫输卵管碘油造影在输卵管性不孕中的应用分析

目的:评价子宫输卵管碘油造影在输卵管性不孕中的应用价值。方法:前瞻性研究分析119例行子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)和腹腔镜检查的病例资料。结果:子宫输卵管碘油造影诊断输卵管内部通畅情况的总符合率为84.3%(194/230),诊断盆腔粘连的灵敏度为96.3%(52/54),特异度为63.6%(7/11),但HSG后有17条输卵管在腹腔镜检查时出现梗阻。结论:作为一种经济的检查方法,子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)可以较准确地判断输卵管内部的通畅情况及盆腔粘连情况,但如果输卵管中有碘油残留,应及时行腹腔镜手术清除防止输卵管进一步梗阻。     

卵母细胞成熟障碍一例报告及文献复习

一、病侧报告患者33岁，因原发不孕5年就诊。患者基础性激素水平、盆腔检查、子宫内膜病理检查结果均正常；输卵管造影示：双侧输卵管通畅；染色体核型为46，XX；其丈夫精液正常。诊断为不明原因原发不孕，经过3次人工授精治疗失败后，     

无线射频子宫输卵管造影仪的临床研究

目的:探讨新型无线射频子宫输卵管造影仪在子宫、输卵管、盆腔性不孕症诊断和治疗中的临床意义。方法:114例不孕患者随机分为实验组57例及对照组57例,实验组采用新型造影仪对患者实施子宫、输卵管、盆腔造影术,并以常规的人工方法为对照组。结果:实验组的无障碍造影成功率高于对照组(P<0.05),失败率低于对照组(P<0.05);碘油逆入血管发生率、造影时腹痛发生率以及造影显示输卵管阻塞的假阳性率均显著低于对照组(P<0.001)。结论:本仪器用于输卵管造影安全、有效、准确性高,且能减少操作者和患者的辐射量,值得临床上大力推广使用。     

经阴道子宫输卵管声学造影诊断不孕症1230例分析

我院生殖中心对1230例不孕患者实施经阴道子宫输卵管声学造影(THSSG)检查。现将结果总结如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　对2001年3月至2004年3月在本院生殖中心就诊的1230例女性不孕症患者行THSSG检查,患者年龄平均295(21~40)岁;不孕年限平均465(2~15)年。原发不孕322例;继发不孕908例,其中有人工流产史776例,经产妇102例,输卵管妊娠行一侧输卵管切除术30例。所有患者均无生殖器急性、亚急性炎症。1.2　方法1.2.1　造影设备　韩国制造SONOACE6000型超声诊断仪,频率为65MHz;NCIⅠ型输卵管通液诊断治疗仪;硅胶双腔子宫造影管…     

Cost-effectiveness of gamete intrafallopian transfer in comparison with induction of ovulation with gonadotropins in the treatment of female infertility: a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) with that of conventional infertility treatment in couples with female infertility, excluding tubal factors. DESIGN: Patients were randomly divided in two groups: receiving GIFT or conventional infertility treatment. For a period of 2 years, GIFT was compared with conventional infertility treatment in couples with endometriosis, anovulation, idiopathic infertility, cervical mucus factor, female immunologic factor, or multifactorial causes of infertility in a randomized clinical trial. SETTING: The study was performed in the Unit for Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa. PATIENTS: One hundred seventy-four successive couples with female infertility were selected for the study. All couples were from the higher socioeconomic bracket. INTERVENTIONS: One group received GIFT and the other received conventional infertility treatment consisting of induction of ovulation with gonadotropins followed by intrauterine artificial insemination or normal intercourse. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The results were stratified according to the specific cause of infertility. Outcome was measured by the success rate per treatment cycle, as well as the cost per pregnancy. RESULTS: Overall, GIFT proved to be successful in 26.7% of treatment cycles compared with 9.7% with conventional therapy. CONCLUSIONS: After careful analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that GIFT is more cost-effective than conventional infertility treatment in patients with endometriosis and anovulation. In patients with idiopathic infertility, immunologic infertility, a cervical mucus factor, and multifactorial infertility, induction of ovulation followed by intrauterine artificial insemination or normal intercourse proved to be more cost-effective.     

Prospective randomized trial comparing the outcome and cost of in vitro fertilization with that of a traditional treatment algorithm as first-line therapy for couples with infertility

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether IVF or a standard infertility treatment algorithm results in better outcome and/or lower cost when used as first-line therapy for couples with infertility. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical study. SETTING: University-affiliated infertility clinic. PATIENT(S): Couples with newly diagnosed infertility and no prior treatment. INTERVENTION(S): Couples were randomized to undergo either IVF (group 1, n = 46) or a standard infertility treatment algorithm (group 2, n = 50) as initial therapy for infertility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy rates and costs per couple, per month of treatment, and per pregnancy. RESULT(S): Pregnancy rates were higher in group 2 than in group 1. Costs per couple were not statistically different, although a trend toward higher costs was apparent in group 1, reflected by a higher median cost per clinical pregnancy established and a higher cost per month of treatment. Whereas cost differences between the groups diminished over time, pregnancy rates remained the same. CONCLUSION(S): In vitro fertilization currently does not represent an appropriate first-line treatment option for couples with infertility. The use of a standard infertility treatment algorithm results in a higher pregnancy rate and lower cost and therefore should be the preferred treatment approach.     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因C677T多态性与男性不育的相关性

目的:探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因C677T多态性与中国东北人群男性不育的关系。方法:应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测53例健康可育男性和182例不育男性的MTHFR基因C677T位点多态性。结果:弱精子症不育组(AS组)和不明原因不育组(UR组,精液常规正常)的3种基因型和T等位基因频率分别与对照组相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:MTHFR基因C677T多态性可能与中国东北人群男性不育有相关性,且与弱精子症和不明原因不育的发生密切相关。     

腹腔镜检查不育症盆腔疾病916例分析

目的应用腹腔镜诊断技术,评价腹腔镜诊断不育症的价值。方法采用德国Storz型腹腔镜,对916例不育症妇女的盆腔疾病和不育的影响进行分析。结果916例妇女中837例(91．37％)找到了盆腔疾病的病因。盆腔粘连、子宫内膜异位症和输卵管炎是引起不育症的主要盆腔疾病。除宫内膜异位症外,原发不孕症中,又以内生殖器官发育异常、盆腔结核、多囊卵巢多见。继发不孕症以盆腔粘连、输卵管炎多见。继发不孕组中,有宫腔操作史占98．40％。结论应用腹腔镜诊断技术对不育症的诊断价值在于能早期明确不育症盆腔病因,可在直视下通液,动态观察输卵管通畅度和形态,并对由于盆腔疾病所引起的不育症的预后影响作出一定判断。     

Ovarian cancer risk associated with varying causes of infertility

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of ovarian cancer as related to underlying causes of infertility. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Five large reproductive endocrinology practices. PATIENT(S): A total of 12,193 women evaluated for infertility between 1965 and 1988. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ovarian cancer ascertained through 1999. RESULT(S): With 45 identified ovarian cancers, this cohort of infertility patients demonstrated a significantly higher rate of ovarian cancer than the general female population (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-2.6). The risk was higher for patients with primary infertility (SIR = 2.73) than for those with secondary infertility (SIR = 1.44), and it was particularly high for patients who never subsequently conceived (SIR = 3.33). Women with endometriosis had the highest risk (SIR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.3-4.2), with a further elevated risk among those with primary infertility (4.19, 2.0-7.7). Comparisons among the infertile women, which allowed calculation of rate ratios (RRs) after adjustment for multiple factors, also showed links with endometriosis. Compared with women with secondary infertility without endometriosis, patients with primary infertility and endometriosis had a RR of 2.72 (95% CI, 1.1-6.7). CONCLUSION(S): Determination of ovarian cancer risk should take into account the type of infertility (primary vs. secondary) and underlying causes. Further study of endometriosis may provide insights into ovarian carcinogenesis.     

Temperament and character in couples with fertility disorders: a double-blind,controlled study

Objective: To evaluate the personality features of infertile patients.

Design: A double-blind, controlled study.

Setting: An outpatient facility for diagnosis and care of infertility.

Patient(s): We assessed 142 infertile couples with obstetric-gynecologic clinical and instrumental examinations. The couples were divided into three groups: organic infertility, functional infertility, and infertility of uncertain origin. The third group was excluded.

Intervention(s): Organic infertility and functional infertility were ascertained with gynecologic and andrologic clinical examinations, seminal liquid examination, postcoital testing, progesterone assay, hysterosalpingography, biopsy of endometrium, and laparoscopy. Personality traits were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).

Main Outcome Measure(s): Results of the Temperament and Character Inventory.

Result(s): Infertile women showed lower Cooperativeness than control women. Women with functional infertility had lower scores in Cooperativeness and Self-Directedness than women with organic infertility. Men belonging to the functional infertility group had a lower Novelty Seeking score than did those of the organic infertility group. Men and women in the functional infertility group showed higher Harm Avoidance than those in the organic infertility and control groups.

Conclusion(s): The results emphasize that the study of personality in the diagnostic and therapeutic assessment of infertility might provide useful predictive elements for functional infertility.     

Importance portance of reactive oxygen species in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis or idiopathic infertility

Objective: To determine whether reactive oxygen species in peritoneal fluid might be a factor in infertility.Design: Prospective study.Setting: Andrology laboratory and gynecology clinic at a tertiary care facility.Patient(s): Women with endometriosis (n = 15) or idiopathic infertility (n = 11) who under-went laparoscopy for infertility. Patients undergoing tubal ligation served as controls (n = 13).Intervention(s): Aspiration of peritoneal fluid.Main Outcome Measure(s): Reactive oxygen species levels, presence of polymorphonuclear granulocytes, and leukocyte distribution in peritoneal fluid.Result(s): Reactive oxygen species were present in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis, idiopathic infertility, and tubal ligation. Levels of reactive oxygen species did not show a statistically significant difference between patients with endometriosis and the control group in either unprocessed or processed (cell-free) peritoneal fluid, but did differ significantly between patients with idiopathic infertility and controls in process peritooneal fluid. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (> 1 × 10⁸/mL) were not present in the peritoneal fluid of any patient. Macrophage concentrations of peritoneal fluid did not differ significantly between controls and patients with endometriosis or idiopathic infertility.Conclusion(s): Reactive oxygen species in the peritoneal fluid may not affect fertility directly in women with endometriosis; however, they may have a role in patients with idiopathic infertility.     

小剂量hCG联合HMG对低促性腺激素性腺功能减退症不育患者卵巢刺激的疗效观察

目的：探讨小剂量人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）联合人绝经期促性腺激素（HMG）应用于低促性腺激素性腺功能减退症（HH）患者的卵巢刺激的可行性及其疗效。方法：对5例HH患者采用50IUhCG联合HMG进行卵巢刺激,应用阴道超声、测量血清性激素等方法监测卵泡生长发育。结果：4例患者进行了诱发排卵6个周期,平均排卵（2.6±1.5）个,诱发排卵成功率100%,累积妊娠率100%。无患者改行多余卵泡穿刺术或体外受精-胚胎移植术,未发生中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征,未发生高序多胎妊娠;均分娩单胎健康婴儿。1例患者进行控制性超排卵1个周期,穿刺7个卵泡,获卵5个,受精3个,分裂形成2个优质胚胎,胚胎移植后妊娠,足月分娩1个健康新生儿。结论：小剂量hCG联合HMG能够安全、有效地应用于HH患者的卵巢刺激,改善卵巢刺激的结局。     

Physical and emotional stress associated with components of the infertility investigation: perspectives of professionals and patients

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined patients', nurses', and physicians' perceptions of the physical and emotional difficulty of infertility treatment. DESIGN: A mail survey method was used. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 26 patients, 76 nurses, and 71 physicians from infertility clinics in the United States and Canada. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A rating scale measured the physical and emotional difficulty level of 36 components from the infertility investigation. RESULTS: Nurses rated the emotional and physical distress of patients higher than did patients and physicians, whereas patients rated their distress higher than did physicians. Older nurses and physicians inferred lower levels of physical and emotional distress than did their younger counterparts. A greater breadth of experience with infertility treatments was associated with higher ratings of emotional distress by nurses and lower ratings by physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Patients, nurses, and physicians perceive infertility treatment from unique vantage points creating differences in perceptions that have implications for patient care. Factors including era of professional training, stage of life, and changes resulting from advancing technology are viewed as influencing health care professionals' perceptions of infertility distress.     

Minimal stimulation protocol for use with intrauterine insemination in the treatment of infertility

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether minimal stimulation with clomiphene and one injection of 150 IU of human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) provides pregnancy rates comparable with those in a conventional full hMG stimulation protocol for infertile patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI). METHODS: A prospective study was carried out at the Infertility Clinic of a teaching institute and tertiary care referral center in Chandigarh, India. Two hundred couples with either unexplained infertility or ovulatory dysfunction cases who ovulated with clomiphene citrate (CC) but failed to conceive were offered ovarian stimulation with CC and hMG along with IUI for 420 cycles. Pregnancy rate, medication and monitoring cost were compared between minimal and conventional stimulation protocols. RESULTS: There was no difference in the couples of the two stimulation protocols regarding their age, duration and type of infertility as well as cause of infertility. Number of ampoules of hMG and monitoring costs were significantly higher in the full hMG stimulation cases whereas pregnancy rate was comparable in both protocols. CONCLUSION: Minimal stimulation appears to be an effective protocol in cases of unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination. Reduced cost and minimal monitoring is appealing to patients and the clinician.