反相高效液相色谱法测定生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素的含量

目的 建立测定生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素含量的反相高效液相色谱法.方法 采用Phenomenex C18-ODS(250 mmm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水(23∶77),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:275 nm,柱温:30℃.结果 岩白菜素在0.040 8～0.408 μg线性关系良好,(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为98.5％(n=9).结论 该方法操作简便、快速,适用于生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定抗痨胶囊中岩白菜素的含量

摘要 目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定抗痨胶囊中岩白菜素的含量。方法:采用SYMMERTRY TM C18色谱柱（4.6mm×250mm,5μm），以甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液作为流动相，流速0.7mL?min–1，柱温35℃，检验波长为275 nm。结果:岩白菜素在0.03624~0.72480 μg范围内，线性关系良好(r=1.0000)；平均回收率为100.0%，RSD为0.90%。八批抗痨胶囊中的岩白菜素含量，分别为3.918、4.255、4.137、4.286、4.445、4.308、4.267、4.465 mg?g-1,平均含量为4.260 mg?g-1。结论:该方法操作简单、专属性强、重复性好，可作为抗痨胶囊中矮地茶的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定垂阴茶糖浆中岩白菜素的含量

目的:测定垂阴茶糖浆中岩白菜素的含量。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:VP-ODS(150 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-水(15:85);检测波长:275 nm;流速:1．0 ml·min-1;柱温:室温。结果:岩白菜素的线性范围0．25～2．52μg,r=0．999 9,平均回收率为98．76％,RSD％=1．3(n=6)。结论:该法适用于测定垂阴茶糖策中岩白菜素的含量。     

支气管炎颗粒中岩白菜素的含量测定

目的 对支气管炎颗粒进行质量评价,选取矮地茶的主要成分岩白菜素为测定指标,建立含量测定方法.方法 高效液相色谱法(HPLC),色谱柱为C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温:35℃,流动相为:甲醇-水(20∶80),检测波长275 nm.结果 岩白菜素进样量在0.1275～0.765 μg范围内线性关系良好(r＝0.9998),精密度试验(n＝6),相对标准偏差值(RSD)为0.15%,样品溶液在24 h内稳定;岩白菜素平均回收率为99.5%,RSD=1.6%.结论 本法简便、灵敏、准确,可作为支气管炎颗粒中岩白菜素的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定两种岩陀中岩白菜素的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定岩陀中岩白菜素的含量。方法色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(10∶90),检测波长为274 nm,柱温25℃。结果岩白菜素的线性范围为0.049 21～3.396 8μg,r=0.999 8,加样回收率为99.8%,RSD为1.18%(n=9)。结论本文所建立的方法简单、准确、可靠、重复性好,可用于岩陀中岩白菜素的含量测定。     

大鼠血浆中岩白菜素含量分析方法的建立及其体内药动学

目的建立血浆中岩白菜素的HPLC的测定方法,研究岩白菜素及岩白菜素磷脂复合物在大鼠体内的药动学行为。方法采用Odyssil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-质量分数为0.2%的磷酸水溶液(体积比为4∶16∶80),流速为0.8 m L·min-1,检测波长为220 nm。应用液-液萃取法处理血浆,测定两只大鼠分别口服岩白菜及其磷脂复合物后不同时刻血浆中岩白菜素的质量浓度。结果岩白菜素质量浓度在0.01~5 mg·L-1内线性关系良好,定量下限为0.01 mg·L-1;提取回收率均在78.6%~90%之间;日内、日间精密度均小于13.7%。结论该方法准确度高、灵敏度强、专属性好,可作为测定大鼠血浆岩白菜素质量浓度的方法,为探讨岩白菜素的药动学行为提供方法依据。     

HPLC测定紫茶颗粒中岩白菜素的含量

目的建立HPLC测定紫茶颗粒中矮地茶药材所含岩白菜素的含量测定方法。方法色谱条件:Hypersil ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;柱温为30℃;流动相为甲醇-水(20∶80);流速为1.0 m l.m in-1;检测波长为275 nm。结果岩白菜素的线性范围为0.06~0.6μg,平均回收率为99.99%RSD=0.67%(n=6)。结论本法处理简单,重复性好,结果准确,可用于本品的质量控制。     

复方岩白菜素片中两种主要成分的含量测定

目的：用高效液相色谱法测定复方岩白菜素片含量。方法：以甲醇-水（30：70）为流动相，在264nm波长处检测。结果：复方岩白菜素片中马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为98.50%，RSD=0.66%；岩白菜素的平均回收率为99.70%，RSD=1.02%。结论：高效液相色谱法简便快速，适用于复方岩白菜素片的含量测定。     

HPLC测定紫茶颗粒中岩白菜素的含量

目的 建立HPLC测定紫茶颗粒中矮地茶药材所含岩白菜素的含量测定方法.方法 色谱条件:Hypersil ODS Ci8柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;柱温为30 ℃;流动相为甲醇-水(20∶80);流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为275 nm.结果 岩白菜素的线性范围为0.06～0.6 μg,平均回收率为99.99%RSD=0.67%(n=6).结论 本法处理简单,重复性好,结果准确,可用于本品的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定苦参碱滴眼液中苦参碱的含量

目的:测定苦参碱滴眼液中苦参碱的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱Lichrospher 5-C₁₈ 150mm×6.0mm(5μm),紫外检测波长220nm,流动相:甲醇-0.02mol/L磷酸氢二钠溶液(20∶80),柱温:35℃;流量1.0ml/min;纸速:2mm/min。结果:苦参碱在7.5～120μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD=1.34%。结论:该方法可用于苦参碱滴眼液中苦参碱的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.