子宫恶性苗勒管混合瘤4例临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫恶性苗勒管混合瘤(malignant mixed Mullerian tumor,MMMT)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法采用免疫组化EnVision法对4例MMMT进行检测并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤呈息肉状生长,由上皮和间质两种成分构成,2例上皮成分为子宫内膜样腺癌,1例为浆液性癌,1例为黏液腺癌,4例间质成分均为横纹肌肉瘤。免疫表型:上皮成分CKpan(4/4)、vimentin(2/4)和Pax-8(3/4)均阳性,间质成分CKpan(2/4)、vimentin(4/4)、desmin(4/4)、MyoD1(1/4)、CD10(1/4)、p16(3/4)和p53(3/4)均阳性,Pax-8、SMA、S-100和CD68均阴性。结论子宫MMMT是一种少见的高度恶性上皮和间质混合性肿瘤,具有独特的临床病理学特征,预后差。     

子宫颈癌肉瘤4例临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫颈癌肉瘤(uterine cervical carcinosarcoma, UCS)的临床、影像学特征、病理学形态、免疫表型及其鉴别诊断和治疗。方法对4例UCS行HE及免疫组化染色,结合文献分析其临床表现、影像学、组织学形态及免疫表型特征,观察分析其治疗和预后。结果 4例患者平均年龄56岁,3例表现为阴道不规则出血,1例为接触性出血;影像学(彩超及CT)均发现实质性肿块;组织学上,4例均见恶性上皮和恶性间叶成分,3例恶性上皮肿瘤细胞呈不规则巢、片状,瘤细胞异型性明显,见丰富嗜酸性或透亮胞质,见灶性角化及单个细胞角化,1例恶性上皮成分呈不规则腺样结构,恶性间叶细胞梭形,伴明显异型,具有肉瘤形态,且有明显的黏液样背景,其中1例间叶成分为软骨肉瘤。免疫表型:所有恶性上皮成分CKpan(+),鳞状细胞癌p63、p40、CK14(+),子宫内膜样腺癌EMA、CK8/18、CK7(+),恶性间叶成分vimentin(+),软骨肉瘤S-100(+)。结论 UCS罕见,临床分期早,预后差。组织学以非角化性鳞状细胞癌+纤维肉瘤/未分化肉瘤成分常见,免疫组化标记对诊断及鉴别诊断有帮助。     

宫颈恶性淋巴瘤5例临床病理分析

目的：探讨宫颈恶性淋巴瘤病理特征与治疗、预后关系。方法：应用光镜，电镜及免疫组化方法，回顾性分析５例宫颈原发恶性淋巴瘤的临床病理特点。结果：主要表现为阴道少量出血和子宫肥大或息肉，按ＡｎｎＡｒｂｏｒ分期大多数为ＩＥ期患者。４例来源于Ｂ细胞，属于粘膜相关性淋巴瘤；１例来源于Ｔ细胞。采取手术、化疗或放疗等方法综合治疗后，无１例复发或死亡。结论：宫颈原发恶性淋巴瘤大多烽属于粘膜相关性淋巴瘤，预后较好。     

心包原发性恶性间皮瘤的临床病理分析

目的：探讨心包原发性恶性间皮瘤的临床病理特征。诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法：对4例心包原发性恶性间皮瘤进行临床病理分析。光镜及免疫组化染色观察并复习有关文献。结果：男3例,女1例,平均年龄42岁,3例呈局限型,1例为弥漫浸润型。组织学上可表现为肉瘤样梭形细胞型,上皮样型及双相型,免疫组化染色显示肉瘤样梭形细胞表CK、vimentin;上皮样型瘤细胞表达HBME1、CK。结论：原发于心包的恶性间皮瘤罕见,预后极差。临床常被误诊,其组织形态亦复杂多样,应注意与心包的良性增生性病变,心包转移性腺癌和梭形细胞肿瘤等相鉴别。     

乳腺癌组织中VEGF的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达及其临床病理意义。方法：采用快捷免疫组化MaxVisionTM法，对68例乳腺癌组织和22例乳腺良性病变组织中VEGF的表达进行检测，结合临床及病理形态学资料进行统计分析。结果：VEGF的阳性表达率为乳腺癌42．6，乳腺良性病变组织中为5．02，两者比较，差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。VEGF的表达与乳腺癌患者年龄、肿瘤大小及组织学分型无关，而与乳腺癌组织学分级、临床分期和腋窝淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论：VEGF可能与乳腺癌的进展、转移及预后有关，作为独立的指标对判定预后和制定治疗方案具有参考意义。     

原发性心脏恶性肿瘤9例临床病理分析

目的；分析原发性心脏恶性肿瘤（PCMT）的发病学特点、病理组织类型及形态学基础。方法：应用HE染色，组化及免疫组化标记对9例PCMT进行了形态学观察，并对其临床资料作了分析。结果：根据形态学发现和免疫组化结果，9例PCMI可分为心脏恶性间皮瘤（3例）、血管肉瘤（2例）、B细胞淋巴瘤（2例）、心包胸腺瘤（1例）及交界性上皮样血管内皮瘤（1例）。结论：PCMT和见，多于中年男性，好发于心房，多数恶性肿瘤预后差，肿瘤类型多，形态结构复杂，免疫组化标记对确定肿瘤起源很有帮助，早期发现、准确诊断与局部肿瘤全切除，对肿瘤的治疗和预后分析非常重要。     

鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤10例临床病理分析

目的 探讨鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤的临床病理特征,并对其诊断和鉴别诊断进行讨论.方法 结合组织形态学结构和免疫组化,对10例鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤进行临床病理分析.结果 10例鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤中男性3例,女性7例,年龄52～83岁,平均年龄59.8岁.肿瘤由上皮样,梭形及未分化小细胞等多种类型的细胞组成.免疫组化标记瘤细胞均表达HMB-45、S-100蛋白、vimentin.结论 鼻腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤易误诊为其它鼻腔原发性肿瘤,导致临床处理不当,延误治疗,与皮肤恶性黑色素瘤相比,鼻腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤更具有侵袭性、预后差等特点.     

48例原发粘膜恶性淋巴瘤的临床病理与免疫表型分析

目的：研究粘膜恶性淋巴瘤的构成与本质及临床病理特点。方法：收集４８例原发于胃肠、鼻腔、口咽、甲状腺与膀胱粘膜的恶性淋巴瘤。对其中４１例进行了免疫学标记。并对全部病例进行了形态学分型。结果：经典粘膜相关淋巴组织来源的恶性淋巴瘤（ＭＡＬＴ－ＭＬ）仅占全部病例的１／３，临床上粘膜恶性淋巴瘤的发病率男性明显多于女性，但男性平均发病年龄晚于女性。Ｂ细胞性总体预后优于Ｔ细胞性，小细胞性预后优于混合细胞性与大细     

原发淋巴结边缘区淋巴瘤临床病理分析

目的：研究淋巴结MZL形态特征、诊断要点和鉴别诊断，为临床治疗和预后提供依据，方法：采用常规制片、免疫组化ABC法标记，光镜观察。结果：10例淋巴结MZL男性6例，女性4例，以淋巴结缓慢增大为特征，而无肝脾肿大，外周血未见异常。病理形态分为：边缘区增生型2例，结节型4例，弥漫型2例和母细胞样型2型。细胞类型：CCL细胞型5例，MBC型6例，淋巴浆细胞型2例，母细胞样型2例，10例均经免疫组化证实。结论：淋巴结MZL与MALT型淋巴瘤形态、免疫表型和起源相似。由于淋巴结组织结构特点，MZL有特殊性。     

指突状细胞在胸腺瘤中的分布

采用Ｓ－１００蛋白免疫组化方法对１８例胸腺瘤指突状细胞（ＩＤＣ）的分布、形态和数量进行观察研究，并与胸腺瘤的组织学类型及临床分期相对照。发现：髓质型胸腺瘤多处于早期临床阶段，ＩＤＣ弥散地分布于瘤组织内，数量较多，形态多样。皮质型胸腺瘤多处于晚期临床阶段，ＩＤＣ多分布于血管周围及实质与间质交界处，数量较少。结果提示，ＩＤＣ的多少与胸腺瘤的组织学类型及预后有一定的关联。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.