局部皮瓣在修复面部皮肤缺损中的应用

目的:探讨局部皮瓣在修复面部皮肤缺损中的应用效果。方法:根据面部皮肤软组织缺损创面的大小、形状、面积及周围皮肤情况,设计合适的皮瓣进行创面修复,修复最大面积为3.0cm×5.0cm。结果:术后皮瓣全部成活,所有患者随访1～12个月,局部修复皮瓣与周围皮肤组织匹配,视觉效果好,切口瘢痕不明显。结论:应用合适的局部皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损,方法简单易行,效果肯定。     

改进菱形皮瓣修复头面部肿瘤切除术后皮肤缺损

目的 为了提高头面部皮肤肿瘤切除术后皮肤缺损创面的修复效果.方法 1994年～2002年根据Z字成形及几何学原理,应用改进菱形皮瓣转位修复头面部皮肤肿瘤切除术后形成的皮肤组织圆形缺损创面36例,其中有2个感染创面,创面缺损部位:头部8例、面部28例.皮肤圆形缺损创面直径1.5cm～3cm.造成皮肤创面缺损的原因有皮肤血管瘤、黑毛痣、皮肤鳞状上皮癌等病灶切除术后所致皮肤缺损.结果 34例伤口甲级愈合,外形美观,没有形成直线瘢痕;2例创面皮瓣远端中间部分1cm～2mm小范围皮肤干性坏死经换药后治愈,手术获得良好效果.皮肤鳞状上皮癌病人在伤口拆线后按常规进行放疗,皮瓣没有发生放射性损伤.结论 应用改进菱形皮瓣修复皮肤圆形组织缺损具有设计合理、灵活性强的优点,是头面部皮肤肿瘤切除术后创面皮肤缺损修复的一种良好方法.     

胫后动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下段皮肤缺损的临床效果研究

目的:探讨胫后动脉穿支岛状皮瓣在小腿中下段皮肤缺损修复中的临床疗效.方法:对2016年6月-2020年1月笔者医院收治的31例小腿中下段皮肤缺损患者行胫后动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复,缺损面积3 cm×4 cm～13 cm×15 cm,切取皮瓣面积4 cm×5 cm～14 cm×16 cm,观察患者治疗效果及术后随访情况.结果...     

局部皮瓣在头面部外伤性皮肤软组织缺损一期修复中的应用

目的:探讨应用局部皮瓣一期修复头面部外伤性软组织缺损的方法与效果。方法:2017年9月-2018年8月共收治20例因外伤导致头面部皮肤软组织缺损患者,缺损面积约3.0cm×4.0cm～7.0cm×8.0cm,缺损深度为皮肤全层至骨质表面,根据创面缺损大小、形状、深度、位置和邻近组织的特点,在特定解剖区域设计合适的局部皮瓣如菱形皮瓣、易位皮瓣、旋转皮瓣、推进皮瓣等多种方法对缺损部位进行一期手术修复。结果:患者愈合率为95.00%(19/20),修复后皮肤色泽、美观度以及功能评分均明显高于修复前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。20例患者满意度为95.00%(19/20),随访半年,仅1例患者由于创口感染致瘢痕增生需要二次修复。结论:对于急诊外伤所致的头面部软组织缺损,在特定解剖区域设计合适的局部皮瓣一期修复,能获得满意的面部外形和美观功能效果。     

局部皮瓣在面部软组织缺损美容修复中的应用

目的探讨局部皮瓣美容修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法自2016年5月至2018年6月,收治面部肿物、瘢痕、外伤患者89例,术区缺损面积1.0 cm×1.2 cm～4.5 cm×5.3 cm,以面部美学亚单位分区为原则,根据面部软组织缺损部位、面积等,设计局部皮瓣一期美容修复。结果皮瓣成活良好,切口一期愈合。随访4～24个月,术区无明显瘢痕,肿物无复发,皮瓣与周边皮肤组织厚度、色泽无明显差异,无牵拉及不对称,外观与功能修复效果满意。结论应用局部皮瓣美容修复面部皮肤软组织缺损,损伤范围较小,操作简单,修复皮瓣的厚度、色泽与缺损处相似,瘢痕隐蔽,能够获得较满意的美学与功能修复效果。     

局部皮瓣修复外眦皮肤缺损的疗效探讨

目的:探讨应用局部皮瓣修复外眦缺损的方法及效果。方法:使用局部皮瓣修复外眦部皮肤缺损10例,创面面积约l.2cm×1.2cm～2.6cm×3.3cm。根据创面位置及大小,分别选择推进皮瓣、菱形皮瓣、Burow’s楔形皮瓣、皮下蒂风筝皮瓣方法进行修复。结果:10例患者皮瓣均完全成活,术后随访6个月～3年,其外观形态良好,效果满意,肿瘤无复发。结论:修复外眦部皮肤缺损时,选取合适的局部皮瓣,并注意保持和恢复外眦美容单位的完整性,可取得良好的形态与功能效果。     

头皮缺损合并颅骨外露的皮瓣修复方法探讨

目的:探讨头皮缺损合并颅骨外露的皮瓣修复方法。方法:自2008年1月～2013年3月共收治头皮缺损合并颅骨外露30例,行局部头皮瓣、轴型头皮瓣转移结合皮片移植、上臂带蒂皮瓣修复。头皮缺损最大面积20cm×15cm,颅骨外露最大面积14cm×10cm。结果:共切取皮瓣34块、供瓣区植皮10例。皮瓣皮片均成活良好,术后随访6个月～4年,效果满意。结论:局部头皮旋转皮瓣是修复较小面积(直径小于7cm)头皮缺损优选方法,轴型头皮瓣修复较大面积(直径大于7cm)头皮缺损伴颅骨外露是有效方法,头皮缺损合并面部皮肤缺损行同侧上臂带蒂皮瓣修复也是较理想的方法。     

Burow's推进皮瓣在面部创面功能与美容性重建中的应用

目的 介绍应用Burow's楔形推进皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损的经验与体会.方法 在遵循肿瘤切除的原则和面部分区修复的基础上,应用Burow's楔形推进皮瓣修复面部肿瘤和瘢痕切除后皮肤软组织缺损创面,并使辅助切口顺应面部分区自然轮廓线(鼻唇沟、鼻翼沟、颌鼻缝、睑缘、唇红缘、发际等)或皮肤皱纹处,尽可能隐藏切口线.结果 本组共84例患者,面部缺损面积最小为1.0 cm×2.0 cm,最大为3.5 cm×6.0 cm.术后皮瓣全部成活,无明显并发症发生.其中61例获随访1～50个月,修复组织与周围皮肤组织在色泽、质地、轮廓等方面相似、匹配良好,且未见肿瘤复发病例,切口线相对隐蔽、切口瘢痕平软,面部外形轮廓及视觉效果良好,均获得满意的面部形态和美学效果.结论 利用Burow's楔形推进皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损创面,辅助切口少且切口相对隐蔽,同时皮瓣转移后较自然,过渡平滑,创面修复后外形结构特征更为自然,可获得满意的面部形态结构和美容重建效果.     

膝上外侧筋膜蒂皮瓣修复腘窝区皮肤软组织缺损

目的 观察膝上外侧筋膜蒂皮瓣修复腘窝区皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2008年3月至2011年5月采用膝上外侧筋膜蒂皮瓣修复11例腘窝区皮肤软组织缺损患者,皮肤缺损范围为4.0cm×8.5cm～7.0cm×15.0cm,皮瓣切取范围4.5cm×10.0cm～8.0cm×17.0cm.结果 经4～17个月(平均5.3个月)随访.皮瓣质地柔软,功能满意.术后皮瓣全部存活,2例出现远端皮瓣表皮坏死,经保守治疗后愈合.结论 膝上外侧筋膜蒂皮瓣修复腘窝区皮肤软组织缺损,疗效满意,是一种较好的方法.     

斧状皮瓣在头面部皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的:探讨头面部皮肤组织缺损手术治疗中应用斧状皮瓣进行转移修复的效果。方法:利用头面部皮肤缺损周围正常皮肤的弹性及皮肤纹理走向,于缺损周边设计斧状皮瓣,修复皮肤组织的缺损。结果:自2010年以来,共利用斧状皮瓣修复头面部皮肤缺损缺损53例,均完全成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合,效果满意。结论:该方法设计简便,效果可靠,皮瓣易成活,是修复头面部皮肤缺损的一种较理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.